A UTI develops after E. coli from a patient's anus gets transferred into her urethra during the insertion of a catheter. The term that does not describe this infection is: latent infection.
UTI is an infection in any of the parts of the urinary system. It majorly occurs in female and mostly affects the lower part of the urinary system i.e., the bladder and the urethra. If kidney becomes infected the condition should be taken seriously.
Latent infection is the type caused by the pathogen that remains inactive in the body in early stages for longer durations of time. The virus that cause latent infection are: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), HIV, etc.
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nadine is a 1-year-old infant. her doctor wants to assess the development of her fine motor skills. in this scenario, which of nadine's abilities is the doctor most likely to focus on?
The capacity to reach and grasp will likely be the doctor's main concern.
What does the word "doctor" really mean?Doctor, which derives from the Latin word for "teacher," historically referred to a select group of theologians who were granted permission by the Church to speak on questions of faith. Later, the phrase began to be used more frequently to refer to skilled academic and medical experts.
What does a doctor do?Doctors counsel individuals who have injuries, illnesses, or diseases and diagnose ailments. Depending on the MBBS specialty you choose, you will have different responsibilities. While some doctors specialize in cardiology, others might practice surgery, neurology, pulmonology, or rheumatology.
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enalapril maleate is prescribed for a hospitalized client. which assessment does the nurse perform as a priority before administering the medication?
If enalapril maleate is prescribed for a hospitalized client. The assessment that the nurse perform as a priority before administering the medication is: A. Checking the client's blood pressure.
What is enalapril maleate?Enalapril maleate can be defined as a medication that is often use to treat high blood pressure which implies health practitioners do prescribe this drug for people that is suffering from high blood pressure or hypertension.
One of the side effect of enalapril maleate is what is called postural hypotension which occur when a person blood pressure reduced.
Based on the information given it is advisable that the nurse should check the client's blood pressure immediately before administering the dose to the patient.
Therefore the nurse should check the patient blood pressure before administering enalapril maleate .
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The complete question is:
enalapril maleate is prescribed for a hospitalized client. which assessment does the nurse perform as a priority before administering the medication?
A. Checking the client's blood pressure
B. Checking the client's peripheral pulses
C. Checking the most recent potassium level
D. Checking the client's intake-and-output record for the last 24 hours
Albuterol is a sympathomimetic drug that binds to beta‐2 adrenergic receptors suggesting that.
Albuterol is a sympathomimetic drug that binds to beta‐2 adrenergic receptors suggesting that is is agonist.
A substance that activates a receptor to cause a biological reaction is known as an agonist. Cellular proteins called receptors are activated by the actions of other cellular components. In contrast, an antagonist prevents the agonist's action from occurring, while an inverse agonist produces the opposite effect.
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(a) describe how c. parvum obtains the glucose it needs for glycolysis after it has infected another cell. explain the role of lactate dehydrogenase in enabling c. parvum to continue producing
Cryptosporidium parvum, or C. parvum, takes glucose from its surroundings. This pathogenic protozoan absorbs glucose from the infected cell. Lactate dehydrogenase enables fermentation to transform NADH into NAD+, which glycolysis requires to continue producing ATP.
Wha is Cryptosporidium parvum?Cryptosporidium parvum can be defined as a water-borne parasitic infection that mostly affects HIV or AIDS patients. However, it has also caused outbreaks among children in daycare facilities. The disease typically affects the small bowel, resulting in watery diarrhea similar to cholera. Cryptosporidium parvum mostly infects the cells in the small intestine. When C. parvum enters the digestive system, it is possible that it will obtain glucose from the bloodstream since the digestive system is high in glucose.
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a patient had a renal angiography and is being brought back to the hospital room. what nursing interventions should the nurse carry out after the procedure to detect complications? select all that apply.
The patient is being taken back to the hospital room after undergoing a renal angiography, and the nurse is carrying out the operation to look for issues.
Assess the pulses in the extremities.
b. Examine the extremities that are affected and those that aren't.
b. Inspect the puncture site for edoema and hematoma development.
