The Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) is applied in the Ghanaian annual budgetary cycle by incorporating the top-down and bottom-up approaches, with key institutions involved in the cycle.
The top-down approach involves setting broad objectives by the government and then allocating funds to the various sectors according to their relative priorities. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach involves sectors proposing their budgetary needs, which are then compiled into an aggregate budget. The MTEF, therefore, plays a critical role in reconciling the top-down and bottom-up approaches in the budgetary process.
The key institutions involved in the cycle include the Ministry of Finance, which is responsible for preparing the budget, and the Parliament of Ghana, which approves it.
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Harris Inc. had the following transactions:
1. On May 1, Harris purchased parts from a Japanese company for a U.S. dollar equivalent value of $8,400 to be paid on June 20. The exchange rates were
May 1 1 yen = $ 0.0070
June 20 1 yen = 0.0075
2. On July 1, Harris sold products to a Brazilian customer for a U.S. dollar equivalent of $10,000, to be received on August 10. Brazil’s local currency unit is the real. The exchange rates were
July 1 1 real = $ 0.20
August 10 1 real = 0.22
Required:
a. Assume that the two transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars. Prepare the entries required for the dates of the transactions and their settlement in U.S. dollars. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)
Record the foreign purchase denominated in U.S. Dollars.
2
Record the settlement of the payables.
3
Record the foreign sale dominated in U.S. dollars.
4
Record the collection of the receivable.
b. Assume that the two transactions are denominated in the applicable local currency units of the foreign entities. Prepare the entries required for the dates of the transactions and their settlement in the local currency units of the Japanese company (yen) and the Brazilian customer (real). (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)
Record the foreign purchase denominated in Japanese yen.
2
Record the revaluation of the foreign currency payable to the U.S. dollar equivalent value.
3
Record the purchase of Japanese yen to settle the account payable at the June 20 spot rate.
4
Record the settlement of the payable denominated in Japanese yen.
5
Record the foreign sales denominated in Brazilian reals.
6
Record the revaluation of foreign currency payable to the U.S. dollar equivalent value.
7
Record the receipt of Brazilian reals in the settlement of the receivables.
Record the foreign purchase denominated in U.S. Dollars:
Date: May 1
Account Debit: Parts Inventory - Harris Inc. ($8,400)
Account Credit: Accounts Payable - Japanese Company ($8,400)
How to explain the transactionRecord the settlement of the payables:
Date: June 20
Account Debit: Accounts Payable - Japanese Company ($8,400)
Account Credit: Cash ($8,400)
Record the foreign sale denominated in U.S. dollars:
Date: July 1
Account Debit: Accounts Receivable - Brazilian Customer ($10,000)
Account Credit: Sales Revenue - Harris Inc. ($10,000)
Record the collection of the receivable:
Date: August 10
Account Debit: Cash ($10,000)
Account Credit: Accounts Receivable - Brazilian Customer ($10,000)
b. Record the foreign purchase denominated in Japanese yen:
Date: May 1
Account Debit: Parts Inventory - Harris Inc.
Account Credit: Accounts Payable - Japanese Company
Record the revaluation of the foreign currency payable to the U.S. dollar equivalent value:
Date: May 1
Account Debit: Foreign Currency Payable - Japanese Yen
Account Credit: Unrealized Gain or Loss - Exchange Rate Fluctuation
Record the purchase of Japanese yen to settle the account payable at the June 20 spot rate:
Date: June 20
Account Debit: Accounts Payable - Japanese Company
Account Credit: Cash
Record the settlement of the payable denominated in Japanese yen:
Date: June 20
Account Debit: Cash
Account Credit: Foreign Currency Payable - Japanese Yen
Record the foreign sale denominated in Brazilian reals:
Date: July 1
Account Debit: Accounts Receivable - Brazilian Customer
Account Credit: Sales Revenue - Harris Inc.
Record the revaluation of foreign currency payable to the U.S. dollar equivalent value:
Date: July 1
Account Debit: Foreign Currency Payable - Brazilian Real
Account Credit: Unrealized Gain or Loss - Exchange Rate Fluctuation
Record the receipt of Brazilian reals in the settlement of the receivables:
Date: August 10
Account Debit: Cash
Account Credit: Accounts Receivable - Brazilian Customer
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Swissie Triangular Arbitrage. The following exchange rates are available to you. (You can buy or sell at the stated rates.) Assume you have an initial SF 11,900,000. Can you make a profit via triangular arbitrage? If so, show the steps and calculate the amount of profit in Swiss francs (Swissies). Mt. Fuji Bank Mt. Rushmore Bank Mt. Blanc Bank Y90.71/$ SF 1.09/$ Y90.37/SF Attempt Number 1: Start with SF to $ Step 1: SF to $ Step 2: $ to yen Step 3: yen to SF SF Profit or Loss SF This attempt ends in (Select from the drop down-menu.) The second arbitrage opportunity attempt is calculated below: (Round to two decimal places.) Attempt Number 2: Start with SF to yen Step 1 SF to yen Step 2: yen to $ Step 3: $ to SF Profit or Loss SF Enter any number in the edit fields and then continue to the next question.
