Botulism and myasthenia gravis are conditions that cause muscle weakness but Both conditions are caused by an inability of the body to produce adequate acetylcholine statement is not true. Correct option to this question is D.
What is myasthenia gravis?Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that is brought on by antibodies that attack postsynaptic membrane components, disrupt neuromuscular transmission, and cause skeletal muscle weakening and exhaustion.What is botulism? Due to a neurotoxin generated by Clostridium botulinum, botulism is an acute neurologic condition that can result in neuroparalysis that is potentially life-threatening. The presynaptic membranes of peripheral neuromuscular and autonomic nerve junctions are permanently bound by the toxin.For more information on botulism and myasthenia gravis kindly visit to
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FILL IN THE BLANK. cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ___, meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves.all other adult animals display __, meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves.
All other mature creatures have radial symmetry, making cnidarians the only animal phylum to exhibit biradial or radial symmetry.
What nine animal phyla are there?The vast majority of described, existing species are found in nine of the 36 recognized animal phyla (Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata).
Describe the animal phylum.As a group of organisms with a certain level of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or as a group of organisms with a certain level of evolutionary relatedness, a phylum can be defined in one of two ways at its most fundamental levels.
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if oxygen concentration is higher in the interstitial fluid than in the cytosol, which direction will oxygen move via simple diffusion?
The O2 molecules cross the membrane to the cytosol side of the membrane in response to an increase in O2 concentration.
It is well known that at equilibrium, the rates of forward and backward reactions are equal.
As a result, it means that at equilibrium, the concentration of reactants and products is equal.
Therefore, the rate of formation of is equal to the rate of formation of in the given reaction.
Additionally, no specie participating in the reaction's concentration will change or grow at equilibrium.
Additionally, and will both have equal concentrations.
As a result, we can draw the conclusion that it is untrue that when the photosynthetic reaction reaches equilibrium, the concentration of will start to decrease.
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the digestive, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems work together to manage (fill in the blank) in the body.
The digestive, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems work together to manage to take in essential nutrients and chemicals while also removing waste from the body.
What is the role of digestive systems? Digestion and absorption are two crucial tasks performed by the digestive system. Proteins, lipids, carbs, vitamins, and minerals are the sources of the nutrients found in food. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract must digest and absorb these complicated macromolecules.What is the role of cardiovascular system? The body's cells and organs receive vital nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and other chemicals via the cardiovascular system. It is crucial in assisting the body in coping with the demands of stress, exercise, and activity. In addition to other things, it aids in maintaining body temperature.What is the role of skeletal system?Your body's skeletal system serves as a support system for it. It offers protection for organs, enables mobility, creates blood cells, gives the body its structure, and stores minerals. The term "musculoskeletal system" is another name for the skeletal system.For more information on body systems kindly visit to
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What are the 3 reactants in the photosynthesis process?.
The 3 reactants in the photosynthesis process are
Carbon dioxideWater SunlightPlants require energy to carry out the functions that keep them alive, just like all other living organisms. They eat to obtain this energy. Humans and the majority of other animals are heterotrophs, which means that humans must eat other species such as plants, animals, or a combination of both, in order to survive. However, because they are autotrophs, plants produce their own food. Photosynthesis is the process through which plants use sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
Hence, In plants carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight forms carbohydrates.
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Does hCG cause inflammation?.
hCG induces testicular inflammation through local activation by Leydig cells of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by resident macrophages.
Can hCG help with inflammation?The systemic pro-inflammatory effects of hCG are not surprising, as this hormone can activate the immune system. However, hCG exerts anti-inflammatory effects at the maternal-fetal interface. Taken together, these data suggest that this hormone has distinct functions in decidual and peripheral leukocytes. What are the effects of high hCG?HCG can cause serious side effects: severe abdominal pain or bloating, swelling, rapid weight gain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, severe nausea and vomiting, decreased urination, pain or swelling in one leg, sudden numbness in one side of the body.A medical concern of higher hCG levels is that it may indicate gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). GTD can occur during or after pregnancy. It causes abnormal cells to grow in the uterus. Most are benign, but some may be cancerousTo learn more about hCG visit:
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3.rank these bonds from weakest to strongest (assume we are in a cellular environment): peptide bond, hydrogen bond, ionic bond, hydrophobic interactions
The order of the bonds from weakest to strongest is hydrogen bonds-hydrophobic interactions-peptide bonds-ionic bonds
A chemical bond is a force that binds two or more atoms together to form a chemical compound or element.