An imaging procedure called a renal angiography is used to examine the blood arteries in your kidneys. It might be utilised by your doctor to check for blood vessel blockages, stenosis, or aneurysms that inflate out of the blood vessel. Bleeding is one of the potential renal angiography side effects. damage to the nerves. clump of blood (embolus). For coronary angiography operations, about 25% of patients are at high risk for a condition termed contrast-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).
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lesions on the elbows and knees that are well demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, and erythematous characterize which type of psoriasis?
Plaque psoriasis characterizes lesions on the elbows and knees that are well demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, and erythematous. This is the most common type of psoriasis affecting around 85% to 90% of the patients.
What is psoriasis?It is a skin disease which typically affects the knees, trunk, elbow and scalp. It causes a rash with scaly spots which are itchy. There are several types of psoriasis.
Psoriasis is considered to be a problem in immune system due to which the skin cells grow more quickly than usual. Due to this fast cell turnover, the most prevalent type of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, develops dry, scaly areas.
What is plaque psoriasis?It is the most common type of psoriasis. The scalp, lower back, elbows, and knees are the main sites for plaque psoriasis to manifest. The hue of the patches varies depending on the skin tone. On dark or black skin, the affected area may temporarily change color as it heals (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation).
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true or false? a patient showing four symptoms of sigecaps and anhedonia over the past 10 days may be diagnosed as having major depression.
It is true that a patient showing four symptoms of sigecaps and anhedonia over the past 10 days may be diagnosed as having major depression.
What is anhedonia?An example of anhedonia is engaging in an activity that once produced happy sensations but no longer does so. Anhedonia may be present if you used to love playing video games after work every day but no longer experience any pleasure. Anhedonia, which is a prevalent symptom of depressive illnesses and substance use disorders, is the lack of the ability to experience pleasure. It could be brought on by a decline in activity in the ventral striatum, a part of the brain associated with motivation and rewards.
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which population group would the nurse identify as having the lowest rate of stomach cancer
The population group that would the nurse identify as having the lowest rate of stomach cancer is Asian Americans. The correct option is b.
What is stomach cancer?When cells in any section of the stomach grow and divide abnormally, stomach cancer develops. Tumors can form anywhere in the stomach, although the majority form in the glandular tissue on the inner surface.
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is the name given to this form of cancer (gastric cancer). Some of the symptoms include prolonged indigestion, trapped wind, frequent burping, and heartburn.
Therefore, the correct option is b. Asian Americans.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
a. Hispanic
b. Asian Americans.
c. Non-Hispanic Caucasians.
d. Non-Hispanic African-Americans.
the nurse working in the clinic receives telephone calls from several patients who want appointments as soon as possible. which patient should be seen first?
The nurse clinic should have the following qualities when evaluating a patient's consenting pupil response: Several patients call the facility to request patient appointments.
Which vision change affects older adults most frequently?Among the typical alterations for elderly persons are: losing the capacity for near vision having problems recognizing black from blue, for example.
Which age-related visual condition is it?Presbyopia is the loss of the capacity to perceive fine text or up-close items. Presbyopia is a common condition that gradually develops over a lifetime. You might not see any change until you are 35 or 40 years old. Presbyopic individuals frequently hold.
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which developmental evaluation would the nurse make when parents tells the nurse that their 7-month-old infant has just started sitting without support?
The baby's neck muscles have grown enough to enable a stable sitting position with the head held high. This would prompt parents to inform the nurse that their 7-month-old baby has just begun to sit alone.
What is developmental evaluation?Developmental evaluation is "rooted in systems thinking and fosters innovation by gathering and analyzing real-time data in ways that lead to informed and ongoing decision making as part of the design, development, and implementation process." Developmental evaluation is a potent tool for educating innovators, showcasing the work that goes into effecting change, and enhancing your organization's ability to develop innovative mindsets, skill sets, and toolkits. Process, impact, outcome, and summative evaluations are the primary categories of evaluation.
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a client is suspected of having central diabetes insipidus and is scheduled to undergo a vasopressin challenge test. when preparing the client for this test, the nurse anticipates that the test would be done:
A well trained nurse anticipates that a vasopressin challenge test be done on a patient suspected of diabetes insipidus when he/she suspects that the patient is having a health condition which affects the Antidiuretic hormone levels.
