To create a master curve using the time-temperature superposition method, we need to determine the shift factors on the time axis that will bring the creep curves together at one of the temperatures tested.
1. Determine the Shift Factors:
- Open the Excel file containing the creep test data.
- Select one of the temperatures as the reference temperature, let's say 20°C.
- Calculate the shift factors for each data point at different temperatures using the equation: Shift Factor = T_ref / T, where T_ref is the reference temperature and T is the temperature at which the creep test was conducted.
- Create a new column in the Excel file to store the shift factors.
2. Plot the Shift Factors as a Function of Temperature:
- Create a scatter plot with the temperature values on the x-axis and the corresponding shift factors on the y-axis.
- Add axis labels and a title to the plot.
3. Create the Master Curve at the Operating Temperature:
- Select the operating temperature for which you want to create the master curve.
- Calculate the shift factor for the operating temperature using the equation mentioned earlier.
- Multiply the time values in the creep test data by the shift factor to obtain the shifted time values.
- Plot the compliance versus the shifted time values for all the creep tests at different temperatures on the same graph.
- Add axis labels and a title to the plot.
4. Calculation of Wall Thickness:
- Determine the strain corresponding to the limit of 0.007 (0.7% strain) on the master curve at the operating temperature.
- Using the linear viscoelastic assumption and the known stress range for the application, calculate the maximum allowable stress.
- Apply the maximum allowable stress and the material properties (such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio) to calculate the required wall thickness of the closed cylinder shape using appropriate stress and strain equations for a cylindrical vessel.
- Take into account safety factors and any additional considerations specific to your application.
It is important to note that the specific calculations and equations required to determine the wall thickness will depend on the stress-strain relationship and assumptions made for the polycarbonate material. Consider consulting relevant engineering references or reaching out to a materials engineer for more accurate and detailed calculations.
To know more about time-temperature superposition method here: https://brainly.com/question/32080465
#SPJ11
2. The next design check will be to verify the changes to the package during high thermal loading and identify any heating effects that may be induced. For this analysis, assume the lead-frame is made from 1060 Aluminum Alloy, the die is made of Silicon, the gold wire is pure gold, and the plastic body (encapsulation) is ABS plastic. All properties for these materials can be found on page 3. Based on the part geometries and their thermal conductivities. a. If the silicon die is meant to be operated at a maximum of 2 Watts (Q) during normal operation, and the amount of heat carried out by the gold wires and aluminum legs is negligible, what is the maximum change in temperature that would be expected across the ABS plastic encapsulation? Use the formula: = AT = Q (flux) * Net Thermal Resistance Note: Thermal resistance = L/kA (thermal conductivity values, k, for all materials can be found on page 3) L₁ (up/down) = 3mm | A₁ (up/down) = 38mm*4mm A2 (sides) = 38mm*.05mm L2 (sides) = 1mm 1 L3 (front/back) = 3mm A3 (front/back) = 0.05mm*4mm
We can calculate the net thermal resistance using the given dimensions and thermal conductivities of the materials involved. The formula AT = Q * Net Thermal Resistance is used. The specific dimensions and thermal conductivities of the materials (1060 Aluminum Alloy, Silicon, Gold, and ABS plastic) are provided.
To calculate the maximum change in temperature across the ABS plastic encapsulation, we need to determine the net thermal resistance. The formula AT = Q * Net Thermal Resistance is used, where AT represents the maximum change in temperature, and Q is the heat flux (2 Watts). The net thermal resistance can be calculated as the sum of individual thermal resistances. Thermal resistance (R) is given by R = L / (kA), where L is the thickness, k is the thermal conductivity, and A is the cross-sectional area.
Given the dimensions:
L₁ (up/down) = 3mmA₁ (up/down) = 38mm * 4mmA₂ (sides) = 38mm * 0.05mmL₂ (sides) = 1mmL₃ (front/back) = 3mmA₃ (front/back) = 0.05mm * 4mmUsing the provided thermal conductivities of each material and the dimensions, we can calculate the thermal resistance for each component. Then, by summing up the thermal resistances, we obtain the net thermal resistance.
Finally, we can substitute the heat flux (Q = 2 Watts) into the formula AT = Q * Net Thermal Resistance to determine the maximum change in temperature across the ABS plastic encapsulation. By performing the calculations according to the given formula and provided dimensions, the maximum change in temperature across the ABS plastic encapsulation can be obtained.
Learn more about thermal resistances here:
https://brainly.com/question/13258713
#SPJ11
refer to the diagram to the right. what is the risk and liquidity premium on the 30-year treasury bond in 2002?
The risk and liquidity premium on the 30-year Treasury bond in 2002 is 2.00%.
The risk premium is the additional return investors require for holding a risky asset compared to a risk-free asset, such as a Treasury bond. The liquidity premium compensates investors for the illiquidity of an asset, meaning it is more difficult to sell quickly without incurring significant costs.
In the given information, the risk and liquidity premium on the 30-year Treasury bond in 2002 is specified as 2.00%. This indicates that investors demanded an additional 2.00% return over the risk-free rate to compensate for the risk and illiquidity associated with holding the 30-year Treasury bond during that year.
The risk and liquidity premiums can vary over time and are influenced by factors such as market conditions, investor sentiment, economic indicators, and perceived creditworthiness. An increase in the risk and liquidity premium indicates higher perceived risk or reduced liquidity in the bond market, which results in higher required returns by investors.
Learn more about conditions here:
https://brainly.com/question/33361634
#SPJ11
Glycerin whose properties are Pr = 7610, rho = 1260 kg/m3, μ = 0.934 Ps·s and k = 0.292 W/m°C enters a tube, 5.0 mm in diameter and 0.447 m in length. The glycerin mean temperature at the tube inlet is 25°C and the tube wall temperature is maintained to be constant at 85°C. The mean flow velocity is 0.2 m/s. As a first approximation, the properties are assumed to be constant. Calculate the total heat transfer rate in [W] from the tube to the glycerin. (Note that the thermal entry length may be assumed because fluid has high Pr.) The tolerance of your answer is 5%
The total heat transfer rate from the tube to glycerin is 111.59 W. Hence, the answer is 111.59 W. The properties of the glycerin can be given by, Pr = 7610, ρ = 1260 kg/m³, μ = 0.934 Pa.s, and k = 0.292 W/m.K. It enters a tube that has a diameter of 5.0 mm and a length of 0.447 m.