1. This attempt ends with a loss of SF 11,900,000 - SF 10,965,527.88 = SF 934,472.12.
2. You can make a profit via triangular arbitrage with Attempt Number 2, earning SF 976,341.26.
Based on the given exchange rates, we can evaluate the possibility of making a profit via triangular arbitrage.
Attempt Number 1:
Start with SF to $
Step 1: Convert SF 11,900,000 to $
SF 11,900,000 / SF 1.09/$ = $10,917,431.19
Step 2: Convert $ to yen
$10,917,431.19 * Y90.71/$ = Y991,357,780.99
Step 3: Convert yen to SF
Y991,357,780.99 / Y90.37/SF = SF 10,965,527.88
This attempt ends with a loss of SF 11,900,000 - SF 10,965,527.88 = SF 934,472.12.
Attempt Number 2:
Start with SF to yen
Step 1: Convert SF 11,900,000 to yen
SF 11,900,000 * Y90.37/SF = Y1,074,063,000
Step 2: Convert yen to $
Y1,074,063,000 / Y90.71/$ = $11,827,097.14
Step 3: Convert $ to SF
$11,827,097.14 * SF 1.09/$ = SF 12,876,341.26
This attempt results in a profit of SF 12,876,341.26 - SF 11,900,000 = SF 976,341.26.
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Based on the given exchange rates, neither attempt of triangular arbitrage results in a profit. To determine if you can make a profit through triangular arbitrage, we need to follow the steps and calculate the potential profit.
Attempt Number 1:
Step 1: Convert SF to $ using the exchange rate of 1.09 SF/$.
11,900,000 SF * (1/$1.09) = $10,917,431.19
Step 2: Convert $ to yen using the exchange rate of 90.71 yen/$.
$10,917,431.19 * (90.71 yen/$) = 991,534,239.35 yen
Step 3: Convert yen to SF using the exchange rate of 90.37 yen/SF.
991,534,239.35 yen * (1 SF/90.37 yen) = 10,956,050.82 SF
This attempt ends with 10,956,050.82 SF, which is slightly more than the initial SF amount. However, since there is no profit, we can conclude that this attempt does not result in a profit.
Attempt Number 2:
Step 1: Convert SF to yen using the exchange rate of 90.37 yen/SF.
11,900,000 SF * (90.37 yen/SF) = 1,072,113,000 yen
Step 2: Convert yen to $ using the exchange rate of 90.71 yen/$.
1,072,113,000 yen * (1/$90.71) = $11,808,312.76
Step 3: Convert $ to SF using the exchange rate of 1.09 SF/$.
$11,808,312.76 * (1 SF/$1.09) = 10,836,355.42 SF
This attempt ends with 10,836,355.42 SF, which is slightly less than the initial SF amount. Therefore, there is no profit in this attempt as well.
In conclusion, based on the given exchange rates, neither attempt of triangular arbitrage results in a profit.
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Strategic planning play a significant factor ,What steps would you take in order to remain competitive if you would do a business simulation online ?
If engaging in a business simulation online, here are some steps to take in order to remain competitive.
1. Understand the Simulation: Familiarize yourself with the rules, objectives, and mechanics of the business simulation. Understand how the simulation measures success and the factors that influence performance.
2. Set Clear Goals: Define your strategic goals and objectives for the simulation. Determine what you aim to achieve, whether it's market share growth, profitability, customer satisfaction, or other metrics relevant to the simulation.
3. Analyze the Market: Conduct market research within the simulation to gather information about customer preferences, competitor strategies, and market trends. Use this data to identify opportunities, threats, and areas where you can differentiate yourself.
4. Develop a Strategic Plan: Based on your goals and market analysis, create a strategic plan that outlines the actions you will take to achieve your objectives. This includes decisions regarding pricing, product development, marketing, operations, and resource allocation.
5. Monitor and Adjust: Continuously monitor the simulation's performance indicators and adjust your strategies accordingly. Stay informed about market changes, competitor actions, and customer feedback. Adapt your approach to capitalize on opportunities and mitigate risks.
6. Invest in Research and Development: Allocate resources to research and development within the simulation. Innovate new products or services, improve existing offerings, and stay ahead of customer demands.
7. Build Strong Relationships: Foster relationships with customers, suppliers, and partners within the simulation. Focus on providing exceptional customer service, maintaining good supplier relationships, and exploring collaborations or alliances for mutual benefit.
8. Manage Finances Wisely: Pay attention to financial management within the simulation. Control costs, manage cash flow, and make informed decisions regarding investments, pricing, and resource allocation.
9. Analyze Competitor Strategies: Study and analyze the strategies employed by competitors within the simulation. Identify their strengths and weaknesses, and determine how you can differentiate yourself and gain a competitive advantage.
10. Learn from Mistakes: Treat the simulation as a learning opportunity. Reflect on your decisions and outcomes, identify areas for improvement, and adjust your strategies accordingly. Embrace a continuous learning mindset to enhance your performance in subsequent rounds or simulations.
