chap 2.3 biology;;
complete the following chart:
MONOMER
1 glucose
2 ________
3 ________
POLYMER
1 _______
2 protein
3 _______
EXAMPLE
1 ________
2 ________
3 DNA
FUNCTION
1 _________
2 _________
3 ________

Answer:

C. An organism

Explanation:

The correct order from least inclusive to most inclusive is: Cell (basic unit of life), tissue (made up of cells), an organ (made up of tissues), an organ system (made up of organs), and an organism (made up of organ systems).

Glycolisis uses Glucose and produces Pyruvate. The krebs cycle uses Acetyl CoA and produces Oxalacetate, NADH, FADH₂. The electron transporter chain uses Oxygen, NADH, FADH₂ and produces ATP and water. ATP synthase uses the proton gradient and produces ATP.

Through respiration, cells can degrade organic compounds and produce energy.

Aerobic respiration takes place in three steps or stages: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transporter chain.  

Pyruvate, the main product of glycolisis, enters the mitochondria matrix and turns into Acetyl CoA. Once in the matrix, it enters the Krebs cycle

NADH and FADH₂ move to the mitochondrial membrane where it is used in the electron chain.

The proton gradient created along the elctron transporter chain is used to produce ATP molecules by ATP synthase.

Process            What does it use?            What does it make?

Glycolisis        ⇒         Glucose           ⇒              Pyruvate

Krebs Cycle    ⇒        Acetyl CoA       ⇒    Oxalacetate, NADH, FADH₂

Electron chain  ⇒ NADH, FADH₂, O₂  ⇒    ATP + H₂O

ATP synthase   ⇒   Proton gradient     ⇒         ATP

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This electrical impulse causes the two atria to contract as it travels through them, pumping blood into the right and left ventricles.

The electrical current then travels through the AV node, down the conduction pathway, through a passageway known as the bundle of His, and into the ventricles. For the purpose of stimulating the right and left ventricles electrically, the bundle of His splits into right and left channels.

The contraction of the atria is brought on by an electrical signal produced by the SA (sinoatrial) node. The lower heart chambers (ventricles), which get the signal through the AV (atrioventricular) node, then contract.

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The change in subunits or the direction of the bonds results in the formation of a different carbohydrate and thus a change in structure and function is seen.

The carbohydrates which are also known as the sugars are macromolecules which are required by the body as they are a very essential source of energy for the body. The carbohydrates basically exist as either monosaccharides, disaccharides or the polysaccharides. The disaccharides and the polysaccharides are made up of simpler units which are the monosaccharides.

A small direction change which might occur in the components of a molecule, for example, the placement of -OH in alpha glucose vs. beta glucose basically can result in causing some functional differences. For example, joining of alpha glucose will form starch which is  basically used for energy storage in plants and if there is a joining of beat glucose will form cellulose which is needed for structural support in plants.

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During the process of cellular respiration, NADH and FADH2 serve as electron transporters. High energy electrons from the carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds in glucose are transported by them to the electron.

Transport chain, where they are then moved through a series of redox processes to the terminal electron acceptor of oxygen. NADH and FADH2 serve as electron donors for the electron transport chain. They both contribute electrons to the electron transport chain by giving the oxygen molecule a hydrogen molecule in order to produce water.

For the generation of aerobic ATP, NADH supplies electrons. NADH buildup can be harmful in cells that lack oxygen or have decreased electron transport chain performance. Elevated NADH blocks the traditional NADH-producing pathways, including the oxidation of fat, glutamine, and glucose, to reduce this toxicity.

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Epinephrine: Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition brought on by severe acute allergic reactions, can occur. Infections are the most frequent reason for hives.

Hives, face, mouth, or throat swelling, shortness of breath, wheezing, vomiting, and low blood pressure are a few symptoms. Urticaria is frequently brought on by foods including eggs, almonds, and shellfish. Aspirin and certain antibiotics, particularly penicillin and sulfa, are common causes of hives. The common cold and other viral infections are among the illnesses that can cause hives. Typical causes include an allergy attack, an infection, or a physical obstruction like a tumour or an inhaled foreign object.

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The result in the greatest strain on the local water availability would increase farm activity around local waterways.