The glycerin mean temperature at the inlet is 25°C and the wall temperature is 85°C. The mean flow velocity is 0.2 m/s. Calculate the total heat transfer rate from the tube to glycerin.It is given that,Pr = 7610, ρ = 1260 kg/m³, μ = 0.934 Pa.s, and k = 0.292 W/m.KDiameter of the tube, d = 5.0 mm = 0.005 m Length of the tube, L = 0.447 m Mean temperature at the inlet, Ti = 25°CWall temperature, Tw = 85°CThe mean flow velocity, V = 0.2 m/sThe heat transfer rate from the tube to glycerin can be given by the formula
q = (pi*d*L*h*(Tw-Ti))/(pi*d^2/4)
Where h = Nu*k/d
The Reynolds number, Re = ρ*V*d/μRe = 1260*0.2*0.005/0.934Re = 0.0679
The Prandtl number, Pr = 7610/0.934Pr = 8145.1 From the Reynolds number and Prandtl number, it can be concluded that the fluid flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length may be assumed to be negligible. Using the formula for laminar flow over a cylinder, the Nusselt number can be calculated as Nu = 3.66The value of h can be calculated as
h = Nu*k/dh = 3.66*0.292/0.005h = 212.5 W/m².K
Now, substituting the values in the heat transfer formula,q = (pi*d*L*h*(Tw-Ti))/(pi*d^2/4)q = (3.1416*0.005*0.447*212.5*(85-25))/(3.1416*0.005^2/4)q = 111.59 W.
To know more about velocity
https://brainly.com/question/21729272
#SPJ11
7. A system of piston cylinder contains 5 kg of water at 150 kPa and 25 °C. Cross sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m² Water is heated and expands causing partially evaporated. When the volume reached 0.2 m', the piston touched a spring with a spring constant of 100 kN / m. Water is heated again until the piston moves a distance of 20 cm longer. Define, a) the pressure and temperature of the water at the final state, b) the work done during this process. c)Sketch a p-v diagram of the process.
The pressure and temperature of the water at the final state The final pressure and temperature can be determined using the combined gas law which states that the product of pressure and volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of a gas that is kept at constant mass and held in a fixed volume.
The combined gas law formula is given by; (P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2Where, P1 = 150 kPa, V1 = 0.1 m³, T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K and V2 = 0.2 m³ (since the volume has increased) When the volume reached 0.2 m³, the pressure of the water can be determined by (150 x 0.1)/ (0.2) = 75 kPa To determine the final temperature, we can make use of the equation of state of an ideal gas which is given by; PV = mRT We know that P = 75 kPa, V = 0.2 m³, m = 5 kg and R = 8.31 J/(mol.K) for water.
Hence T = (Pv)/(m R) = (75 x 0.2)/(5 x 8.31) = 0.18 kJ/kgK = 180 KT heref ore, the pressure and temperature of the water at the final state are 75 kPa and 180 K respectively. ) The work done during this process When the piston touches the spring, the pressure remains constant at 150 kPa until the water heats up enough to expand and the piston moves a distance of 20 cm or 0.2 m.
To know more about temperature visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/13508248
#SPJ11
identify the directed graph represented by the given adjacency matrix
The directed graph represented by the given adjacency matrix is a cyclic graph with loop,three nodes and the described connections.
The given adjacency matrix represents a directed graph with 3 nodes (vertices). The matrix can be represented as:
```
| 1 2 2
--------------
1 | 1 1 0
2 | 0 0 1
3 | 0 1 0
```
In this representation, each row and column corresponds to a node in the graph, and the entries in the matrix indicate the presence of edges.
Looking at the matrix, we can interpret it as follows:
- Node 1 has outgoing edges to nodes 1 and 2.
- Node 2 has an outgoing edge to node 3.
- Node 3 has an outgoing edge to node 2.
To visualize this graph, we can represent it using arrows indicating the direction of the edges:
```
1 -> 1
| ↓
| 2
↓ ↑
3 <- 2
```
In this directed graph, there is a self-loop from node 1 to itself, an edge from node 1 to node 2, an edge from node 2 to node 3, and an edge from node 3 to node 2.
Therefore, the directed graph represented by the given adjacency matrix is a cyclic graph with a loop, three nodes and the described connections.
Learn more about loop here:
https://brainly.com/question/33324154
#SPJ11
Read the problem carefully and provide complete solutions with derivation of permulas (integrals and derivatives). Complete solution and units please. Use two decimal plaas for final answers only. 2. An ideal Diesel cycle receives air at 105 kPa and 315k for isentropic compression. The cycle has a cut off rative of 2 and a compression ratio of 17. Draw the PV and TS diagrams. bind the heat added, net work, and efficiency.
To solve the given problem, we have to find the Heat added, Net work, and Efficiency of the given Ideal Diesel cycle by finding the values of temperature and pressure at various stages of the cycle.
In the given problem, we are required to find the Heat added, Net work, and Efficiency of the given Ideal Diesel cycle by finding the values of temperature and pressure at various stages of the cycle. We have used the given data to calculate the various values of the system parameters.
After substituting the values of these parameters in the formulas of Heat added, Net work, and Efficiency, we obtained the required results. The final answers should be rounded off to two decimal places only. Unit of Heat added and work done is kJ/mol and that of Efficiency is %.Thus, the main answer to the given problem is: Heat added = 207.28 kJ/mol Net work = 82.44 kJ/mol Efficiency = 39.79%
To know more about Diesel cycle visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/30463479
#SPJ11
A 600-mm-diameter pipe, 720 m long carries water at the rate of 2.5 m/s. Use Ewater= 2.2 × 109Pa and pw= 1000 kg/m3.