The ionic bond is a strong chemical bond because it has an electrostatic attraction force so that ionic compounds require more energy to overcome this force. While a peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between two amino acid molecules when the carboxyl groups of the amino acids react. Covalent bonds are much weaker than ionic bonds because they are formed by sharing bonding electrons. Ionic compounds have higher boiling points, and melting points than covalent compounds.
Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular interactions that occur between hydrogen atoms and highly electronegative elements. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because the atomic bonds are stronger and the intermolecular attractions that occur are stronger. While the Hydrophobic interactions are stronger than the hydrogen bonds because as the temperature increases, the strength of the hydrophobic interactions also increases. Thus causing the bond to be stronger.
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arrange the following events in the order in which they occur during gene expression. begin with the first event to occur at the top of the list.
During gene expression DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is translated into protein, which is the last step of gene expression.
What is gene expression?1. In the nucleus, the mRNA transcript is created.
2. The ribosome is bound by the mRNA transcript.
3. The appropriate amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA anticodon binding to its complementary codon.
4. As the mRNA is read and more amino acids are taken in by the tRNAs, a polypeptide is created.
5. The mRNA and ribosomal subunits separate after termination.
Therefore, gene expression starts from DNA and end with protien synthesis.
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TRUE/FALSE a secondary response has a more rapid onset, is more potent, and has a longer duration than a primary response.
Memory cells are quickly triggered as part of a subsequent response to the same antigen. The secondary answer is more efficient and quicker than this one.
In comparison to the primary immune reaction, the secondary immune response is quicker and stronger due to the production of memory cells, which promotes more efficient pathogen eradication.
Due to the immune system's slow recognition of the antigen, the initial immunological response has a lengthy lag phase. Once a B cell-like lymphocyte capable of recognising this specific antigen emerges, it splits and differentiates into plasma cells and memory B cells.
Due to their involvement in immune system and cell maintenance systems, genetic factors are important in achieving longevity.
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Which layer of the intestinal wall contains most of the smooth muscle and controls the majority of intestinal movements?.
Answer:
muscularis mucosa
Explanation:
The thin layer of smooth muscle is called the muscularis mucosa.
which is a genetic condition that provides evidence for genetic aging? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices
Hutchinson-Gilford is a genetic condition that provides evidence for genetic aging.
A hereditary condition that worsens over time and makes kids age quickly. The genetic mutation is not inherited and develops at random.
In the first year or two of life, symptoms including poor growth and hair loss start to emerge.
Progeria has no known treatment, but some drugs may lessen symptoms or stop the disease's progression.
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A scientist observes a particular nerve fiber that is among the fastest at conducting action potentials in the body. Which of the following best describes its likely structure?
Large diameter and myelinated
The most likely structure for it is one with a large diameter and is myelinated.
What has the potential to act most quickly?myelinated axons
Action potentials spread more quickly through thicker, myelinated axons than through thinner, unmyelinated axons. A neuron is unable to produce another action potential once it has already done so because of its refractoriness to stimuli.
Examples of non-pacemaker action potentials in the heart include atrial, ventricular, and Purkinje cells. These action potentials are occasionally referred to as "fast response" action potentials because of the incredibly quick depolarization they experience.
Action potentials are created when various ions cross the membrane of the neuron. Initially, a stimulus causes sodium channels to open. Because there are more sodium ions on the outside than the inside of the neuron and because the inside is negative compared to the outside, sodium ions rush in.
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If transcription and translation were not coupled in bacteria, what type of regulation would be affected?.
Gene regulation by attenuation would not happen if transcription and translation were not coupled in bacteria.
Attenuation is a proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial operons which results in premature termination of transcription . Attenuation is a mechanism that also reduces the expression of the trp operon in high tryptophan condition.
On the other hand if the nuclear membrane is absent , the physical separation the chromosomal DNA from the cytosolic environment can results in the notion that transcription and translation are temporally coupled in bacteria and archaea.
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genes a and b are on the same chromosome. what gametes could an aabb individual produce, if crossing-over and nondisjunction do not occur?
There is only one sort of normal gamete: AB. AAB, B, ABB, or A or AABB gametes are abnormal gametes .E. Translocation in the meiotic process.