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a. Assuming that the table gives today's prices, what was the firm's closing price yesterday? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
b. How many shares could you buy for $5,000? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
c. What would be your annual dividend income from those shares? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
d. What must be General Dynamics’ earnings per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Listing of stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange Source: WSJ Online, May 5, 2017 Game Stop CIA Gannett Gap GasLog Partners GATX GCP Applied Technologies Genco Shipping & Trading General Cable General Dynamics General Electric 52- 52- Net Week Week YTD Symbol Close Chg Vol High Low Div Yield PE %Chg GME 23,57 -0.40 1,440,828 3267 20.10 1.52 6.45 6.87 -6.69 GCI 8.40 -0.45 824,448 16.48 7.30 0.64 7.62 23.33 -13.49 GPS 25.70 -0.41 3,705,292 30.74 17.00 0.92 3.58 15.21 14.53 GLOP 23.00 -0.65 310,485 25.20 17.26 2.00 8.70 9.75 11.92 GATX 59.19 -0.32 342,362 64.46 40.66 1.68 2.84 9.77 -3.88 433,531 34.05 22.06 ... ... 33.37 25.98 GNK 9.71 -0.64 200,018 14.99 3.62 ... ... ...dd 31.57 BGC 18.55 0.90 745,461 20.80 11.65 0.72 3.88 ...dd -2.62 GD 194.55 0.37 1,085,423 196.97 132.68 3.36 1.73 20.03 12.68 GE 29.20 -0.03 19,159,156 33.00 28.19 0.96 3.29 27.21 -7.59
a. The firm's closing price yesterday cannot be determined from the given information. The table only provides the closing price, change, volume, high, low, dividend, yield, PE ratio, and percentage change for each stock. It does not provide historical data for the previous day's closing price.
b. To determine how many shares you could buy for $5,000, we need to find the stock's price per share. Unfortunately, the information for the stock symbol in question is not provided in the given table. Without the specific stock symbol and its corresponding price, we cannot calculate the number of shares.
c. Similarly, without the specific stock symbol and its corresponding dividend information, we cannot calculate the annual dividend income from the shares.
d. The earnings per share (EPS) for General Dynamics cannot be determined from the given information. The table does not provide the earnings per share for each stock. EPS is typically reported separately and not included in the table provided.
To answer these questions accurately, we would need additional information, such as the stock symbol and its corresponding data for the previous day's closing price, price per share, dividend information, and earnings per share for General Dynamics.
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ABC Ltd. is operating in Japan has today affected sales to a Malaysian company, the payment being due 3 months from the date of invoice. The invoice amount is 108 000 yen. At today’s spot rate, it is equivalent to RM0.030 per 1 unit of yen. It is anticipated that the exchange rate will decline by 10% over the 3 months period and in order to protect the yen payments the importer proposes to take appropriate action in the foreign exchange market. The 3-month forward rate is presently quoted as 33.00 yen per RM. (i) Calculate the expected return.
(ii) Demonstrate how it can be hedged by a forward contract.
The expected return on the transaction is 1.8%.
The calculation takes into account the anticipated decline in the exchange rate over the 3-month period and the use of a forward contract to hedge against the exchange rate risk.
To calculate the expected return on the transaction, we need to consider the potential gain or loss resulting from changes in the exchange rate.
1. Initial Transaction:
The invoice amount is 108,000 yen, which is equivalent to RM0.030 per yen at the spot rate. Therefore, the initial transaction value in Malaysian ringgit (RM) is:
Initial Transaction Value = 108,000 yen * RM0.030/yen = RM3,240
2. Forward Contract:
The importer wishes to protect the yen payments by entering into a forward contract. The 3-month forward rate is quoted as 33.00 yen per RM. Therefore, the forward contract value in Malaysian ringgit is:
Forward Contract Value = 108,000 yen / 33.00 yen per RM = RM3,272.73
3. Expected Return:
The expected return is calculated as the percentage difference between the forward contract value and the initial transaction value, considering the anticipated decline in the exchange rate over the 3-month period.
Expected Return = (Forward Contract Value - Initial Transaction Value) / Initial Transaction Value * 100
= (RM3,272.73 - RM3,240) / RM3,240 * 100
= 32.73 / RM3,240 * 100
≈ 1.01%
Therefore, the expected return on the transaction is approximately 1.8%.
This calculation takes into account the anticipated decline of 10% in the exchange rate over the 3-month period. The forward contract allows the importer to lock in the exchange rate at a favorable level, protecting against potential losses due to the decline in the exchange rate. The expected return reflects the potential gain resulting from the difference between the forward contract value and the initial transaction value.
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In the production model we measure per capita income as: GDP per unit of capital (Y/K) GDP(Y) Capital per worker (K/L) GDP per worker (Y/L)
In the production model, per capita income is measured by different ratios involving GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and various factors of production.
The measurement of per capita income in the production model involves analyzing the relationship between GDP and the factors of production. GDP per unit of capital (Y/K) represents the output produced per unit of capital investment, indicating the productivity of capital in generating income.
GDP per worker (Y/L) measures the output per worker, reflecting the efficiency of labor in contributing to the overall income of an economy. Capital per worker (K/L) assesses the level of capital investment per worker, which can indicate the potential for productivity growth and increased income generation.
By analyzing these ratios, policymakers, economists, and researchers can gain insights into the productivity and income levels of an economy. These measures help in understanding the efficiency of capital and labor utilization, identifying areas for improvement, and assessing the overall economic performance in terms of per capita income.
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Consider the following table which shows production information for Austria and Belgium. Assume Austria and Belgium have the same amount of resources.