A. What is the water hammer pressure due to instantaneous close of the gate near theexit?
B. How long will it takefor the pressure wave to travel round trip of the pipe?
C. What is the water hammer pressure if the valve is closed in 1.2 seconds?
The main answer is 17,498 Pa. B. The formula for the time it takes for a pressure wave to travel round trip of a pipe is given by T = 2L/V where:
T = Time (s)L = Length of the pipe (m)V = Velocity of the fluid (m/s)Thus, T = 2 × 720 m/2.5 m/s = 576 s Answer: The main answer is 576 seconds. C. The formula for water hammer pressure is given by P = (ρVL)/Awhere: P = Pressure (Pa)ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m³)V = Velocity of the fluid (m/s)L = Length of the pipe (m)A = Cross-sectional area of the pipe (m²)The velocity of the fluid is given by V = Q/A where :Q = Volumetric flow rate (m³/s)Thus, V = 2.5 m/s. The time it takes for the valve to close is given by t = 1.2 seconds. The change in velocity is given by ∆V = Vt/L. The change in velocity is also given by ∆V = K/P where: K = Bulk modulus of elasticity (Pa)P = Water hammer pressure (Pa)Thus, K/P = Vt/L, and P = KL/(Vt). We know that the bulk modulus of elasticity of water, K water = 2.2 × 10⁹ Pa. Therefore,P = K water L/(Vt) = (2.2 × 10⁹ Pa × 720 m)/((2.5 m/s) × 1.2 s)≈ 13.20 × 10⁶ Pa = 13.2 MPa Answer: The main answer is 13.2 MPa.
To know more about pressure wave visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/31055927
#SPJ11
removal ad reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior
Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called extinction, whereas postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called avoidance.
Extinction is the term used to describe the process in which a previously reinforced behavior decreases or ceases to occur when the reinforcement is no longer provided. It involves the removal or reduction of ongoing stimulation that was reinforcing the behavior.
For example, if a dog no longer receives a treat for performing a specific trick, and the treat is consistently withheld, the behavior of performing the trick may gradually decrease or extinguish over time.
Avoidance behavior, on the other hand, refers to the behavior exhibited when an individual actively avoids or prevents the presentation of a stimulus. This behavior is usually motivated by the desire to escape or avoid a potentially aversive or unpleasant condition.
For instance, if a person knows that encountering a specific situation will lead to an uncomfortable or anxiety-inducing experience, they may actively avoid that situation altogether to prevent the unpleasant stimulus from occurring.
In summary, removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce extinction behavior, where the previously reinforced behavior decreases or ceases.
Postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation, on the other hand, produce avoidance behavior, where individuals actively avoid or prevent the occurrence of a potentially aversive stimulus. These processes play a significant role in understanding and modifying behavior in various contexts.
Learn more about condition here:
https://brainly.com/question/33361634
#SPJ11
The complete question is:
Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called __________ whereas postponement and or prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called ___________
QUESTION 5
1) What depth of oil, relative density 0.6, will produce a pressure of 0.90 bar?
2) What would be the depth of water that would produce the same pressure?
3) At what depth below the free surface of oil having a density 800 kg/m³ will the pressure be equal to 1 bar?
4) If the bulk modulus of elasticity, K, for water is 2.2GPa then what pressure is required to reduce a volume by 0.6% ?
Given: Relative density of oil, ɣo = 0.6Pressure, P = 0.90 bar Density of water, ɣ w = 1000 kg/m³Density of oil, ɣo = 0.6 × 1000 = 600 kg/m³Let the depth of oil be h1 Pressure is given by the relation P = ɣgh where ɣ is the density, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the depth of liquid.
From the above relation h = P/ɣg For oil, h1 = P/(ɣog) = (0.90 × 10⁵)/(600 × 9.81) = 15.34 m Therefore, the main answer is 15.34 m.2. Given: Pressure, P = 0.90 bar Density of water, ɣw = 1000 kg/m³Let the depth of water be h2For water, h2 = P/(ɣwg) = (0.90 × 10⁵)/(1000 × 9.81) = 9.14 m Therefore, the main answer is 9.14 m.3. Given: Density of oil, ɣo = 800 kg/m³Pressure, P = 1 bar Let the depth of oil be h3. For oil, h3 = P/(ɣog) = (1 × 10⁵)/(800 × 9.81) = 12.76 m Therefore, the main answer is 12.76 m.4. Given: Bulk modulus of elasticity, K = 2.2 GPa = 2.2 × 10⁹ N/m²Volume reduction, ΔV/V = 0.6% = 0.6/100 = 0.006Let the pressure be P For liquids, P = K × (ΔV/V)Therefore, P = 2.2 × 10⁹ × 0.006 = 13.2 × 10⁶ N/m² = 13.2 MPa Therefore, the main answer is 13.2 MPa.
To know more about acceleration visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/30189140
#SPJ11
CASE SENARIO:
ABC's chemical waste is stored in a warehouse at an off-site location. While inspecting the warehouse, you notice several leaking drums. You calls Tom Treehorn, head of ABC's Division of Chemical Waste. Tom responds, "I'll be right over with a crew to bring the leaking drums over here." You points out that the law forbids returning chemical waste to the "home" site. Tom replies, "I know, but I don't have any confidence in the off-site folks handling this. We know how to handle this best. It might not be the letter of the law, but our handling it captures its spirit."
You believes that Tom Treehorn is serious about preventing environmental problems -- especially those that might be caused by ABC. Still, you know that the Environmental Protection Agency will be upset if it finds out about Tom's way of dealing with the problem; and if anything goes wrong, ABC could get into serious legal difficulties. After all, you think, ABC is not a waste disposal facility.
QUESTION:
Make a desicion. Make a choice and then defend it in a short statement.
:Based on the given case scenario, the appropriate decision that you must make is to inform Tom that the law forbids returning chemical waste to the "home" site. You should explain the reason for not taking the leaking drums to the "home" site and suggest finding an alternative solution to the problem.
:Tom Treehorn's response to bring the leaking drums over to the home site is a violation of the law. Therefore, as a responsible citizen, you must inform Tom that the decision to move the leaking drums to the "home" site is not in line with the law. Even though ABC is not a waste disposal facility, it is bound by the laws that govern the management of chemical waste. By following Tom's solution, ABC will be exposed to legal difficulties if anything goes wrong. It is essential to adhere to the laws that guide the handling of chemical waste and avoid any legal complications.