The correct answer choice is option b.
What is meant by the vasopressin test?A vasopressin test simply refers to that medical test given which is done on a patient to diagnose them of diabetes insipidus. However, it is a clinical test which measures the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone levels in the body. When a healthcare provider suspects the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone levels probably due to the clinical manifestational signs of diabetes insipidus, the patient is adviced to go for vasopressin test.
In conclusion, it can be deduced from above that vasopressin test is done to confirm ADH level in the blood.
Complete question:
A client is suspected of having central diabetes insipidus and is scheduled to undergo a vasopressin challenge test. when preparing the client for this test, the nurse anticipates that the test would be done:
a. health condition which affects the blood glucose levels.
b. health condition which affects the Antidiuretic hormone levels.
c. a and b
d. None of the above .
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which information would the nurse include in a socialization and cognition teaching session with the parents of a 15-month-old child?
Imitate parental activities the nurse include in a socialization and cognition teaching session with the parents of a 15-month-old child.
Who is nurse?The nurse is a person who has finished a basic, generalized nursing education programm and has been given permission by the relevant regulatory body to practise nursing in his or her nation. A nurse is a person who has received special training in caring for the ill and injured. In order to treat patients and keep them healthy and active, nurses collaborate with doctors and other healthcare professionals. Additionally, nurses provide end-of-life care and support for bereaved family members.
What do you mean by parental activities?Something can be referred to be parental if it has to do with parents in general or with one or both parents of a specific child. Parental activity is any voluntary activity that parents organize at nurseries, schools, or other educational facilities to encourage and promote children's and youths' learning and wellbeing.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that imitate parental activities the nurse include in a socialization and cognition teaching session with the parents of a 15-month-old child.
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you are administering the drug vancomycin. your patient starts to develop a red rash over her chest, neck, and upper body. what should you do?
If red man syndrome appears then the vancomycin infusion should be discontinued immediately. A dose of 50 mg diphenhydramine hydrochloride intravenously or orally can abort most of the reactions. Once the rash and itching dissipate, the infusion can be resumed at a slower rate and/or at a lesser dosage.
What is vancomycin?Vancomycin is used to treat bacterial infections. It functions by eradicating germs or stopping their development. For viral infections such as the flu, cold, or other, vancomycin is ineffective. In addition, dangerous infections for which other medications may not be effective are treated with vancomycin injection. Only Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to the effects of vancomycin. With regard to S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidus, including methicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant strains, it is the most effective antibiotic currently in use. Vancomycin belongs to the group of drugs known as glycopeptide antibiotics. It functions by eradicating intestinal microorganisms. When taken orally, vancomycin does not eliminate germs or treat infections in any other parts of the body.
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which assessment findings may indicate aspirin toxicity (salicylism)? (select all that apply. one, some, or all options may be correct.)
The assessment findings that may indicate aspirin toxicity (salicylism) include the following:
A. Anorexia and weakness.
B. Hypoventilation and bradycardia.
C. Tachycardia and anxiety.
D. Headache and confusion.
E. Hyperventilation and agitation.
Hence, all the options are correct.
What is toxicity?Toxicity is described as the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism referring to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ such as the liver.
The symptoms of aspirin toxicity include tinnitus, headache and confusion, weakness, GI bleeding, diarrhea, hyperventilation, and agitation.
In conclusion, there are five types of toxic entities which includes chemical, biological, physical, radiation, and behavioral toxicity.
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Complete question:
Which assessment findings may indicate aspirin toxicity (salicylism)? (select all that apply. one, some, or all options may be correct.)
A. Anorexia and weakness.
B. Hypoventilation and bradycardia.
C. Tachycardia and anxiety.
D. Headache and confusion.
E. Hyperventilation and agitation.
Answer:
tinnitus and headache
sweating and dizziness
Explanation:
symptoms of aspirin toxicity include tinnitus, sweating, headache and dizziness.
the health care provider notes that a client exhibits a period of mania followed by hypomania and depression and prescribes lithium carbonate. which is the mode of administration of the prescribed medication?
