The correct order of the species belonging to the timeline is A. afarensis, A. africanus, H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. sapiens
The human evolution timeline highlights the prime incidents within the development of the human species, that is, Homo sapiens, and the improvement of the human's ancestors. It contains brief illustrations of a number of the genera, species, and the higher ranks of taxa, that are witnessed at present because the likely ancestors of present day humans.
The timeline is based totally at the studies from paleontology, anthropology, morphology, and genetic and anatomical data.
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which one of the following statements about reflexes is true? reflexes always have only the one synapse. reflexes always have skeletal muscle as the effector. reflexes are only seen in the somatic nervous system. reflexes require information to be detected by receptors.
Reflexes require information to be detected by receptors, is true.
What is a reflex arc and what does it comprise of?A reflex arc is a special type of neural circuit that begins in sensory neurons in receptors (such as pain receptors in fingertips) and ends in motor neurons in effectors (such as skeletal muscles). Sensory neurons send electrical impulses to relay neurons in the CNS spinal cord. Motor neurons send electrical impulses to effectors. An effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away).
The simplest assembly of the reflex arc consists of receptors, interneurons (or adjusters), and effectors. Together these units form a functional group. Sensory cells transmit input (afferent impulses) from receptors to central interneurons, which in turn make contact with motor neurons.
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question balance is influenced by the responses cochlea cochlea basilar membrane basilar membrane eardrum eardrum auditory nerve auditory nerve semicircular canals
Your inner ear contains three tiny, liquid-filled tubes called semicircular canals that aid with balance. The fluid in the semicircular canals sloshes around as your head rotates, moving the fine hairs that line each canal.
Your inner ear's loop-shaped canals house fluid and tiny, hair-like sensors that aid with balancing. The utricle and saccule, each comprising a patch of sensory hair cells, are located at the foot of the canals. These cells contain tiny particles called otoconia that assist in tracking how your head moves in response to gravity and other linear motions like riding in a car or going up and down an elevator. The semicircular canals are three incredibly tiny, fluid-filled tubes that are found in the inner ear and are primarily responsible for controlling balance and detecting head position. They are regarded as a component of the body's vestibular system. They are situated in the bony labyrinth of inner ear , a network of cavities in the temporal bone of the skull, along with the cochlea and vestibule, organs connected to hearing.
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the immune system provides protection against many types of threats. identify the types of cells, organisms, and infectious agents that are recognized by the immune system. check all that apply. cancer cells, bacterie, viruses, a person's own skin cells, prions, transplanted cells from a donor
the immune system provides protection against cancer cells, bacteria, viruses, a person's own skin cells, prions, transplanted cells from a donor.
How does immune system provide protection?The immune system defends the body against disease and infection, including cancer, and shields it from potentially harmful elements like germs and viruses. Immune system cells constantly circulate throughout the body, scanning for potential invaders such as bacteria. Antigens, which are proteins on the surface of the invading cells, are used by the immune system to identify invaders. Every substance or cell has a unique set of antigens, and every person's cells include "self-antigens" that are particular to that person. Self-antigens are found on normal human cells such thyroid, liver, and colon cells. Self-antigen-containing cells normally pose little danger. However, since invader germs do not come from the body, they do not carry self-antigens but rather what are referred to as "nonself-antigens. The immune system is built to recognize cells that contain non-self antigens as dangerous and react accordingly. To communicate with other immune cells and manage the body's response to threats, the majority of immune cells release cytokines (messengers).
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Crossing an individual who is homozygous dominant for a trait with an individual whose genotype is unknown will most likely produce which set of offspring?.
All of the offspring will have at least one dominant allele if the parent with the unknown genotype is homozygous dominant.
What kind of cross is used to identify a person's genotype when they possess the trait's dominant characteristics?A testcross looks at an organism's genotype that exhibits the dominant phenotype for a particular trait. An organism with an unknown genotype but a dominant phenotype is crossed with another organism that has the same trait in homozygous recessive form to create a testcross.
In particular, a test cross—a type of breeding analysis—is required to identify the underlying genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. Gregor Mendel also created the test cross, which is a crucial tool.
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which statement about ribosomes is true? a. they are made of dna and proteins b. the ribosomal proteins are made inside the nucleus c. the small and the large subunits assemble in the cytoplasm d. if we treat a ribosome with urea and beta-mercaptoethanol, it will still function
True, the small and the large subunits assemble in the cytoplasm.