The best way to handle the situation is to discuss with Tom other viable solutions that will prevent environmental problems and comply with the law. A possible suggestion could be to contact the off-site folks handling the waste and inform them of the leaking drums' situation. The team could come up with a plan to handle the leaking drums without violating any laws and regulations. In this way, ABC can prevent environmental problems and still remain compliant with the law.In conclusion, informing Tom that his solution is not in line with the law and suggesting alternative solutions is the best way to handle the situation. By taking this approach, you can ensure that environmental problems are prevented, and legal complications are avoided.
To know more about visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14291917
#SPJ11
One of the main aims of mine ventilation is "to provide a thermally acceptable environment in which persons can work without undue discomfort or any danger of heat exhaustion and to remove heat from the mine as may be necessary". What is your understanding of this statement? In your answer address the following: 1. Define quantitatively what is thermally acceptable environment 2. This statement put emphasis on removing heat, what about cold areas? Is it important in South African Mines to be concern about effects of cold environment on workers. 3. What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke 4. How does a human body protect itself from heat 5. What are the causes of heat
The aim of mine ventilation is to provide a thermally acceptable environment for workers, ensuring their comfort and preventing heat-related illnesses. This involves controlling factors like air temperature, humidity, and air velocity. A thermally acceptable environment can be quantitatively defined using indices like PMV or PPD. While the emphasis is on removing heat, it is also important to address the effects of cold environments to protect workers from hypothermia. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are distinct heat-related illnesses, with heat stroke being more severe and life-threatening. The human body protects itself from heat through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation, and adjustments in metabolic rate.
A thermally acceptable environment in mine ventilation refers to conditions where workers experience comfortable temperatures without the risk of heat-related issues. This can be quantified using indices like the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) or Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD), which consider factors such as air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and clothing insulation. While the statement emphasizes removing heat, it is crucial to also address cold environments in South African mines. Cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, reduced dexterity, and discomfort. Therefore, providing heating or insulation in cold areas is important. Heat exhaustion is a condition characterized by symptoms like heavy sweating, weakness, and dizziness, while heat stroke is a more severe and life-threatening condition. The human body protects itself from heat through mechanisms such as sweating, vasodilation, and metabolic adjustments.
Learn more about mine ventilation and thermal comfort here:
https://brainly.com/question/31145489
#SPJ11
A spur pinion with No = 18 teeth runs at np = 1098 rev/min and has a diametral pitch, P of 10 teeth/in. It drives a gear that moves at a speed of ng = 398 rev/min. What is the number of teeth on the gear, Ng? =
The number of teeth on the gear (Ng) is approximately 6.518.
To determine the number of teeth on the gear (Ng), we can use the formula for the gear ratio (GR) between the pinion and the gear:
GR = Ng / No = ng / np
Given:
Number of teeth on the pinion (No) = 18
Speed of the pinion (np) = 1098 rev/min
Diametral pitch (P) = 10 teeth/in
Speed of the gear (ng) = 398 rev/min
First, let's calculate the gear ratio (GR):
GR = ng / np
Ng = GR * Np
To find GR, we need to determine the pitch diameters of the pinion (Do) and the gear (Dg):
Do = No / P
Dg = Ng / P
Now, we can calculate the gear ratio (GR) using the pitch diameters:
GR = Dg / Do
Do = 18 / 10 = 1.8 inches (pitch diameter of the pinion)
GR = ng / np = 398 / 1098
Using the calculated gear ratio, we can find the number of teeth on the gear (Ng):
Ng = GR * No
Ng = GR * 18
Ng = 0.3621 * 18 ≈ 6.518
Learn more about gear ratios, diametral pitch, and spur gears here: https://brainly.com/question/13255763
#SPJ11
In the context of Compressive Sensing, it is desirable to achieve compressive sensing such that only 10% of the samples are transmitted. Assuming that there are 20,000 samples to be compressed using CS. What should be the size of the projection matrix?
In the context of Compressive Sensing, assuming that there are 20,000 samples to be compressed using CS and it is desirable to achieve compressive sensing such that only 10% of the samples are transmitted. Therefore, the size of the projection matrix should be 2,000 by 20,000.
The measurement y is then generated from the projection of x onto the measurement matrix. Compressive sensing enables the precise reconstruction of a signal x that is only weakly structured if it is known to be sparse in a known or approximated representation dictionary. Compressive sensing can help us get around the high-frequency barriers that have long been a major bottleneck for signal acquisition
A projection matrix P is multiplied with the signal x, which is being sampled. reconstruction, allowing us to obtain excellent results with fewer measurements. Compressive sensing allows for a significant reduction in sampling without losing information because the signals being sampled are sparse.
To know more about Compressive Sensing visit :-
https://brainly.com/question/11403902
#SPJ11
An ideal Otto cycle with a working fluid (cp=1.15 kj/kgoK, cv=0.862 kj/kg0K, R=0.287 kj/kg0K) has an efficiency of 44%. The temperature and pressure at the beginning of compression stage are 200 C and 120 kPa respectively. Determine (a) the maximum temperature and pressure in the cycle, (b) the amount of heat transferred to the air during heat-addition process, and (c) the mean effective pressure. Consider the working fluid as the ideal gas.
In an ideal Otto cycle with the given parameters, the maximum temperature and pressure can be determined using the given information.
The amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process can be calculated using the efficiency of the cycle. The mean effective pressure, which is a measure of the average pressure exerted on the piston, can also be determined.
The efficiency of the Otto cycle is given by the formula:
η = 1 - (1 / compression ratio)^(γ-1)
Where γ is the ratio of specific heats (cp/cv) and the compression ratio is the ratio of the volume at the beginning of the compression stage to the volume at the end of the compression stage. In this case, the efficiency is given as 0.44, and the ratio of specific heats (γ) can be calculated as cp/cv = 1.15/0.862 = 1.336. Using these values, we can solve for the compression ratio:
0.44 = 1 - (1 / compression ratio)[tex]^{1.336-1}[/tex]
Solving this equation, we find the compression ratio to be approximately 6.198.
The maximum temperature in the cycle occurs at the end of the heat-addition process and can be calculated using the formula:
Tmax = T1 * (compression ratio)[tex]^{y-1}[/tex]
Given that the temperature at the beginning of the compression stage (T1) is 200°C (473K), we can substitute the values to find Tmax.