Lithium carbonate should be administered orally if the primary healthcare provider observes that a patient exhibits a period of mania followed by hypomania and depression.
Mania caused by bipolar disorder is treated with lithium (manic-depressive illness). Additionally, it is regularly used to lessen both the frequency and intensity of manic episodes. An increase in noradrenaline hormones and a decrease in adrenaline are two alterations that are typical when lithium is provided to a person with bipolar disorder. a drop in nor-adrenaline hormones and an increase in adrenaline. a decline in GABA neurotransmitters and an increase in dopamine and glutamate. The oral dosage forms of lithium include tablets, capsules, extended-release (long-acting) tablets, and solutions (liquids). It is typical to take the tablets, capsules, and solution three to four times per day. Typically, two to three times per day are used to take the extended-release tablets. Lithium should be taken every day at roughly the same time.
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a patient admitted 4 days ago with a pulmonary embolism has been prescribed oral warfarin (coumadin) and iv heparin. what is the reason for the patient receiving two anticoagulants?
Heparin is frequently used to begin therapy; after that, oral anticoagulants are prescribed and modified until laboratory tests show an appropriate therapeutic response. This is why the patient is receiving two anticoagulants.
Heparin
actions:Antithrombin III neutralises thrombin, factors IXa, Xa, XI, and XII, as well as plasmin, in the presence of heparin.
Uses-Treatment of cerebral embolism, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis
- Can be administered through IV push, IV infusion, or subcutaneously.
- Dosages differ according to route
warfarin (Coumadin) (Coumadin)-Action:prevent vitamin K from activating specific clotting factors.
useswarfairn uses include pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation-related embolization, and DVT treatment and prevention.
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which result in urine testing would the nurse be most concerned about for a patient to receive t cyclophosphamide
An examination of a patient receiving cyclophosphamide by a nurse reveals elevated erythrocyte levels in the urine.
One's body converts cyclophosphamide into chemicals that hurt your kidneys and bladder. These chemicals may result in bleeding from the kidneys or bladder. Inform your doctor if you get bladder pain and blood in your pee. This could be an indication of hemorrhagic cystitis. Increase your fluid intake to help prevent this from happening.
Hemorrhage typically happens during or right after cyclophosphamide therapy, but it is possible for patients receiving long-term therapy to experience delayed hemorrhage.
Through the renal excretion of its hepatic metabolite, acrolein, which is urotoxic, cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis.
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why are vertically transmitted diseases less virulent than horizontally transmitted diseases?
Because vertically transmitted pathogens are effectively partitioned into many evolutionary distinct populations, they will face tighter effective bottlenecks than their horizontally transmitted counterparts and thus will suffer a faster rate of virulence decline.
What is vertically transmitted diseases and horizontally transmitted diseases ?Vertical transmission is the term used to describe the transmission of viruses from one generation to the next. For instance, HIV-1 can be acquired in utero through placental barrier breaches or transcytosis of cell-associated virus, during delivery (intrapartum), or through breastfeeding.
Horizontal transmission is the spread of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic ecosystem members who are not related as parents or offspring. This idea has been expanded to cover the transmission of symbionts, infectious diseases, and cultural traits between people.
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Women who experience infertility related to high levels of testosterone and insulin may have a condition known as.
Answer:
Women may learn they have PCOS only after seeking infertility treatment. Most women with PCOS have elevated levels of luteinizing hormone and reduced levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), coupled with elevated levels of androgens and insulin (8).
mattie sustained a wrist fracture because of weakened, porous bones. she has the disease known as
Due to weak, porous bones, Mattie fractured her wrist. she has a disease known as osteoporosis.
A fall or even little pressure like bending over or coughing can shatter a bone due to osteoporosis, which makes bones weak and brittle. The hip, wrist, or spine are the most typical sites for osteoporosis-related fractures. The living tissue that makes up bone is continually being destroyed and regenerated. Osteoporosis develops when the production of new bone is inadequate to replace the loss of existing bone.
How much bone mass you acquired as a young adult influence your risk of developing osteoporosis. Peak bone mass is largely hereditary and differs by ethnicity. Your likelihood of developing osteoporosis as you age decreases in direct proportion to your peak bone mass, which is a measure of how much bone you have "in the bank."