Thus, the correct option is C.

The greatest strain on the local water availability would increase farm activity around local waterways because increased farm activity around local waterways requires a large amount of water for irrigation and other farming needs, which can strain the local water supply. Additionally, the use of fertilizers and pesticides on farms can also lead to pollution of local waterways, further impacting the availability of clean water for other uses. Therefore, increased farm activity around local waterways can result in the greatest strain on local water availability.

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The arrow 1 in the given image represents the interphase of cell cycle while the arrow 2 represents the M phase.

Interphase is the phase of cell cycle which occupies most of the time of  a cell and is composed of three sub-stages: Gap 1 phase, Synthesis phase and Gap 2 phase. These are the phase where a cell prepared itself for the M phase.

The M phase is the phase of actual cell division where mitosis occurs. The duplicated genetic material is equally divided into the two progenies in this phase. The M phase is followed by cytokinesis where cytoplasm of the cell gets divided.

The give question is incomplete, the complete question is:

The model of the cell cycle in the given image includes two arrows that each represent a process in the cycle. what do the two arrows represent?

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Answer:

they have same characteristics

Explanation:

they have similar characteristics

True. Which of the 20 amino acids will be included in the newly forming protein is determined by a sequence of three nucleotides known as a codon.

A codon is a three-nucleotide DNA or RNA sequence that serves as a unit of genomic information and codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis (stop signals). 20 amino acids can be encoded with a minimum of three nucleotides per codon.

There are 64 different codons; 61 of them specify amino acids, while the remaining three serve as stop signals. Only 20 different amino acids can be found, but there are 64 possible codons, so most amino acids are represented by more than one codon. (However, it should be noted that each codon only designates one amino acid or stop codon.)

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The largest deflection from the isoelectric line in the ECG is found in the QRS complex, the correct option is (c).

The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which is a large and rapid electrical event that generates a significant amount of electrical activity. This electrical activity is reflected as a large deflection on the ECG tracing. In contrast, the T wave and T-P segment represent the repolarization of the ventricles, which is a slower and less powerful electrical event, while the P-R interval represents the conduction time from the atria to the ventricles and does not involve significant electrical activity.

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The complete question is:

The Largest Deflection From The Isoelectric Line In The ECG Is Found In ______

The Multiple Choice:

a. T Wave

b. T-P Segment.

c. QRS Complex.

d. P-R Interval.

Except for the acidic nature of blood, the given statements about blood are true. This is because blood is basic or alkaline. So option b is correct.

The blood is considered the suspension solution of three main components white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells. Since they have different components like proteins, electrolytes, and some macromolecules in addition to water. So they are considered highly viscous than water.

Their normal pH usually ranges between 7.35 to 7.45. So this pH is greater than 7 and considered slightly basic or alkaline. About 55% of blood is considered plasma and the rest 45% is occupied by platelets, RBCs, and WBCs. They also contain important dissolved gases like CO₂ and O₂. So the required option is b.

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If the concentration of a cell suspension is 1,000 cells / ml, then the number of cells  present in 25 μl of the cell suspension is 25 cells.

So 1 milliliter contains 1000 microliter. Now if we talk about 1 ml containing how many cells we must know that it contains 1000 cells. So if 1 milliliter contains 1000 cells, which means 1000 microliter contains 1000 cells. So we can say  about 1 microliter contain so how many cells would be there, 1 microliter contained 1000 upon 1000 cells, which is basically nothing else, 1 cell. So if we talk about 25 microliter contain basic will contain 25 cells. So the answer of the above question will be 25 cells.

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Mesosaurus fossils were used to support the theory that Gondwana was a supercontinent.

Body fossils are examples of once-living objects that provide information about where and when life existed. Due to the fact that they preserve a brief period of time when an organism was still alive, trace fossils are useful because they "animate" the extinct animals or plants.

A fossil is an organism or an organism's activity that has been preserved as a cast, impression, or mold that has been partially or completely calcified. In the lack of intact soft tissues, a fossil provides palpable, physical proof of ancient life and has served as the cornerstone of the idea of evolution.

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The three tunics of a blood vessel wall are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

Blood is delivered to human tissues by blood arteries, which act as conduits or channels. Two tube-like closed systems comprised of the vessels start and stop at the heart.