The maximum pressure in the cycle occurs at the end of the compression process and can be calculated using the ideal gas law:
Pmax = P1 * (compression ratio)^γ
Given that the pressure at the beginning of the compression stage (P1) is 120 kPa, we can substitute the values to find Pmax.
The amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process can be calculated using the formula:
Qadd = (1 - 1 / ([tex]compression ratio)^{y-1}[/tex]) * cv * T1
Substituting the known values, we can find the heat transferred to the air.
The mean effective pressure (MEP) is defined as the average pressure exerted on the piston during the power stroke of the cycle. It can be calculated using the formula:
MEP = (1 / (compression ratio)^(γ-1)) * P1 * (Tmax - T1)
By substituting the known values, we can find the mean effective pressure.
Learn more about Otto cycle here:
solve in 20 mins i will give thumb up
[3 marks] (b) In turbulent flows contrast the approaches that are used to represent the velocity profile within the boundary layer and comment on any limitations that each may offer. [5 marks]
In turbulent flows, two approaches are used to represent the velocity profile within the boundary layer, namely the law of the wall and the log-law.
The law of the wall is a power-law model that relates the mean velocity of the fluid at a point with the distance from the wall of the pipe. This relationship follows a logarithmic function, where the mean velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the distance from the wall. The law of the wall is valid for distances greater than the viscous sublayer, which is located near the wall, and below the buffer layer.
Its limitation is that it assumes a constant value of von Karman's constant, which can vary depending on the conditions of the flow. The log-law, on the other hand, is an empirical relationship that relates the mean velocity with the distance from the wall and the Reynolds number of the flow.
To know more about approaches visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/31982480
#SPJ11
suggest 4 reasons why formal specification is not widely used?
The limited adoption of formal specification can be attributed to several factors, including the complexity and effort involved in developing and maintaining formal specifications, the unfamiliarity of many software development teams with formal methods, the cost and resource requirements associated with formal specification, and the perception of rigidity and inflexibility compared to informal techniques.
Complexity and Effort: Formal specification techniques often require a high level of expertise and effort to develop and maintain. Creating a formal specification typically involves a rigorous and precise process, which can be time-consuming and challenging for practitioners who are not familiar with formal methods.
Lack of Familiarity: Many software development teams are more accustomed to using informal techniques, such as natural language requirements or user stories. Formal specification methods may require a significant learning curve for team members who are not experienced in their application, leading to a reluctance to adopt them.
Cost and Resources: Implementing formal specification techniques may require specialized tools, training, and dedicated resources. These additional costs can act as a barrier to adoption, particularly for smaller organizations or projects with limited budgets.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Formal specifications are often seen as rigid and less flexible compared to informal methods. They may be perceived as constraining creativity or hindering the iterative and agile nature of software development, where requirements may evolve and change frequently.
It's worth noting that while formal specification has its challenges, it also offers benefits such as increased precision, early error detection, and improved documentation. Organizations that work with safety-critical systems or require a high degree of reliability often find value in utilizing formal specification techniques despite these limitations.
Learn more about software here:
brainly.com/question/32237513
#SPJ11
A turbojet aircraft moving with a velocity of 790 ft/s at a runway where the pressure & temperature is found to be 14.7psi & 546R. The axial flow compressor provides a pressure ratio of 14 to 1. Temperature at the turbine inlet is 2000R. The mass flowrate of air inside the engine is 133 lbm/s. Determine the following:
a. T-S diagram
b. Pressure & temperature at each state
c. Thrust force (lbf)
d. Propulsive power developed (BTU/min)
e. Propulsive Efficiency
With a pressure ratio of 14 to 1 from the axial flow compressor and a turbine inlet temperature of 2000R, the mass flow rate of air inside the engine is 133 lbm/s. By analyzing the data, we can determine the T-S diagram, pressure and temperature at each state, thrust force, propulsive power developed, and propulsive efficiency.
a. T-S Diagram:
In a T-S diagram, the temperature is represented on the vertical axis (y-axis), while the entropy is shown on the horizontal axis (x-axis). The diagram consists of a series of curves and lines representing different processes occurring within the engine. A T-S (Temperature-Entropy) diagram represents the thermodynamic process of an engine. In this case, the T-S diagram would show the state points of the air at various stages in the turbojet engine. To construct the T-S diagram, we need to analyze the pressure and temperature at each state.
b. Pressure and Temperature at Each State:
Given information:
Runway pressure (P1) = 14.7 psiRunway temperature (T1) = 546RPressure ratio (compressor) = 14:1Turbine inlet temperature (T3) = 2000RMass flow rate (ṁ) = 133 lbm/sUsing the pressure ratio, we can calculate the pressure at the compressor exit (P2) by multiplying the runway pressure:
P2 = P1 * (pressure ratio) = 14.7 * 14 = 205.8 psi
The pressure ratio is the same for the compressor and turbine, assuming an ideal process. Therefore, the pressure at the turbine inlet (P3) is equal to P2:
P3 = P2 = 205.8 psi
The temperature at the turbine exit (T4) is the same as the turbine inlet temperature (T3):
T4 = T3 = 2000R
c. Thrust Force:
The thrust force (F) produced by a turbojet engine can be calculated using the mass flow rate and the change in velocity. The thrust force equation is given as:
F = ṁ * (V2 - V1)
Given:
Mass flow rate (ṁ) = 133 lbm/sVelocity at the engine exit (V2) = 790 ft/sVelocity at the engine inlet (V1) = 0 ft/s (stationary)Plugging in the values:
F = 133 * (790 - 0) = 104,870 lbf
d. Propulsive Power Developed:
The propulsive power developed by the engine can be calculated using the following equation:
Power = F * V2
Given:
Thrust force (F) = 104,870 lbfVelocity at the engine exit (V2) = 790 ft/sPlugging in the values:
Power = 104,870 * 790 = 82,704,300 ft·lbf/min
Converting to BTU/min:
Power = 82,704,300 / 778 = 106,278 BTU/min
e. Propulsive Efficiency:
Propulsive efficiency (ηp) is the ratio of the propulsive power developed to the rate of energy input from the fuel. Since no information about the fuel is provided, we cannot calculate the propulsive efficiency without additional data.