What are ribosomes?All cells contain ribosomes, which are macromolecular organisms that carry out biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). To make polypeptide chains, ribosomes combine amino acids in the order directed by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. The ribosomal subunits are the parts of ribosomes. The ribosomes and accompanying molecules are also referred to as the translational apparatus. Numerous ribosomal proteins and one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules make up each subunit (RPs or r-proteins).. A messenger RNA chain is generated from the DNA sequence that determines the order of the amino acids in a protein. Messenger RNAs are linked by ribosomes, which use their sequences to determine the proper organization of amino acids to produce a specific protein. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules choose which amino acids to convey to the ribosome and then bind to the messenger RNA chain via an anti-codon stem loop. There is a specific transfer RNA that must precisely match the anti-codon of each coding triplet (codon) in the messenger RNA and carries the appropriate amino acid for incorporation into a developing polypeptide chain. After the protein has been created, it can fold to create a useful three-dimensional structure.
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What causes DNA to twist in to a twisted ladder or a double helix?.
The DNA backbone, which alternates deoxyribose and phosphate strands, causes the DNA to twist into a double helix or twisted ladder shape.
The DNA's backbone is made up of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose strands. Due to the joining of two strands, it bends. Due of DNA's spatial need, this happens. Histones, a protein, enable it to coil and supercoil. The GC bond possesses three hydrogen bonds, compared to the AT bond's two. More DNA couldn't be present in the nucleus if it uncoil and unfolded. DNA stability is provided by the twisted motif. As a result, it has a twisted shape.
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starting at a single molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, how much atp would be made in glycolysis alone?
In the process of glycolysis, glucose eventually decomposes into pyruvate and energy, yielding a total of two ATP.
Glycolysis: What is it?Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is metabolized to produce energy. It produces two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. Because it takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell, it doesn't require oxygen to occur. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms experience it.
Sugar molecules are broken down during glycolysis to release energy needed for cellular metabolism. The cell's cytoplasm is where it takes place. The primary goal of glycolysis is to create countless ATP molecules, which are then used for different types of cellular metabolism.
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a firefighter breathes in air normally as he enters a building following an explosion and fire. he has a meter that predicts the po2 will approximate 15 mm hg in his tissue fluids as he actively moves about the room.
Hemoglobin saturation of the fire fighter will be roughly one oxygen per hemoglobin, necessitating the use of an external air tank.
Including heavy metals, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and certain particles, fire fighters are routinely exposed to high concentrations of dangerous substances. The activation of numerous diseases has been linked to many of these elements in fire fighters. The current study aims to investigate how exposure to fire smoke affects serum levels of heavy metals and potential effects on iron functions compounds, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation percentage, ferritin, unsaturated iron-binding capacity blood hemoglobin, and carboxy hemoglobin.
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If the frequency of pku, an autosomal recessive disease, is 1% in males, what is the frequency of females with pku?.
If the frequency of pku, an autosomal recessive disease, is 1% in males, the frequency of females with pku is also 1%.
What is an autosomal recessive disease?An autosomal recessive disease occurs when you inherit two changed genes (mutations), one from each parent. These disorders are usually passed on by two carriers. The health of the individuals is rarely affected, but they have one changed gene (recessive gene) and one unaffected gene (dominant gene) for the condition.
Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, If the frequency of pku, an autosomal recessive disease, is 1% in males, the frequency of females with pku is also 1%.
Examples of autosomal recessive diseases include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.
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What are the basic food and beverage service rules?.
The basic food and beverage service rules include Bringing food to the guest table if it is not a buffet service and serving from the left side.
In order to guarantee the availability of healthy food for human consumption, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) was established to laying down scientifically based standards for food items and to regulate their production, storage, distribution, sale, and import. If there is no buffet, bring food to the guest table. In the event of formal dining, serve the food to the guest on their left side. In the event of casual dining, prepare the food plates from the kitchen and place them on the guest table. Ask your guests if they require assistance serving the food. These are some of the basic food and beverage service rules.
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The measurement of ________ compares the density of urine to the density of water.
The estimation of specific gravity looks at the thickness of urine to the thickness of water.