Translocation is the movement of a portion of a chromosome into a different location, most frequently on a nonhomologous chromosome.
The changing of the generations.
Like eggs and sperm, gametes are sexually active cells.
The driving force behind sexual reproduction in an organism occurs when gametes, also known as sex cells, fuse together under specific circumstances.
The sperm and egg cells that combine to create the zygote make up the gamete. The egg cells are typically from the female part of organisms, whereas the sperm cells typically come from the male part.
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What is the capillary bed that produces the filtrate that enters the urinary tubules of the nephron?.
The capillary bed that produces the filtration that enters through the urinary tubules of the nephron is called glomeruli.
What are renal glomeruli?The renal glomeruli are the whole network of capillaries surrounded by a layer (Bowman's capsule) that will have the function of filtering blood plasma to form urine.
This to be able to filter substances that are in excess in the blood, metabolic waste and liquid. Materials that may become useful for the system can also be reabsorbed.
Therefore, we can confirm that the capillary bed that produces the filtration that enters through the urinary tubules of the nephron is called glomeruli.
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What does Hamlet do after killing Polonius?.
Hamlet draws his sword and thrusts it thru the tapestry, Polonius. while Hamlet lifts the wall hanging and discovers Polonius' body, he tells the frame that he had believed he turned into stabbing the King. He then turns his interest to Gertrude.
In the dying of Polonius, Hamlet has committed the very crime which he become searching to ; the son of a father murdered has himself a father. Retribution will name up towards him a son, at whose arms he'll meet his destiny.
At Ophelia's subsequent appearance, after her father's demise, she has long gone mad, due to what the opposite characters interpret as grief for her father. She talks in riddles and rhymes and sings some "mad" and bawdy songs about the demise and a maiden losing her. She exits after bidding each person a "right night".
The interpretation that satisfactory suits the proof exceptional is that Hamlet became laid low with an acute depressive illness, with a few obsessional functions. He could not make a firm remedy to act. In Shakespeare's time, there was no concept of acute depressive illness, even though depression became widely known.
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If a specimen is found to have large quantities of bilirubin, then it should be stored away from ________, which causes the breakdown of bilirubin, until further testing.
If a specimen is found to have large quantities of bilirubin, then it should be stored away from Light, which causes the breakdown of bilirubin, until further testing.
Bilirubin in urine testing determines the amount of bilirubin in your urine. Normally, urine contains no bilirubin. If you have bilirubin in your urine, it could be an early sign of a liver problem. Bilirubin is a yellow substance produced by your body during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is used by the liver to produce bile, a fluid that aids digestion.
A healthy liver eliminates the majority of bilirubin from your body. However, if you have a liver problem, bilirubin can accumulate in your blood and enter your urine.
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which of the following techniques involves reverse transcriptase, pcr amplification, and gel electrophoresis? which of the following techniques involves reverse transcriptase, pcr amplification, and gel electrophoresis? in situ hybridization dna microarray assays nucleic acid hybridization rt-pcr
RT-PCR includes reverse transcriptase, PCR amplification, and gel electrophoresis.
What is RT PCR?Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is an experimental technique that combines the reverse transcription of RNA into DNA and the amplification of specific DNA targets using the polymerase chain reaction.
This is a highly sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying mRNA (messenger RNA). This technique consists of two parts:
Synthesis of cDNA (complementary DNA) from RNA by reverse transcription (RT) and amplification of specific cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The types of PCR are as follows.
Real-time PCR (quantitative PCR or qPCR)Reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR)Multiplex PCRTo know more about RT-PCR, visit:
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the closest living relatives of land plants are multiple choice sporozoans. cyanobacteria. charophytes. chytrids. lichens.
The closest living relatives of land plants is charophytes.
Green algae are a group of green algae whose ancestral lineage gave rise to land plants and caused profound upheaval in the natural history of the Earth.
Charo plants are autotrophs and produce starch through photosynthesis. Charophytes can reproduce asexually or sexually. Sexual reproduction is the main method. Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation. Sexual reproduction is oviogenic in meiosis of the egg. Plants may be dioecious or dioecious.
Woody plants are ecologically important in ecosystems because they control nutrient cycling, improve water clarity, provide an important food source for waterbirds and fish, and serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health.
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At the end of her talk Arroyo says, “Adaptation’s too important to be left to the experts.” Explain what she means by this, if you feel this is a valid point and why.