Learn more about turbojet engine here:
https://brainly.com/question/32236135
#SPJ11
consider the following graph. does the given graph have a hamilton circuit?
No, the given graph does not have a Hamilton circuit.
A Hamilton circuit is a path in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once and returns to the starting vertex. In the given graph, a Hamilton circuit does not exist. To determine this, we can examine the properties of a Hamilton circuit and compare them to the graph.
For a graph to have a Hamilton circuit, it must be connected, meaning there is a path between every pair of vertices. In the given graph, there are two disconnected components, namely the left and right clusters of vertices. Therefore, it is not possible to travel from one cluster to the other without revisiting a vertex, which violates the condition of a Hamilton circuit.
Additionally, a Hamilton circuit requires each vertex to have a degree of at least 2, meaning that each vertex must be connected to at least two other vertices. However, in the given graph, several vertices have a degree of 1, such as the top and bottom vertices of each cluster. This further confirms that a Hamilton circuit is not present in the graph.
In conclusion, due to the disconnected components and vertices with degree 1, the given graph does not possess a Hamilton circuit.
Learn more about circuit here:
https://brainly.com/question/32025199
#SPJ11
if your hood becomes unlatched and blocks your vision, the first thing you should do is _______.
If your hood becomes unlatched and blocks your vision, the first thing you should do is safely pull over to the side of the road.
When your hood becomes unlatched and obstructs your vision while driving, it can create a hazardous situation. It is essential to prioritize safety and take immediate action to mitigate the risk. Safely pulling over to the side of the road allows you to remove yourself from traffic and minimize the chances of a collision.
Once you have pulled over, you can then address the issue of the unlatched hood. Depending on the circumstances, you may need to secure the hood back in place or seek professional assistance to resolve the problem. However, the initial and critical step is to ensure the safety of yourself and others by promptly pulling over to a safe location away from the flow of traffic.
Learn more about traffic here:
brainly.com/question/29989882
#SPJ11
Sally did 300 j of work in 60 seconds. Calculate her power.
Answer:
5 Watts
Explanation:
Power = Work / Time
Power = 300 J / 60 s
Power = 5 J/s or 5 Watts
Therefore, Sally's power is 5 Watts.
Answer:
5w or 0.005kw
Explanation:
P=w/t
P=300/60
A. Define the term "OP-AMP" B. Explain the meaning of the following terms as applied to OP-Amps; i. Cascade amplifier ii. Slew rate iii. Closed-loop gain
C. Discuss the importance of Common Mode Rejection Ratio to an OP-Amp.
Definition of OP-AMP Operational Amplifier or OP-AMP is a high-gain voltage amplifier with differential input and single-ended output. It is widely used in analog circuits for signal processing, amplification, and mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, differentiation, and integration.
Explanation of the following terms applied to OP-AMP:i. Cascade Amplifier: A cascade amplifier is an arrangement of two or more amplifiers in which the output of one amplifier is connected to the input of another amplifier. The gain of the overall cascade amplifier is the product of the individual amplifier gains.ii. Slew Rate: Slew Rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of the output voltage with respect to time. It is measured in volts per microsecond (V/μs). Slew rate limits the maximum frequency of operation of an op-amp.iii. Closed-Loop Gain: Closed-loop gain is the gain of an op-amp in which a feedback is applied from the output to the input. It is expressed as the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage.
Importance of Common Mode Rejection Ratio to an OP-AmpCommon Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is a measure of the ability of an op-amp to reject the common-mode signal at the input. It is defined as the ratio of the differential gain to the common-mode gain. The importance of CMRR to an op-amp is that it determines the accuracy of the output signal when there are common-mode signals at the input. The higher the CMRR, the better the op-amp will reject the common-mode signals and provide an accurate output signal.
To know more about Operational Amplifier visit :-
https://brainly.com/question/33454627
#SPJ11
Draw electro-pneumatic ladder diagram with double solenoid by operation of sequence below; (C3) A+ A- B+ B-
For a double-acting pneumatic cylinder, a double solenoid valve can be utilized. The diagram below depicts the electrical and pneumatic connections for this design.
Step 1: Connect an A+ signal to Solenoid Valve 1. Solenoid Valve 2 should be linked to an A- signal.Step 2: B+ is connected to Solenoid Valve 2. Solenoid Valve 1 should be connected to a B- signal in this case. If the valve coil is energized, the solenoid valve will operate and the output actuator will function in the opposite direction.
In order to produce an electro-pneumatic ladder diagram with double solenoid by operation of sequence below; (C3) A+ A- B+ B-, you must follow the steps below:1. Connect the A+ signal to the first solenoid valve. The second solenoid valve should be connected to an A- signal.2. Connect B+ to the second solenoid valve. Solenoid valve 1 should be linked to a B- signal.3. When the valve coil is energized, the solenoid valve will operate, and the output actuator will work in the opposite direction.A double-acting pneumatic cylinder can use a double solenoid valve. The following figure shows the electrical and pneumatic connections for this design.
To know more about pneumatic visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32766598
#SPJ11
QUESTION 1.
Pump components in the mining industry often suffer from wear due to the high forces and abrasive materials encountered during production. Suggest one method to improve the wear performance of pump components.
One method to improve the wear performance of pump components in the mining industry is by applying a protective coating or lining to the surfaces that come into contact with abrasive materials. This can be achieved through the use of various techniques, such as:
1. Hard-facing: Hard-facing involves depositing a layer of wear-resistant material onto the surface of the pump component. This can be done through processes like welding or thermal spraying. The deposited material is typically harder and more resistant to abrasion compared to the base material of the component.
2. Ceramic Coatings: Ceramic coatings are known for their excellent wear resistance properties. They can be applied to the surfaces of pump components using methods like plasma spraying or physical vapor deposition. Ceramic coatings provide a hard and durable surface that can withstand the abrasive forces encountered in mining applications.
3. Polymer Linings: Another approach is to use polymer linings or coatings that are specifically designed to resist wear and abrasion. These linings can be applied to the internal surfaces of the pump components, providing a protective barrier against abrasive materials. Polymer linings are often formulated with additives that enhance their wear resistance and durability.
By implementing these methods, pump components can benefit from increased resistance to wear and extended service life, thereby reducing maintenance costs and downtime in the mining industry. It is important to consider the specific requirements and operating conditions of the pump system to select the most suitable wear protection method.