Blood is transported from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium by one system, the pulmonary arteries.

The systemic vessels are the other system that transports blood from the left ventricle to the tissues throughout the entire body before returning it to the right atrium. Blood vessels are classified as either arteries, capillaries, or veins depending on their form and function.

Therefore, The three tunics of a blood vessel wall are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

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Environmental changes can lead to evolution and adaptation of organisms, such as changes in physical and behavioral traits, but not all organisms may be able to adapt, leading to declines in population or extinction.

Organisms may develop new physical features, alter their metabolism, or change their behaviors to adapt to environmental changes.

Environmental change can put pressure on organisms, and those that are unable to adapt may experience declines in population or even extinction, while those that can adapt may survive and thrive.

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In order to defend themselves from the cold and wind, desert hares might find refuge in burrows or rocky outcroppings.

If you use the restroom during your period, you can find red or brown blood on your underwear or in the toilet. Before your period stops, you might only notice a few spots since you bleed so little. Alternatively, before it stops, your bleeding can begin light, increase heavy, and then lighten up again.

The lining of the uterus thickens as a result of these hormones. The lining has developed to the point where a fertilized egg can adhere and begin to develop. if no egg has been fertilized.

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5. Glycolysis is the process by which 1 molecule of glucose is split into 2 molecules to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate.

Glycolysis is the first step in breaking down glucose to provide energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-demanding phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.

Glycolysis is a cytoplasmic pathway that breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds and produces energy. Glucose is captured by phosphorylation by the enzyme hexokinase.

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of sugar molecules to release the energy needed for cellular metabolism. It is found in the cytoplasm of the cell. The main purpose of glycolysis is to synthesize thousands of ATP molecules, which are used for various cellular metabolisms.

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Through openings in the epidermis called stomata the gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour move in and out of leaves.

Each stoma which is the singular form of stomata is surrounded by two guard cells. As these guard cells deflate or swell, the passages into the leaf either open or shut, thus regulating the materials that pass in and out of the plant.

Stomata are tiny, microscopic and critical for photosynthesis. Stomata resemble doughnuts — a circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant.

Stomata are usually more numerous on the bottom of leaves. Stomata also provide for the exchange of gases between the outside air and the branched system of interconnecting air canals within the leaf.

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The correct question is:

How do gases enter and exit the leaves of plants?

The molecule that is incorrectly paired with a source is chemokines - cytotoxic T cells. Here option B is the correct answer.

Chemokines are small signaling molecules that are secreted by cells and serve to attract immune cells to a site of infection or injury. While chemokines can attract various immune cells, including T cells, they are not specifically associated with cytotoxic T cells.

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, are a type of immune cell that can directly kill infected or cancerous cells. They do this by recognizing specific proteins on the surface of the target cell and inducing cell death. Cytotoxic T cells are critical for eliminating virus-infected cells and some types of tumors.

Therefore, the correct pairing should be B) interferons - virus-infected cells, C) antibodies - B cells, D) lysozyme - tears, and E) cytokines - helper T cells.

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Answer:

The external lipopolysaccharide membrane makes gram-negative organisms resistant to crystal violet and bile salts.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that is essential for DNA replication, or the process of replicating DNA molecules during cell division. The three distinct functions of DNA polymerase are as follows:

Polymerization, Proofreading, Repair

DNA polymerase's principal function is to catalyse the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of a developing DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a strong affinity for the complementary nucleotide to the template strand, and it adds the nucleotide to the template in a complimentary way.

Proofreading: DNA polymerase undertakes proofreading during polymerization to guarantee that the proper nucleotide is added to the developing DNA strand. If an erroneous nucleotide is introduced, the DNA polymerase may identify the error and delete the faulty nucleotide before the polymerization process can continue.

Repair: By deleting and replacing nucleotides, DNA polymerase may repair damaged DNA. This process is known as nucleotide excision repair, and it is crucial for maintaining the genetic material's integrity. When DNA is damaged, DNA polymerase detects it and removes the damaged nucleotide before replacing it with the proper one.