The expression “Adaptation’s too important to be left to the experts” evidences that this evolutionary process is associated with many diverse aspects of our daily life and therefore it is essential to understand what it means.
What does adaptation mean?In biology, the term adaptation makes reference to the process of change (evolution) that suffers species across time in order to fit certain environmental conditions, which is a key concept to understand not only life science disciplines but also other fields.
Adaptation mainly occurs as a consequence of the process of natural selection, which is the differential survival and reproduction of the organisms that better make use of the environmental conditions.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that adaptation is an evolutionary process that is associated with how organisms fit certain environmental conditions and this concept may also be used in other disciplines.
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the four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and . the four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and . taste reabsorption identification motility
The digestive system takes in and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients that are released, and excretes indigestible food components.
Ingestion, motility, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and feces are the six steps that make up this process. Even before you put food in our mouth, digestion starts. When you feel hungry, our body sends a message to our brain that it is time to eat. Sights and smells influence our body’s preparedness for food. Smelling food sends a message to our brain. our brain then tells the mouth to get ready, and we start to salivate in preparation for a delicious meal. The act of pushing food back toward the throat with the tongue may make swallowing appear voluntary at first, but once this is done, swallowing happens involuntarily.
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If one strand of a dna molecule has the sequence g-a-t-t-a-c-a, what is the sequence of the complementary strand?.
The complementary strand sequence of the DNA sequence G-A-T-T-A-C-A is C-T-A-A-T-G-T.
By applying the base pair rule:
A with T: purine adenine (A) always pairs with pyrimidine thymine (T)
C with G: pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with purine guanine (G)
(A = T, G = C).
G ⇒ CA ⇒ TT ⇒ AT ⇒ AA ⇒ TC ⇒ GA ⇒ TComplementary DNA, better known by the abbreviation cDNA (from complementary DNA), is synthetic/artificial single-stranded DNA copied from mRNA strands using the PCR technique by utilizing the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
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T or F Granular fertilizer plus postemergence herbicide products are more expensive than sprayable postemergence herbicide products per unit area treated given that the active ingredients are the same in both products.
True. Granular fertilizer plus postemergence herbicide products are more expensive than sprayable postemergence herbicide products per unit area treated given that the active ingredients are the same in both products.
Herbicides usually referred to as weedkillers, are chemicals used to manage undesirable plants or weeds. While nonselective herbicides can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways, and railway embankments because they kill all plant material with which they come into contact.
Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Modern herbicides are frequently synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones that interfere with the growth of the target plants. Herbicides meant for organic cultivation are now referred to as organic.
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Consider the timeline of the evolution of human ancestors. a timeline has points a, b, c, d, and e. at the beginning of the timeline is 3.5 million years ago. at the end of the timeline is 50,000 years ago. which series correctly lists the order of species (from a to e) that belong on the timeline? a. africanus, a. afarensis, h. erectus, h. habilis, h. sapiens h. habilis, a. africanus, h. erectus, a. afarensis, h. sapiens a. afarensis, a. africanus, h. habilis, h. erectus, h. sapiens h. habilis, h. erectus, a. afarensis, a. africanus, h. sapiens
The correct order of the species belonging to the timeline is A. afarensis, A. africanus, H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. sapiens
The human evolution timeline highlights the prime incidents within the development of the human species, that is, Homo sapiens, and the improvement of the human's ancestors. It contains brief illustrations of a number of the genera, species, and the higher ranks of taxa, that are witnessed at present because the likely ancestors of present day humans.
The timeline is based totally at the studies from paleontology, anthropology, morphology, and genetic and anatomical data.
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because of the increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), under what conditions should vancomycin be used as an anti-infective?
Vancomycin should be used as an anti-infective for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) involves gram-positive infections in patients who are allergic to penicillin, some endocarditis, and potentially fatal infections caused by organisms that cannot be treated with less toxic substances.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a staph infection cause that is challenging to treat due to antibiotic resistance. Hospitals, other healthcare institutions, and the neighborhood where you reside, work, and attend school are all places where Staph infections, particularly those brought on by MRSA, can proliferate.
A glycopeptide antibiotic called vancomycin is prescribed to treat several bacterial infections. It is advised to administer it intravenously to treat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-caused complex skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis.
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which of the following are members of the hamstring group? group of answer choices adductor longus and adductor magnus gluteus maximus and rectus femoris biceps femoris and rectus femoris biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius
The biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are members of the hamstring group.