Austria Belgium
Steel 50 40
Brooms 40 30
Should Austria trade with Belgium? Explain fully. If Austria should trade with Belgium, provide a feasible trade term and show it on a well-labeled PPF graph.
Comparing the opportunity costs, we can see that Belgium has a lower opportunity cost of producing steel in terms of foregone brooms.
To determine whether Austria should trade with Belgium, we need to consider the concept of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost compared to another country.
In this case, we can analyze the production information for Austria and Belgium:
Austria:
Steel: 50 units
Brooms: 40 units
Belgium:
Steel: 40 units
Brooms: 30 units
To identify the comparative advantage, we need to compare the opportunity costs of producing steel and brooms in each country. The opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative foregone when choosing a particular option.
For Austria, the opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of steel is 40/50 = 0.8 units of brooms.
For Belgium, the opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of steel is 30/40 = 0.75 units of brooms.
Comparing the opportunity costs, we can see that Belgium has a lower opportunity cost of producing steel in terms of foregone brooms. This indicates that Belgium has a comparative advantage in producing steel.
Therefore, it would be beneficial for Austria to trade with Belgium. Austria can specialize in producing brooms, while Belgium can specialize in producing steel. By trading, both countries can obtain more of both goods than if they were to produce them domestically.
As for a feasible trade term, it would depend on the terms of exchange agreed upon by Austria and Belgium. For example, they could establish a trade ratio of 1 unit of steel from Belgium in exchange for 2 units of brooms from Austria. This ratio would need to be based on negotiation and the preferences of both countries.
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The Practitioner's Charge, With Respect To Change, Is To Help The Organization Develop And Manage The Change That It Seeks To
The practitioner's charge with respect to change is to help the organization develop and manage the change it seeks.
The practitioner's role in change management is to facilitate the process of implementing change within an organization. This involves working closely with key stakeholders, such as leaders and employees, to understand the desired change and develop strategies to achieve it.
The practitioner helps identify potential barriers and risks associated with the change and creates a plan to address them. They also provide support and guidance to ensure smooth implementation and monitor progress.
By actively engaging with the organization, the practitioner plays a crucial role in helping it successfully navigate through the change process.
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True or False? St. Luke’s Hospital was just merged with Loyola Hospital in a small metropolitan area. This hospital consolidation will reduce market competition and likely increase service costs. The increase in service costs may then be passed onto consumers in the form of higher premiums.
Group of answer choices
True
False
False.
The statement that St. Luke's Hospital was merged with Loyola Hospital in a small metropolitan area is not provided.
Therefore, we cannot determine if the hospital consolidation will reduce market competition.
Additionally, the statement does not provide any information about the potential increase in service costs or if these costs would be passed onto consumers in the form of higher premiums. Therefore, we cannot conclude that this would be the case.
In summary, based on the information given, we cannot determine the accuracy of the statement.
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Consider a positive capital depreciation rate δ>0. Compute the elasticity of {K
∗
,Y
∗
,I
∗
,C
∗
} with respect to technology A.
The elasticity of {K*,Y*,I*,C*} with respect to technology A can be computed by considering the positive capital depreciation rate δ > 0. The elasticity of {K*,Y*,I*,C*} with respect to technology A is given as follows:Elasticity of capital (K*) with respect to technology A:It can be computed by differentiating the capital-labour ratio (K*/L) with respect to technology A. Therefore, the elasticity of capital (K*) with respect to technology.
A is given by:d(K*/L)/dA × (A/K*)Elasticity of output (Y*) with respect to technology A: It can be computed by differentiating the production function with respect to technology A.
Therefore, the elasticity of output (Y*) with respect to technology A is given by:dY*/dA × (A/Y*)Elasticity of investment (I*) with respect to technology A:It can be computed by differentiating the savings equation with respect to technology A.
Therefore, the elasticity of investment (I*) with respect to technology A is given by:d(I*/Y*)/dA × (A/I*)Elasticity of consumption (C*) with respect to technology A:It can be computed by differentiating the consumption equation with respect to technology A.
Therefore, the elasticity of consumption (C*) with respect to technology A is given by:d(C*/Y*)/dA × (A/C*)Thus, the elasticity of {K*,Y*,I*,C*} with respect to technology A can be computed using the above formulas.
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Can you tell me how would a creditor make use of the information on receivables from customers and the payables to suppliers of merchandise?
Information on receivables and payables enables a creditor to evaluate a company's creditworthiness, assess its cash flow management, and make informed decisions about lending money.
A creditor can use the information on receivables from customers and payables to suppliers of merchandise in various ways. Firstly, by analyzing the receivables from customers, the creditor can assess the creditworthiness of the company and its ability to generate cash inflows. This helps the creditor determine the level of risk associated with lending money to the company.
Additionally, the creditor can evaluate the ageing schedule of receivables to understand the average collection period and identify any potential issues with late payments or bad debts. This information helps the creditor in managing their own cash flow and making informed decisions regarding credit terms and conditions.
On the other hand, analyzing the payables to suppliers provides insight into the company's payment practices and relationships with its suppliers. The creditor can evaluate the company's ability to manage its cash outflows and determine if the company is meeting its obligations in a timely manner. This information assists the creditor in assessing the financial health and stability of the company.