As it goes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney, urea, alongside water and other side-effects, makes pee. the two ureters. From the kidneys to the bladder, the urine goes through these minuscule cylinders. The excretory organs eliminate a few extra, habitually toxic mixtures from the circulatory liquids and remove them from the body through urine, which is a fluid or semisolid arrangement of metabolic squanders. Pee frequently mirrors an organic entity's requirement for water with regard to structure.
The distinction between an item's thickness and that of a standard substance is its specific gravity. Contingent upon its worth, the specific gravity could demonstrate whether an item will drift or sink in our reference substance. A research facility test called urine-specific gravity uncovers the centralization of all substance particles in the pee.
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The name of the botanist who devised a hierarchical system for classifying species was.
Carolus Linnaeus devised a hierarchical system for classifying species
Carl Linnaeus, also called Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, is frequently known as the father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use nowadays (with many adjustments). His ideas on type have inspired generations of biologists for the duration of and after his very own lifetime, even the ones opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his work.
He advanced a way to name and organize species that we nevertheless use nowadays. His maximum important contributions to taxonomy were:
A hierarchical classification system
The system of binomial nomenclature (a 2-part naming method)
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a student was studying physical and chemical changes. the student carried out some procedures in the laboratory and recorded observations. for one of the procedures, the student concluded that a physical change took place, but not a chemical change. which of the following could have been the results of the procedure?
In this process Metal was transformed from a physical change of cube into a flat sheet.
A proton is transferred from H2O to NH3 in this acid-base reaction. Heat is created as the process seen above continues. The precipitate's melting point is high. Yes, according to the color changes & bubbles, new metal did indeed arise. A physical phchange in hue and the appearance of bubbles are two indications of a chemical shift.The five elements of chemical change are: color change, precipitate or gas production, gas formation, odor change, and temperature change. Yes, as shown by the change in color and bubbles, new metal did indeed arise. A change in hue and the appearance of bubbles are two indications of a chemical shift. The five criteria of chemical change are: color change, precipitate or gas production, odor change, and physical change.
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Which type of virus can use all host polymerases for transcription and replication?.
Answer:
DNA viruses
Explanation:
What are 3 point mutations examples?.
There are three types of point mutations: deletions, insertions, and substitutions. Deletions happen when a nucleotide is removed. Insertions occur when a new nucleotide is added to the genome. Substitutions occur when one nucleotide is exchanged for another.
Which is the best example of mutation?
Cystic fibrosis is an example of a genetic disorder. A single gene mutation causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus, which clogs the lungs and blocks ducts in digestive organs. Cancer is a disease in which cells proliferate uncontrollably and form abnormal cell masses (called tumors).
What exactly is a point mutation, and how does it happen?
A point mutation is a single base change in DNA. It can occur as a result of natural replication errors or from exposure to carcinogens, which are substances that can cause mutations.
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the pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum secretes a. histamine b. gastrin c. intrinsic facto
The antrum of the pylorus contains the pyloric glands. They release gastrin, which their G cells generate.
What does the antrum secrete?Pyloric glands are located in the stomach's antrum, and their key characteristic is the presence of G cells that secrete gastrin. The pyloric and oxyntic glands include somatostatin-producing D cells, which regulate gastrin release and stomach acid output.
What exactly are the pylorus glands?Simple or branched tubular glands, the human pyloric glands spiral through the lamina propria's connective tissue. Pyloric gland (mucous) cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells are the three types of cells that make them up.
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1. In the first minute of her talk, Earle lists several ways the oceans have changed in the past 50 years because of human impact.
2. What are some of these ways? Earle says, “No blue, no green.” Explain what she means by this.
3. What effect are trawlers having on our oceans?
4. What are National Marine Sanctuaries? Briefly describe them and why we need more than just these sanctuaries.
5. What is Earle’s wish? What is needed to accomplish this?
1. She makes the statement that more than 90% of the large fish in the ocean have been caught and eaten.
2. We cannot have the green land without the ocean and other blue water sources. Earle likens a dry Earth to Mars. Without the ocean, there would be no life on Earth.
3. By effectively rototilling the bottom, trawling disrupts the natural environment of the seafloor.
4. National marine sanctuaries are unique locations that guard critical marine ecosystems across the country.
5. "I wish you would ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas by using all available tools, including films, expeditions, the Web, new submarines, and a campaign:
What is “No blue, no green"?that the coral reefs are deteriorating and going extinct, nearly half of them. She also talks about how the loss of oxygen is killing off the ecosystem and fauna.