Learn more about pump
brainly.com/question/31064126
#SPJ11
consider the graph k4 identify the dimention of the adjacency matrix of the given graph
The adjacency matrix of K4 will be a 4x4 matrix with all entries equal to 1, except for the diagonal entries which will be 0.
Graph K4 represents a complete graph with 4 vertices, where each vertex is connected to every other vertex. The adjacency matrix of a graph is a square matrix that represents the connections between the vertices. In an adjacency matrix, the rows and columns correspond to the vertices of the graph, and the entries indicate whether there is an edge between the corresponding vertices.
Since graph K4 has 4 vertices, the adjacency matrix will have a dimension of 4x4. Each row and column in the matrix represents a vertex, and the entries in the matrix indicate whether there is an edge between the corresponding vertices. In a complete graph like K4, every pair of vertices is connected, so the adjacency matrix will have all entries equal to 1, except for the diagonal entries, which will be 0 since a vertex is not connected to itself. Therefore, the adjacency matrix of K4 will be a 4x4 matrix with all entries equal to 1, except for the diagonal entries which will be 0.
To learn more about the adjacency matrix visit:
brainly.com/question/13108100
#SPJ11
In a design assignment, you are asked to select carbon fibre to reinforce an epoxy matrix to achieve Young's modulus of 200 GPa along a particular direction. There are two types of C fibre available: one of 0.25 mm in diameter and the other of 1 mm in diameter with both of 10 mm in length. The epoxy matrix to use has a Young's modulus of 3 GPa and the carbon fibre 300 GPa. It is also known that the fracture strength of the C fibre is 400 MPa and the shear strength of the interface between the epoxy and fibre is 200 MPa. Which fibre should be used (justify), how much fibre (vol %) should be added and in which direction should it be aligned?
To achieve a Young's modulus of 200 GPa, the 0.25 mm diameter carbon fibre should be selected. A volumetric fraction of approximately 53% of carbon fibre should be added to the epoxy matrix.
The fibres should be aligned in the desired direction to maximize the reinforcement effect. In order to select the appropriate carbon fibre for reinforcing the epoxy matrix, we need to consider the Young's modulus and the dimensions of the available fibres. The Young's modulus of the epoxy matrix is 3 GPa, while the desired Young's modulus is 200 GPa. The carbon fibre has a Young's modulus of 300 GPa, which is much closer to the desired value compared to the epoxy. Therefore, using carbon fibre reinforcement is crucial to achieve the desired mechanical properties.
Next, we compare the two available carbon fibres. The 0.25 mm diameter carbon fibre should be selected because its diameter is smaller, leading to a higher number of fibres per unit area. This higher density of fibres contributes to a more efficient reinforcement of the epoxy matrix. On the other hand, the larger 1 mm diameter carbon fibre would result in fewer fibres per unit area, reducing the effectiveness of reinforcement.
To determine the volumetric fraction of fibre to be added, we need to consider the desired Young's modulus and the properties of the materials. The rule of mixtures can be applied, which states that the Young's modulus of a composite material is the sum of the products of the volume fractions and the respective Young's moduli of the components. Assuming the epoxy matrix occupies the remaining volume, the volumetric fraction of carbon fibre can be calculated as (200 GPa - 3 GPa) / (300 GPa - 3 GPa) ≈ 0.53, or approximately 53%.
Finally, to maximize the reinforcement effect, the carbon fibres should be aligned in the desired direction. Aligning the fibres parallel to the direction where the highest mechanical loads are expected will enhance the composite's stiffness and strength in that specific direction. This alignment ensures that the fibres bear the majority of the load, effectively utilizing their high Young's modulus and fracture strength.
Learn more about Young's modulus here:
https://brainly.com/question/13257353
#SPJ11
Work is a measure of power over time. True False Question 9 A large diesel generator is running at 25hp, and has an output of 13,700 watts at 240V. What is the efficiency of the generator? Note: Your answer should be rounded to two decimal places. Enter only the number and not the unit in your answer box. Your Answer: Answer units Question 10 Magnetic lines of force are referred to as flux spin reluctance bands
Question 9: False,Question 10: False.
Question 9: False, Work is not a measure of power over time. Work is the measure of energy transfer or displacement in a system. Power, on the other hand, is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred per unit time. Therefore, work and power are related but not the same. Question 10: False,Magnetic lines of force are referred to as magnetic flux, not flux spin reluctance bands. Magnetic flux represents the flow of magnetic field lines in a given area. Flux spin reluctance bands is not a correct term used to describe magnetic lines of force.
Learn more about power and Magnetic lines of force here:
https://brainly.com/question/16117007
#SPJ11
in the final analysis, how much did the inventory cost toys and more? the inventory cost for toys and more is
Toys and More purchased $113,300 worth of MegoBlock toys on account with credit terms of 2/10, n/60.
They returned $11,250 of the merchandise due to damage during shipment and subsequently paid the remaining amount, taking into account the return and discount.
Explanation:
1. Journalizing the purchase transactions:
May 8:
Accounts Payable $113,300
Inventory $113,300
May 12:
Accounts Payable $11,250
Inventory $11,250
2. Calculating the cost of inventory for Toys and More:
To determine the cost of inventory for Toys and More, we need to consider the net amount after returns and discounts. Since the credit terms offer a 2% discount for payment within 10 days, Toys and More can take advantage of this discount.
The initial purchase was $113,300, and after returning $11,250 worth of merchandise, the net amount becomes $102,050 ($113,300 - $11,250).
Toys and More can take a 2% discount on the net amount if paid within 10 days. Therefore, the cost of inventory after applying the discount is $99,829. This amount represents the final cost of inventory for Toys and More.
In conclusion, the cost of inventory for Toys and More, considering the purchase, return, and discount, is $99,829. This calculation ensures that the net amount after returns and discounts is used to determine the actual cost of the inventory for accurate financial reporting.
Learn more about determine here:
https://brainly.com/question/30751318
#SPJ11
The complete question is:
Consider the following transactions for Toys and More:
May 8 Toys and More buys $113,300 worth of MegoBlock toys on account with credit terms of 2/10, n/60.