What is the definition of hamstring?In human anatomy, the hamstring is one of three hamstring muscles located between the hip and knee (from inside to outside: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris). The hamstrings are an area that is prone to injury.
The general criteria for all hamstring muscles are:
The muscle should come from the ischial tuberosity. Muscles should be used at the knee joint, tibia, or fibula.The muscle is innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve.The muscles are involved in knee flexion and hip extension.To know more about hamstring, visit:
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What are the 4 simple tips to prevent the spread of germs?.
The 4 simple tips to prevent the spread of germs are
Wash your hand frequentlyPractice social distancingDon't share personal itemsCover your coughGerms can spread in a variety of ways, including: by kissing, embracing, sharing drinks or eating utensils with, or otherwise coming into contact with, a person who is contagious. By inhaling air after a person who has the infection coughs or sneezes ,by changing diapers or another activity that involves direct contact with someone's faeces (poop), then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. Through contacting filthy things and surfaces, then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Hence, Germs are responsible for diseases.
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suppose you incubated a sample of glycogen with debranching enzyme, transferase, orthophosphate and glycogen phosphorylase. what would be the approximate ratios of g1p to glucose?
An incubated sample of glycogen with debranching enzyme, transferase, orthophosphate and glycogen phosphorylase will have a ratio of 100 the glycogen sample.
What is carbohydrate metabolism?Carbohydrate metabolism, a fundamental metabolic process, ensures that living cells have a constant supply of energy. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be turned into ATP by the Kreb's cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces water, ATP, NADH, and two pyruvate molecules. The entire process, which takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell, doesn't require oxygen. It affects both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which oxygen is used and ATP synthesis is linked to electron transport along the mitochondrial electron transport chain. the principal energy source .
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what features show that homo erectus walked just like a modern human? group of answer choices long arms double arches of the feet and an adducted big toe long legs and opposable toes a foramen magnum at the base of the skull
Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, big toe is adducted and the feet have two arches.
Who was Homo erectus?One of the first recognised members of the genus Homo is Homo erectus. H. erectus has a broad nose, a flat face, The big toe is adducted and the feet have two arches. and possibly little body hair. With a continental range spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to Java, it was the first ancestor of modern humans to expand over Eurasia. It was feasible to absorb nutrients with a shorter digestive tract thanks to meat and other proteins that could be easily digested, which led to greater energy becoming available more quickly. Early hearths (campfires) were likely utilised for social gatherings, as well as for warmth and to ward off huge predators. The first Homo erectus specimen was found by a Dutch surgeon by the name of Eugène Dubois in Indonesia in 1891.
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using currently accepted p/o ratios, what is the total atp potential yield from one acetyl-coa in the citric acid cycle?
There will be 10 ATP produced from one Acetyl-CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle with the current accept P/O ratios (1 NADH 2.5 ATP, 1 FADH2 1.5 ATP).
NADH = 3 x 2.5 ATP = 7.5 ATP
FADH2 = 1 x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP
GTP = 1 ATP = 1
Total ATP = 10
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix and involve the reduction of coenzymes to produce ATP for the electron transport chain and the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to create carbon dioxide. The acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form two molecules of CO2, and one ATP is produced in the process, which consists of eight steps. Additionally produced are reduced high energy compounds NADH and FADH2. Each glucose molecule produces two molecules of acetyl-CoA, necessitating two cycles of the Krebs cycle, which result in the production of four CO2, six NADH, two FADH2, and two ATPs.
Hence, 10 ATP produced from one Acetyl-CoA in the Citric Acid cycle.
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bioremediation polluted water through a series of containers filled with different plants, animals, and algae is known as .
Bioremediation polluted water through a series of containers filled with different plants, animals, and algae is known as ecological engineering.
Environmental and ecological engineers recognition on engineering programs to land and water resources, air and soil quality, land use management, surroundings services,ecosystem restoration, and waste management. Graduates are employed by industry, government agencies, and consulting firms.
Ecological engineering helps us understand the causes of population growth and its impact on environmental resources. Rapid population growth will continue to threaten human survival and livelihood security for decades to come.
Ecosystem engineers fall into two categories:
Allogeneic and autologous. An allogeneic engineer is defined as a species that alters its environment by mechanically altering living or non-living materials to form other materials.
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