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The correct option is C; Through the opening and closing of stomata , located on the leaves' surfaces, are involved in regulating gas interchange and water release. Plants regulate water by opening and closing stomata.

Stomata are small pores placed in the leafs' surfaces, whose opening is regulated by two guard cells surrounding them.

These pores are involved in gas interchange -letting CO₂ get into the plant, and O₂ leave it- and the transpiration process -expelling water through transpiration-.

Guard cells can expand or contract according to the plants' needs, causing the stomata to open or close.

Stomata opening and closure depend on water and CO₂ concentration inside the plant.

·        If the plant is dehydrated, stomata close. If it is not dehydrated, it opens.

·        If CO₂ levels are too low, stomata open to gain it.

So, stomata affect photosynthesis by controlling gas interchange -CO₂ and O₂- and water release -transpiration-.

Water balance:

·        Stomata also regulate water vapor flow through transpiration.

·        By limiting its exit, stomata allow more water molecules to be available for light reaction processes when the plant is dehydrated.

According to this information, plants regulate water in their bodies by opening and closing stomata.

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The female reproductive system is composed of several organs that work together to produce and transport eggs, support fetal development, and facilitate childbirth.

The primary reproductive organs in females are the ovaries, which produce and release eggs through a process called ovulation. The ovaries also produce hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

The uterus, or womb, is a muscular organ that receives and nourishes a fertilized egg during pregnancy. The lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, thickens and sheds during each menstrual cycle if pregnancy does not occur.

The fallopian tubes are two thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They are the site of fertilization, where sperm can meet and fertilize an egg as it travels from the ovary to the uterus.

Other important reproductive structures include the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, and the vagina, which is a muscular canal that extends from the cervix to the external genitalia. These structures facilitate sexual intercourse and childbirth.

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The largest extinct shark in history was the Carcharocles megalodon. The earliest megalodon fossils, identified as Otodus megalodon (sometimes called Carcharodon shark or megalodon), date to 20 million years ago.

The gigantic shark ruled the waters for the following 13 million years before going extinct only 3.6 million years ago. There are persistent internet reports that megalodons still exist and are swimming in the waters today.

Yet, that is false. Megalodons no longer exist. About 3.5 million years ago, they perished. Although whale sharks are the biggest sharks living, megalodons are bigger. As sharks lack bones in contrast to other fish, no megalodon shark "skeleton" has ever been discovered. The reduction in their habitat caused by global cooling led to the demise of megalodons.

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semi-elastic structure gives joints strength and stability but limits movement.

In order to improve the joint's surface area (and hence its stability), cartilage on the bony surfaces that make up the joint may also serve to cushion the joint. The support system around the joint is made up of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The motions that it will permit are determined in part by the bone's form.

Ligaments, the joint capsule, cartilage, friction, and the bony shape of the articulation are among the static elements of joint stability. These elements have generally accepted clinical joint stability and are frequently evaluated by joint stress testing.

Thus, semi-elastic structure gives joints strength and stability but limits movement.

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The capsid is physically closest to a virus's nucleic acid. A protein core is enclosed within the capsid of some of the more complex viruses.

Structure of a virus. The capsid, a protein coating, surrounds a single nucleic acid molecule in the virion of simpler viruses; The nucleocapsid is made up of the capsid and the nucleic acid inside. A protein core is enclosed within the capsid of some of the more complex viruses.

The fact that the capsid is a protein-based coat and the envelope is a lipid-based membrane is the primary distinction between the two structures. While enveloped viruses only have an envelope, all virion particles have capsids.

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A scientist inserts the luciferase gene into the DNA of cells from another organism. If these cells produce light, the scientist knows that  The luciferase gene was transcribed and translated. option 1)

The class of oxidative enzymes that cause bioluminescence are collectively referred to as luciferases, which are often differentiated from photoproteins. Raphael Dubois, who coined the terms luciferin and luciferase for the substrate and enzyme, respectively, was the first to use the name.

The origin of both phrases is the Latin word lucifer, which means "lightbearer" and is itself a derivative of the Latin words for "light" (lux) and "to convey or carry" (ferre).

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Full Question : A scientist inserts the luciferase gene into the DNA of cells from another organism. If these cells produce light, the scientist knows that which of the following occurred?