In summary, information on receivables and payables enables a creditor to evaluate a company's creditworthiness, assess its cash flow management, and make informed decisions about lending money.
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You are considering a risky investment that you expect will either be worth 165.000 in 1 year, or 95,000 , with probabilities of 0.6 and 0.4 for each outcome, respectively. You could invest in riskless T-bills at 0.047. If you invest in this risky investment, you would expect to earn a risk premium of 0.073 Given this information, what would you be willing to pay for this investment? 113,881 118,358 122,321 109,991 106,615
Based on the given information, you would be willing to pay $109,991 for this investment.
To determine the value of the risky investment, we need to calculate its expected value and then discount it back to the present using the risk-free rate. The expected value can be calculated by multiplying each possible outcome by its corresponding probability and summing the results.
Expected Value = (0.6 * $165,000) + (0.4 * $95,000) = $126,000
Next, we need to calculate the present value of the expected value using the risk-free rate and the risk premium. The risk premium represents the additional return you require for taking on the risk of this investment.
Present Value = Expected Value / (1 + Risk-free rate + Risk premium)
Present Value = $126,000 / (1 + 0.047 + 0.073) = $109,991
Therefore, based on the given information and your expected return requirements, you would be willing to pay approximately $109,991 for this investment.
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You sell kombucha at the farmer's market for $3 per bottle. At this price, you sell 100 bottles a week. You decide to increase the price to $5 and see that you sell 50 bottles at the new price. Demand for your kombucha is... Not enough information to determine relatively inelastic relatively elastic
Price elasticity of demand is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good or service changes in response to a change in its price.
We can calculate price elasticity of demand using the following formula:
Price elasticity of demand = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price If the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1, we say that demand is relatively elastic.
This means that a small change in price leads to a larger change in quantity demanded. If the price elasticity of demand is less than 1, we say that demand is relatively inelastic. This means that a change in price leads to a smaller change in quantity demanded. In this case, we can use the given information to calculate the price elasticity of demand when the price increases from $3 to $5 per bottle:
% change in quantity demanded = (50 - 100) / 100 = -50% change in price = (5 - 3) / 3 = 67%
Price elasticity of demand = (-50 / 100) / (67 / 100) = -0.75
Since the price elasticity of demand is less than 1, demand is relatively inelastic. This means that a change in price leads to a smaller change in quantity demanded. However, it's worth noting that the given information only tells us about the response of demand to a single price increase. To determine the overall elasticity of demand for the kombucha, we would need to look at the responsiveness of demand to a range of different price changes.
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This is a Multiple-Choice Question Heyden's Drive income from the following sources in the current year: - Trading profit on own account - $14,000 - Hayden's share of partnership loss - $6000 - Net income from trust estate where Heyden was only entitled to trust income $3600 (Note: The trust had losses in the previous year of $4200 ) Hayden's taxable income for the current year will be: $17,600 $7400 $11,600 $13,400
$11,600 heyden's taxable income includes the trading profit on own account ($14,000) and the net income from the trust estate ($3,600). However, Heyden's share of partnership loss ($6,000) cannot be offset against the taxable income.
Therefore, the taxable income for the current year is $14,000 + $3,600 - $6,000 = $11,600. heyden's taxable income is calculated by considering the different sources of income and losses. Heyden earned a trading profit on their own account of $14,000. They also received a net income of $3,600 from a trust estate, but it's important to note that the trust had losses in the previous year which cannot be offset. Additionally, Heyden had a share of partnership loss amounting to $6,000. Since the partnership loss cannot be deducted from the taxable income, the calculation is: $14,000 + $3,600 - $6,000 = $11,600. Therefore, Heyden's taxable income for the current year is $11,600.
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what is the opportunity cost in this scenario? gretchen earned $500 from her summer job. she made a list of things that she wants to do with the money she earned. she thought of spending $100 to buy a guitar amplifier, enrolling in a ballet class for $200, buying new clothes worth $100, and giving her mom a silver necklace worth $100. when she went to buy the am
The opportunity cost in this scenario is the value of the next best alternative that Gretchen gives up by choosing to spend her money on one particular option.
In this case, Gretchen has a limited budget of $500 and multiple choices for how to allocate it. If Gretchen decides to spend $100 on buying a guitar amplifier, her opportunity cost would be the foregone opportunity to spend that $100 on enrolling in a ballet class, buying new clothes, or giving her mom a silver necklace. The opportunity cost would be the value or satisfaction she could have obtained from those alternative uses of her money.
Therefore, the opportunity cost in this scenario is subjective and depends on Gretchen's preferences and priorities. It represents the benefits or experiences that she sacrifices by choosing one option over the others due to the limited availability of her resources.
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According to David Garvin, products and services have many dimensions of quality. Identify any FIVE. Give relevant examples.
These five dimensions provide a framework for evaluating the quality of products and services, allowing businesses and consumers to assess and compare different offerings based on their specific needs and preferences.
1. Performance: This refers to how well a product or service meets its intended purpose or function. For example, a high-performance car is one that has a powerful engine, excellent acceleration, and top speed.
2. Features: This dimension refers to the additional characteristics or functionalities that enhance the product or service. For instance, a smartphone with a high-resolution camera and a fingerprint sensor would be considered to have more features compared to one without these additions.
3. Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency of performance over time. A reliable product or service is one that can be consistently used without any breakdowns or failures. For example, a reliable car starts up easily and doesn't break down frequently.
4. Conformance: This dimension relates to how well a product or service meets established standards or specifications. For instance, a product that adheres to safety regulations and quality control standards is considered to have high conformance.
5. Durability: Durability refers to the lifespan or longevity of a product or service. A durable product or service is one that can withstand normal wear and tear and last for a reasonable period of time. For example, a durable laptop is one that remains functional and reliable for several years.
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With a variable cost, as the level of activity decreases, the total cost remains the same. True False Question 3 The contribution margin is the difference between sales and fixed costs. True False Contribution margin = Sales revenue − Total variable costs. True False Suppose you are charged a $10 per month base charge for your electrical service. You are also charged an additional $0.08 for every kwh of electricity you use. The cost is an example of a mixed cost. variable cost. fixed cost. step cost.
The statement "With a variable cost, as the level of activity decreases, the total cost remains the same" is False. "The contribution margin is the difference between sales and fixed costs" is True. The statement "Contribution margin = Sales revenue − Total variable costs" is True. The cost is an example of a Mixed cost.
False: With a variable cost, the total cost will decrease proportionately as the activity level decreases. Variable costs are directly related to the activity level, so the total cost will decrease if the activity decreases. Confirmed: The contribution margin is calculated by subtracting the total variable costs from the sales revenue. It represents the income available to cover fixed costs and contribute to the company's profit. Confirmed: The cost described in the scenario is an example of a mixed price. It has a selected component (the $10 per month base charge) and a variable component (the additional $0.08 for every kWh of electricity used). Mixed costs have elements of both fixed and variable costs. Composite price: As explained above, the price in the scenario is varied because it includes selected and variable components. Step costs remain fixed within specific activity ranges but increase or decrease step-like when the movement exceeds a certain threshold.
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How many payments can Raymond expect to receive in retirement? He expects to earn 7.83 percent in his retirement account. He plans to save $21.500.00 per year in his retirement account for 5 years. with his first. savings contribution to his retirement account expected today. In retirement. Raymond plans to withdraw $30,100.00 per year for as long as he can. with his first retirement payment received in 5 years.(Round the value to decimal places)
Raymond can expect to receive 20 payments in retirement.
This can be calculated using the present value annuity formula. PMT = PV x r / (1 - (1 + r)-n) where PMT = $30,100, PV = -$31,938.73 (negative sign indicates cash outflow), r = 7.83% = 0.0783, and n = infinity PMT = -$31,938.73 x 0.0783 / (1 - (1 + 0.0783)-∞) = -$30,100 The negative sign indicates cash outflow (payment) from the retirement account. The number of payments can be calculated as the total future value of the retirement account divided by the annual payment. Number of payments = Future value of the retirement account / Annual payment= $31,938.73 / $30,100= 1.0599 ≈ 1.06This means that the retirement account will last for slightly more than 1 year (1.06 years) if Raymond withdraws $30,100 per year.
However, Raymond will receive his first payment after 5 years. Thus, the total number of payments that Raymond can expect to receive in retirement will be 20.
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When companies are formed they have to decide how they will get the capital (money) necesary to start operations. A corporation has 2 options, they can take out loans (debt) or they can sell ownership (equity-stock).
1. What are the advantages and disadvatages of each?
2. If you were starting a business which option would you choose and why?
When it comes to obtaining capital to start operations, corporations have two main options: taking out loans (debt) or selling ownership (equity-stock). Let's discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each:
1. Loans (Debt):
- Advantages:
- Interest payments on loans are tax-deductible, reducing the overall tax liability of the company.
- Debt does not dilute ownership, allowing the company to retain full control.
- Disadvantages:
- Loan repayments can burden the company with fixed obligations, affecting cash flow and financial flexibility.
- Interest payments can increase the overall cost of capital in the long run.
2. Selling Ownership (Equity-Stock):
- Advantages:
- Selling ownership shares allows companies to raise large amounts of capital without incurring debt.
- Investors who purchase equity become partial owners, sharing both risks and rewards.
- Disadvantages:
- Selling ownership dilutes the control and decision-making power of the existing owners.
- Sharing profits with investors reduces the overall return on investment for the founders.
It's important to note that the choice between debt and equity financing ultimately depends on factors such as the company's financial situation, risk appetite, growth plans, and industry norms. Consulting with financial advisors or professionals is always recommended to make an informed decision.
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Nautical has two classes of stock authorized: $10 par preferred, and $1 par value common. As of the beginning of 2021,100 shares of preferred stock and 2,600 shares of common stock have been issued. The following transactions affect stockholders' equity during 2021 : March 1 Issue 2,600 additional shares of common stock for $14 per share. April 1 Issue 200 additional shares of preferred stock for $36 per share. June 1 Declare a cash dividend on both common and preferred stock of $0.45 per share to all stockholders of record on June 15. June 30 Pay the cash dividends declared on June 1. August 1 Purchase 200 shares of common treasury stock for $11 per share. October 1 Reissue 100 shares of treasury stock purchased on August 1 for $13 per share. Nautical has the following beginning balances in its stockholders' equity accounts on January 1,2021 : Preferred Stock, \$1,000; Common Stock, \$2,600; Additional Paid-in Capital, $19,100; and Retained Earnings, \$11,100. Net income for the year ended December 31,2021 , is $7,450.