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What possible outcomes would justify a research project that will have the inevitable outcome of stigmatizing the subjects in a way that may result in serious restrictions on their personal freedom?
The possible outcomes that would justify a research project that will have the inevitable outcome of stigmatizing the subjects in a way that may result in serious restrictions on their personal freedom is when asked to stop screening newborns for XYY as it leads to stigmatization in the society.
What is the XYY debate about?Social stigma is the disapproval of or discrimination against a person or group because of perceived traits that set them apart from other people in the society.
Therefore, This historical case study explores the relationship between a 1961 paper that suggested that men with XYY chromosomes were predisposed to violent and criminal behavior. The case examines concerns with genetic testing and other uses of genetics and biotechnology research.
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which nursing interventions implemented during mr. palo's assessment will assist him to communicate as effectively as his cognitive deterioration allows? (select all that apply.)
Providing brief justifications for why queries are being raised, Creating questions with simple requirements scheduling many breaks during the evaluation process,
Why is the evaluation procedure important?The importance for critical thinking, reasoning, and reflection is emphasized by assessment, which encourages instruction and fosters a positive learning environment. To evaluate student learning outcomes, a variety of methodologies may be utilized.
What is evaluation and how does it work?All of the methods teachers employ to support student learning and determine their progress are together referred to as assessment. The following classifications can be used to divide assessment for convenience's sake: assessment for placement, formative, summative, and diagnostic purposes. both impartial and biased.
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Select all that apply
Regarding living arrangements and health care for the elderly, which of the following statements are TRUE?
More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards.
Due to the high cost of alternative care, there has been little change in the percentage of older adults living in nursing homes.
Recently, home health care workers are having difficulty finding work due to the success of elder-care centers and preventative medicine clinics.
One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities.
More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards.
One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities.
The following statements are true about elderly living arrangements and health care:
"One source of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is a lack of lifestyle freedom within their abilities". A"The federally mandated minimum standards are not met by more than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities". CWhat are nursing homes and extended care facilities?Nursing homes can be defined as long-term care facilities that offer a wide range of services, including medical and personal care, to the elderly or other people who are unable to live independently. Meanwhile, an Extended Care Facility is classified as an institution that provides subacute care to patients who require inpatient care but do not currently require ongoing hospital services. This facility accepts clients who require rehabilitative or restorative treatments, as well as therapeutic treatments, and even patients with terminal illnesses who require the highest level of nursing care.
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FILL IN THE BLABK. recent advances in our understanding of the neurological bases of behavior is one of the advantages to the use of the ___ perspective in explaining mental illness.
Current advances in our expertise of the neurological bases of conduct is one of the benefits to the usage of the medical perspective in explaining mental illness.
What are neurological bases of behavior?
Neurology is defined as a study of the brain works and the nervous system. the most vital part of the human body is the nervous system and it controls the behavior of humans.
Neurons, an important part of the nervous system control the normal behaviors of humans by emitting neurotransmitters. Human emotions such as pleasure, anxiety, pain, etc, are all controlled by it.
Behavioral neuroscience is also sometimes known as biological psychology. It studies the interaction between the brain, environment and behaviors.
The study helps focus on the ability of a human to assess, predict, understand, improve and control the behaviors.
Therefore, advances in our understanding of the neurological bases of behavior is one of the advantages to the use of the medical perspective in explaining mental illness.
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the nurse is reviewing the immunization record of a 3 month old. which immunization does the nurse expect the child to have received by this age?
The nurse expect the child to have received by this age is immunization by Polio and hepatitis B.
What is immunization?Immunization is defined as the procedure of administering a vaccination to a person in order to protect them from illness. Immunization protects against vaccine-preventable infections and helps people avoid serious sickness.
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, Diphtheria, and Tetanus are three terrible infections that can be prevented and treated with this vaccine. Babies receive an intramuscular injection of the vaccination at 1.5 months, 2.5 months, and 3.5 months of age.
Thus, the nurse expect the child to have received by this age is immunization by Polio and hepatitis B.