All of the creatures and plants that live at the bottom are harmed, if not completely destroyed, by the disruption of animal burrows and root systems.
Many sanctuaries are home to ancient shipwrecks and other archaeological treasures. Some sanctuaries serve as the breeding and feeding sites for endangered whales.
No water means no life. No blue, no green," declared Dr. Sylvia Earle, a renowned oceanographer, deep sea explorer, and field researcher. Without safeguarding the water and life that cover 71% of the surface of the Earth, we cannot create a more wholesome, sustainable food system.
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How can textual aids help readers?.
To better understand the main idea of each section, write additional information (text) that is explained in the material. It's hard to tell from photos and illustrations.
What is Text aid and why it Matters?They are educational instruments, tools, or materials to support and facilitate understanding of the text. These are mostly graphic outlines or images that give you a general idea.It helps students understand stories, themes and topics. They emphasize what they focus on. How can Textual Aids help readers?Text aids refer to non-text elements that help the reader understand the content of the text. It also refers to elements that stand out from the body text, such as titles and subtitles, bold, italics, and underlining. Non-textual elements include diagrams, maps, tables, graphs, and charts.
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A stomach cell is producing pepsin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins. Which of the following events suggests that gene expression of pepsin has been turned off in the cell? The chromosome with the pepsin gene is tightly coiled.
The chromosome with the pepsin gene is tightly coiled.
What is hydrolyzes proteins?The process by which genetic information travels from genes to proteins is referred to as "gene expression." Transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter make up a gene operon.
Proteins known as transcription factors are activated by signals from the environment or from other cells. These proteins affect the level of transcription by attaching to regulatory areas of a gene.
Genetic transcription and translation are the two steps in the process of gene expression, which involves converting the data contained in a gene first into messenger RNA and subsequently to a protein.
Genome: the complete set of genetic information contained in an individual. gene expression: the activation or "turning on" of a gene that causes transcription and the production of mRNA.
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describe the four primary tissue types by clicking and dragging each word on the left into the appropriate blanks on the right.
These are the correct arrangement of four primary tissue types to complete the appropriate blanks on the right:
Sentence 1: brain – excitableSentence 2: epidermis – epithelialSentence 3: muscular – contractionSentence 4: connective.What do the correct, completed sentences about four primary tissue types from fill-in-the-blank above?Primary tissues are groups of similar cells that are responsible for specific functions. There are 4 primary tissue types: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.
From the question above, we can arrange the correct, completed sentence as stated below:
“Tissue found in the (brain) that contains (excitable) cells is called nervous tissue.”“Layers of closely packed cells that are found covering or lining body surfaces, as in the (epidermis) of the skin, are called (epithelial) tissue.”“(Muscular) tissue consists of excitable cells that are specialized for (contraction) and found in the heart.”“(Connective) tissue usually has more matrix than cells. Some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.”This question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Describe the four primary tissue types by clicking and dragging each word on the left into the appropriate blanks on the right!
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What is genetic engineering of humans?.
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism’s genes using technology.
It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesizing the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or “knock out”, genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome.
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how can cells, such as kidney cells and connective tissue cells, become specialized to carry out certain functions?
The reason that cells perform different functions is because a certain cell type might activate or silence a particular gene which not be the case of the other cell. Hence, some cells are expressed in some cells while remain silent in the others. In this way, cells become specialized to perform their functions such as kidney cells and connective tissue cells, become specialized to carry out certain functions.
DNA makes up genes. Many genes do not, however, encode proteins. Genes in humans can range in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. There are two sorts of cells: prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus but still have a nucleoid area, and eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus. Prokaryotes are single-celled creatures, whereas eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.
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a type of intercellular junction is formed by a desmosome which involves an attachment of a cell to an adjacent noncellular surface true false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells
Is blue eyes genetic or hereditary?.
The laws of genetics nation that eye coloration is inherited as follows: If both mother and father have blue eyes, the kids could have blue eyes. The brown eye form of the attention-shade gene (or allele) is dominant, while the blue eye allele is recessive.
Each parent will skip one copy of their eye color gene to their baby. In this situation, the mom will usually pass B and the dad will always pass b. this indicates all of their children could be Bb and have brown eyes. every baby will display the mother's dominant trait.
Scientists concluded that each blue-eyed person in the sector today can trace their ancestry back to an unmarried ECU who probably lived approximately 10,000 years ago within the Black Sea location and who first advanced a selected mutation that debts to the now considerable iris color.