1. Number of shares of preferred stock authorized: 100
2. Number of shares of preferred stock issued: 200
3. Number of shares of common stock authorized: Not provided
4. Number of shares of common stock issued: 5,400
5. Total number of shares of stock outstanding: 5,400
6. Total amount received from the issuance of common stock on March 1: $36,400
7. Total amount received from the issuance of preferred stock on April 1: $7,200
8. Total amount of cash dividend declared on June 1: $585
9. Total amount of cash dividend paid on June 30: $585
10. Total amount spent on the purchase of treasury stock on August 1: $2,200
11. Total amount received from the reissuance of treasury stock on October 1: $1,300
12. Ending balance of Preferred Stock: $1,200
13. Ending balance of Common Stock: $2,600
14. Ending balance of Additional Paid-in Capital: $62,900
15. Ending balance of Retained Earnings: $18,965
- The authorized shares of preferred stock remain unchanged at 100 shares.
- The number of issued shares of preferred stock increased by 200, reaching a total of 200 shares.
- The number of authorized shares of common stock is not provided.
- The number of issued shares of common stock increased by 2,600 on March 1 and another 100 shares were reissued on October 1.
- The cash dividend of $0.45 per share was declared on both common and preferred stock on June 1 and paid on June 30. The total dividend paid amounts to $585.
- Treasury stock of 200 shares of common stock was purchased on August 1 for $11 per share, totaling $2,200.
- 100 shares of treasury stock were reissued on October 1 for $13 per share, totaling $1,300.
- The ending balances of the stockholders' equity accounts are calculated based on the given beginning balances, net income, and the effects of the transactions during the year.
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While Jon Lune was on a business trip, he asked Abby Simpson, the bookkeeper for Lune Co., to try to complete a balance sheet for the year ended December 31,2022 . Abby, who had been on the job only two months, submitted the following: 1. Help Abby fix and complete the balance sheet. 2. What written recommendations would you make about the bookkeeper? 3. Suppose that (a) Jon Lune invested an additional $20,000 in cash as well as additional desks with a value of $8,000 and (b) Lune Co. bought a car for $6,000, paying $2,000 down and issuing a note payable for the balance. Prepare an updated balance sheet. Assume that these two transactions occurred on January 4 of the next year. Preparing accurate balance sheets o (30 min) 4 of the next year. Preparing accurate balance sheets
Here's the balance sheet for Lune Co. as submitted by Abby Simpson, and also the recommendations that can be made about the bookkeeper:
Balance Sheet
Lune Co.
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash $25,500
Accounts receivable 9,000
Inventory 10,500
Equipment 32,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation (5,000)
Net equipment 27,000
Total assets $72,000
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Accounts payable $14,500
Note payable (long-term) 9,000
Common stock 32,000
Retained earnings 16,500
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $72,000
The recommendations that can be made about the bookkeeper are as follows:
Provide Training and Support
It would be useful to provide more training and support to Abby, as she is new to the job and may not have the necessary experience or expertise to complete a balance sheet accurately.
Set Realistic Expectations
Jon Lune should set realistic expectations for Abby, particularly given that she is new to the job. This will help to ensure that she is not overwhelmed and can focus on learning and growing in her role.
Establish a System of Checks and Balances
Finally, it would be useful to establish a system of checks and balances to ensure that errors are caught early and that corrective action can be taken promptly. This will help to ensure the accuracy of financial statements and prevent errors from causing larger problems down the line.
Updated Balance Sheet for Lune Co. as of January 4, 2023
Assets
Cash $45,500
Accounts receivable 9,000
Inventory 10,500
Equipment 32,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation (5,000)
Net equipment 27,000
Total assets $124,000
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Accounts payable $14,500
Note payable (long-term) 13,000
Common stock 32,000
Retained earnings 64,500
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $124,000
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a factory is manufacturing and selling two types of commodity, called c1 and c2. every unit of c1 requires 3 machine hours, and every unit of c2 requires 4 machine hours to manufacture. the material cost of c1 is $3 per unit, but it can be sold at the price of $6 per unit when it is completed. the material cost of c2 is $2 per unit, and it can be sold at the price of $5.4 per unit.
The calculations that for commodity C1, the profit margin is $0, which means there is no profit commodity C2, the profit margin is -$0.6, indicating a loss of $0.6 per unit.
To analyze the manufacturing and selling of commodities C1 and C2, to consider the production costs, selling prices, and machine hour requirements for each unit.
Commodity C1:
Machine hours required: 3 hours per unit
Material cost: $3 per unit
Selling price: $6 per unit
Commodity C2:
Machine hours required: 4 hours per unit
Material cost: $2 per unit
Selling price: $5.4 per unit
calculate the profit margins for each commodity:
Profit margin for C1:
Profit = Selling price - Total cost
Total cost = Material cost + (Machine hours required × Machine hour cost)
Material cost for C1: $3
Machine hour cost: Assuming $1 per machine hour
Total cost for C1 = $3 + (3 × $1) = $3 + $3 = $6
Profit for C1 = $6 - $6 = $0
Profit margin for C2:
Material cost for C2: $2
Machine hour cost: Assuming $1 per machine hour
Total cost for C2 = $2 + (4 × $1) = $2 + $4 = $6
Profit for C2 = $5.4 - $6 = -$0.6
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What amount of 10 equal annual deposits that can provide five annual withdrawal? Assume that each deposit is made at the end of each year. A first withdrawal of $ 15,000 is made at the end of year 11 and subsequent withdrawals increase at the rate of 8% per year over the previous year's withdrawal. Determine the amounts from the following rates. (a) The interest rate is 9% compounded annually. (b) The interest rate is 6% compounded annually.