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a client with cirrhosis of the liver is in the hospital. the nurse involves the client in developing a plan of care. what would be important aspects to include in this plan?
Hyperkalemia would be important aspects to include in this plan
What is cirrhosis of liver ?Cirrhosis is a severe form of liver disease in which good liver tissue is permanently replaced with scar tissue. Your liver is unable to function properly due to scar tissue. Many different liver disorders and diseases harm healthy liver cells, leading to cell death and inflammation.
Since spirolactone is a diuretic that spares potassium, patients should be continuously watched for hyperkalemia. Along with these, stomach cramps, diarrhoea, vertigo, headaches, and rashes are other frequent side effects.
Dysuria and constipation are not frequently experienced side effects of spironolactone. Although an irregular heartbeat is not a side effect of spironolactone, it could happen if serum potassium levels are not carefully watched.
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conditions associated with the female athlete triad include bone mineral irregularities. cystic fibrosis. ovarian cancer. hyperthermia.
The condition which is associated with the female athlete triad include bone mineral irregularities. The bone mineral irregularity might lead to osteoporosis if left untreated.
What is female athlete triad?The menstrual disruption, poor energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density collectively are known as the female athlete trio (the triad), and it is relatively frequent among young women who participate in sports.
The main goal of its treatment is the natural return of menses alongside enhancement of bone mineral density. The availability of energy should be maximized, and vitamin D and calcium intake should be optimized, even though no particular drug intervention has been demonstrated to consistently improve bone mineral density in this patient population.
What causes bone mineral irregularities in female athlete triad?Lack of calories and excessive exercise might result in issues including a drop in estrogen levels, which regulates a girl's monthly cycle. Bone loss is a result of inadequate nutrition, low estrogen levels, and insufficient calcium or vitamin D in the diet.
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when auscultating the heart sounds of a client who's 34 weeks pregnant, the nurse detects a systolic ejection murmur. which action should the nurse take?
Document the finding as it is normal during pregnancy.
What is systolic ejection murmur?During pregnancy, a systolic ejection murmur over the pulmonic area is a common finding. Typically, it results from increases in blood volume and cardiac output, along with changes in heart size and position. Other cardiac rhythm disturbances also may occur during pregnancy and don't require treatment unless the client has concurrent heart disease. The nurse should document the finding and check for the murmur during the next visit. The nurse need not consult a cardiologist or the primary care health provider and shouldn't tell the client that this finding indicates a cardiac disorder.
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which safety intervention would the nurse include in a plan of care for a client with somatic disorder who reports loss of vision? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.
The nurse should add following intervention in a plan of care for a client with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) who reports loss of vision :
Place the call light within reach and direct the client to the surroundingssomatic symptom disorder (SSD) is diagnosed when a person is preoccupied with bodily symptoms such as pain, weakness, or shortness of breath to the point that it causes considerable discomfort and/or issues functioning. Excessive thoughts, sentiments, and actions are associated with the physical symptoms.
When a person suffers from somatic symptom disorder (SSD), they experience severe, exaggerated concern over bodily sensations. The individual has such strong thoughts, feelings, and actions associated to the symptoms that they believe they are unable to do some daily activities.
Somatic symptom disorder occurs when a person is greatly bothered by bodily symptoms and exhibits inappropriate feelings, thoughts and actions in response. These reactions disrupt their regular functioning. Physical symptoms may be caused by a medical illness or have no obvious reason.
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an older adult client presents with loose mucus-filled stools. the nurse suspects the client has clostridium difficile. what is a priority assessment for the nurse?
When the nurse suspects that an older adult client has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, the nurse assesses with an Arterial blood gas analysis and other laboratory tests.
What is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?Airflow from the lungs becomes restricted due to the chronic inflammatory lung illness known as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In around 9 out of every 10 cases, smoking is regarded to be the primary cause of COPD.
The poisonous substances in the smoke can cause harm to the lining of the lungs and airways. The signs and symptoms include wheezing, coughing up mucus (sputum), and difficulty breathing.
Therefore, When the nurse suspects that an older adult client has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, the nurse assesses with an Arterial blood gas analysis and other laboratory tests.
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