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Which of the following statements are true concerning how an influenza virus identifies and infects its target cell? Select all that apply Check All That Apply "Proteins located on the capsid of the virus allow the virus to attach to molecules on the surface of a host cel Most viruses are nonspecific to the type of cells they infect The capsid proteins of a virus may attach to protein receptors on the surface of the host cell To identify a host cell, a virus is able to produce cytoplasmic extensions that are able to fuse with the plasma membrane of Most viruses are nonspecific to the type of cells they infect The capsid proteins of a virus may attach to protein receptors on the surface of the host cell To identify a host cell, a virus is able to produce cytoplasmic extensions that are able to fuse with the plasma membrane of the host cell allowing materials to pass between the host and the virus Upon identification of a specific protein molecule on the surface of the host cell the virus can integrate into the host cell
Answer:
The influenza virus enters the host cell by having its hemagglutinin bind to the sialic acid found on glycoproteins or glycolipid receptors of the host.What is the difference between the biological meaning of adaptation and the common meaning.
The common definition of adaptation is the act or process of changing to better suit a situation, whereas the biological definition is the mechanism by which organisms adapt to new environments or changes in their current environment.
What are the types of Adaptation?1) Adaptations to the Structure
These are the physical characteristics of an organism that aid in its survival in the environment, including the various types of terrestrial habitats. Physical changes are related to physical environment changes.
2) Behavioural Modifications
This is a change that affects an organism's behaviour. This could be due to changes in the surrounding environment or the actions of other species.
3) Physiological Changes
Physiological adaptations, like structural adaptations, involve physical changes in the species. However, physiological adaptations are not always visible in the appearance of the organism. This type of adaptation can be caused by environmental changes or by the behaviour of other species.
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which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the calvin cycle? view available hint(s)for part a which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the calvin cycle? nadph oxygen adp pi water sugar
The calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH, the byproducts of photosynthesis' light reactions.
What elements of the photosynthesis process are used in the Calvin cycle?NADPH and ATP are the byproducts of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are used in the Calvin cycle. Sunlight raises the energy level of photosystem II electrons during the light reactions. As the electrons move along the electron transport chain, a gradient of hydrogen ions is produced.
Each produces a triose phosphate (C₃H₇O₆P) molecule after consuming one ATP and one NADPH molecule. The cycle generates triose phosphates, of which one-sixth is used in pathways for the synthesis of carbohydrates. The remaining triose phosphates are retained and go through the regeneration phase.
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Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of varying pH, temperature, or enzyme concentration.
Put 5 ml of catalase in the freezer for as long as necessary to achieve total freezing in order to examine how temperature affects enzymes. Afterward, incorporate 1 mL of catalase into 10 mL of 1.5% H2O2 (which is in a 50mL beaker). Observe and document results
One must first run the experiment at room temperature, which will serve as the control group, in order to assess the various effects of temperature on the enzyme concentration. The experiment must then be carried out at various temperatures (both higher and lower than room temperature), and the results must be compared to those obtained at room temperature. The impact of varying pH and enzyme concentration can also be researched.
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the ninth week after conception until birth, the period during which the organs of the develping person grow in size and mature in functioning.
By nine week, the fetal period begins and involves the growth and differentiation of anatomical structures. The fetal period lasts until birth.
Ninth week is also considered as first trimester ,the pregnancy hormones at this stage are flooding in the body, which can cause unwell feeling at this stage this is termed as an embryo from conception until the eighth week of development. After the eighth week, it's called a fetus until it's born.
This development occurs inside the uterus which is hollow, pear-shaped organ located in a woman's lower abdomen, between the bladder and the rectum, that sheds its lining each month during menstruation.
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Which portion of a gene has the greatest effect on the timing and amount of protein produced in a cell?.
The promoters of a gene have the greatest impact on how quickly and how much protein is produced in a cell. RNA polymerase begins transcription of a gene at specific DNA sequences called promoters.
When does the majority of gene regulation occur?Transcription
Transcription, the process by which information from a gene's DNA is converted to mRNA, represents the stage where gene regulation occurs most frequently, though it can occur at any point during gene expression. Proteins called transcription factors become active when cells or the environment send them signals.
The most prevalent method of gene control is transcriptional regulation. Because of the way transcription factors work, each gene can express itself differently in various cell types and throughout development.
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