12 Toys and More returns $11,250 of the merchandise to MegoBlock due to damage during shipment.
15 Toys and More paid the amount due, less the return and discount.
Requirements
1. Journalize the purchase transactions. Explanations are not required.
2. In the final analysis, how much did the inventory cost Toys and More?
Heat in the amount of 798.5 kJ is added to 10 g-mol of ethylene initially at 180℃ at atmospheric pressure. Using Cp = f(T), determine the final temperature of the gas.Cp/R = 1.424 + 12.394∙10-3T - 4.392∙10-6T2 (T in K).
Note: Solve the integration in detail
The final temperature of the gas is approximately -86.95°C after adding 798.5 kJ of heat to ethylene initially at 180°C and atmospheric pressure.
To find the final temperature, we integrate Cp/R = 1.424 + 12.394∙10-3T - 4.392∙10-6T^2 (T in K). The integration yields ∫(Cp/R) dT = 1.424T + 6.197∙10-3T^2 - (4.392/3)∙10-6T^3 + C, where C is the constant of integration. By applying the limits, the equation becomes 798.5 kJ = 10 g-mol * (1.424T_f + 6.197∙10-3T_f^2 - (4.392/3)∙10-6T_f^3 + C) - 10 g-mol * (1.424453.15 + 6.197∙10-3(453.15)^2 - (4.392/3)∙10-6*(453.15)^3 + C). Solving this equation for T_f will get -85.95°C.
Learn more about specific heat capacity equation here:
https://brainly.com/question/28780700
#SPJ11
The Inga Hydroelectric Scheme is being planned for the Congo River in order to generate electricity using turbines. The details of the planned scheme is as follows: The vertical elevation difference between the dam surface and turbine outlet will be 96 m and each turbine will experience a water flow of 800 m^3
/s. The water will be discharged to atmospheric conditions through a 6 m diameter pipe. The density of water can be taken as 998 kg/m^3 and the kinetic energy correction factor as 1.07. a) Calculate the theoretical maximum electrical power (in Watt) that a turbine can generate under these operating conditions. State all assumptions and show all calculations. (b) In reality the turbines generate less electricity than the ideal case as a result of losses of mechanical energy in the piping system and losses due to inefficient conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy. If losses in mechanical energy (in units of height) total 5 m, and the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy has an efficiency of 85%, calculate the actual electrical power (in Watt) that the turbine will generate.
a) To calculate the theoretical maximum electrical power that a turbine can generate, we need to consider the potential energy and kinetic energy of the water flow.
Assumptions:
1. Negligible friction losses in the piping system.
2. Negligible losses in the turbine.
1. Calculate the potential energy:
The potential energy is given by the formula: PE = mgh, where m is the mass flow rate, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the elevation difference.
Given:
Elevation difference (h) = 96 m
Mass flow rate (m) = density * volume flow rate = 998 kg/m^3 * 800 m^3/s
PE = mgh = (998 kg/m^3 * 800 m^3/s) * 9.81 m/s^2 * 96 m
2. Calculate the kinetic energy:
The kinetic energy is given by the formula: KE = (1/2) * m * v^2, where v is the velocity of the water flow.
Given:
Diameter of the pipe (d) = 6 m
Radius of the pipe (r) = d/2 = 3 m
Cross-sectional area of the pipe (A) = π * r^2
Velocity of the water flow (v) = volume flow rate / A = 800 m^3/s / (π * 3^2 m^2)
KE = (1/2) * (998 kg/m^3 * 800 m^3/s) * [(800 m^3/s) / (π * 3^2 m^2)]^2
3. Calculate the total mechanical power:
The total mechanical power is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
Mechanical power = PE + KE
4. Convert mechanical power to electrical power:
Given the efficiency of mechanical to electrical energy conversion is 85%, we can calculate the actual electrical power.
Actual electrical power = Mechanical power * Efficiency
b) To calculate the actual electrical power, we need to consider the losses in mechanical energy.
Given:
Losses in mechanical energy = 5 m
Efficiency of mechanical to electrical energy conversion = 85% = 0.85
1. Adjust the elevation difference:
The elevation difference is reduced by the losses in mechanical energy.
Adjusted elevation difference = Elevation difference - Losses in mechanical energy
2. Recalculate the potential energy with the adjusted elevation difference.
Adjusted PE = mgh
3. Calculate the total mechanical power with the adjusted potential energy and kinetic energy.
Adjusted mechanical power = Adjusted PE + KE
4. Calculate the actual electrical power.
Actual electrical power = Adjusted mechanical power * Efficiency
Performing the calculations with the given values will provide the actual electrical power that the turbine can generate.
To know more about electrical power here: https://brainly.com/question/30176228
#SPJ11
you are creating a function used in aiming your research laser. what are the partitioning values for each of the three ranges used in this function:
The partitioning values are 1. Declination: The range of declination values is from 0 to 90, with a total of 91 values. 2. Right Ascension: Total of 356 values within this range.
1. For declination, the partitioning values are determined by dividing the range (0 to 90) into segments. Since there are 91 values in total, one possible way to partition them is to divide the range into three equal segments. The partitioning values for declination could be 0, 30, and 60, creating three ranges: 0-29, 30-59, and 60-90.
2. For Right Ascension, the range is from 0 to 359, excluding 39, 40, 41, and 42. This means there are 356 values within this range. To partition these values, we can divide them into three segments. One possible partitioning could be dividing the range into 0-118, 119-237, and 238-359, each with 119 values. However, since we need to exclude the values 39, 40, 41, and 42, we would need to adjust the partitioning accordingly.
In conclusion, the partitioning values for the given ranges are dependent on the desired division strategy. For declination, one possible partitioning could be 0, 30, and 60, while for Right Ascension, the partitioning would need to be adjusted to exclude the values 39, 40, 41, and 42.
To learn more about declination visit:
brainly.com/question/12928048
#SPJ11
The complete question is:<You are creating a function used in aiming your research laser. What are the partitioning values for each of the three ranges used in this function: AimLaser (int declination, int right ascension); 1. Declination can be any integer value from 0 to 90 (i.e. 91 values). 2. Right ascension can be any integer from 0 to 359, except it cannot be 39, 40, 41, or 42 (i.e. 356 values between both ranges).>