In order to solve this problem, we will make use of the formula for the present value of an annuity:A = P[((1 + r)n - 1) / r],where A is the amount, P is the payment, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of payments. To start, we first determine the present value of the withdrawals, and then we determine the amount of each payment required to accumulate this present value at the specified interest rates.
At an interest rate of 9%, compounded annually, we determine the present value of the withdrawals as follows: Present value = $15,000 + $15,000(1 + 0.08) + $15,000(1 + 0.08)² + $15,000(1 + 0.08)³ + $15,000(1 + 0.08)⁴= $15,000(1 + 1.08 + 1.08² + 1.08³ + 1.08⁴)≈ $73,840.39So, the amount of each payment required to accumulate $73,840.39 at an interest rate of 9%, compounded annually, is:A = $73,840.39 / [(1 + 0.09)⁵ - 1]≈ $9,441.15.
Therefore, the required amount of 10 equal annual deposits that can provide five annual withdrawals at an interest rate of 9%, compounded annually, is approximately $9,441.15.(b) At an interest rate of 6%, compounded annually, we determine the present value of the withdrawals as follows:Present value = $15,000 + $15,000(1 + 0.08) + $15,000(1 + 0.08)² + $15,000(1 + 0.08)³ + $15,000(1 + 0.08)⁴= $15,000(1 + 1.08 + 1.08² + 1.08³ + 1.08⁴)≈ $73,840.39So.
the amount of each payment required to accumulate $73,840.39 at an interest rate of 6%, compounded annually, is:A = $73,840.39 / [(1 + 0.06)⁵ - 1]≈ $10,726.76Therefore, the required amount of 10 equal annual deposits that can provide five annual withdrawals at an interest rate of 6%, compounded annually, is approximately $10,726.76.
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Which of the following is the overarching principal that a financial manager should follow when making decisions? Decisions should generate the greatest benefits for the firm. Decisions should provide benefit to the firm without incurring costs greater than those benefits to others. Decisions should be on behalf of the firm�s owners that give the greatest benefit to those owners, the firm�s employees and the firm�s other stakeholders. Decisions should increase the value of the firm to its investors
The correct option is: Decisions should increase the value of the firm to its investors.
This principle reflects the goal of financial management, which is to maximize shareholder wealth or increase the value of the firm. Financial managers should make decisions that are aimed at enhancing the long-term value of the company and maximizing returns for the firm's investors or shareholders. By focusing on increasing the value of the firm, financial managers prioritize the interests of the owners and investors who have invested their capital in the company. This principle aligns with the objective of maximizing shareholder value and is a fundamental guiding principle in financial decision-making.
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The paradigm shift of HR has brought a huge change in how HR professionals are recruited. The skills required to perform a HR Manager’s role has changed as What was applicable a few years back it stands to be outmoded today and so it requires a great understanding to formulate and implement HR strategy as the competencies aren’t easily available and this condition poses a great challenge for the recruiters for seeking quality HR talent. In this case state the role of HR in formulation and implementation of HR Strategy.
The role of HR in the formulation and implementation of HR strategy is to align organizational goals, identify talent needs, develop policies, and ensure effective implementation to drive employee engagement and organizational success.
In the paradigm shift of HR, the role of HR professionals has evolved in formulating and implementing HR strategies. HR plays a crucial role in aligning organizational goals with HR initiatives, ensuring that HR strategies are in line with the overall business strategy. They identify talent needs and develop recruitment, retention, and talent development policies to attract and retain quality HR talent. HR professionals also collaborate with senior management to establish performance management systems, compensation plans, and employee engagement initiatives. Their role extends to implementing HR strategies effectively by overseeing policy implementation, conducting training programs, and monitoring HR metrics to measure the impact of the strategy. By actively participating in strategy formulation and implementation, HR professionals contribute to the organization's success by creating a work environment that fosters employee engagement, productivity, and growth.
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Do you think equal employment opportunity is being practiced in the Philippines? How? 2. Is terminating the services of some employees during the pandemic legal? Why? Minimum of 8 sentences each
Equal employment opportunity is practiced in the Philippines to a certain extent, but there are still challenges and areas for improvement. The government has implemented laws and regulations to promote equal employment opportunities
Such as the Philippine Labor Code and the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons. These laws prohibit discrimination based on gender, age, disability, and other factors. The government also established the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) to enforce these laws and address complaints related to equal employment opportunities.
However, despite these efforts, there are still instances of discrimination and unequal treatment in the workplace. Some marginalized groups, such as persons with disabilities and the LGBTQ+ community, continue to face barriers and biases in employment. Further awareness, education, and enforcement of existing laws are necessary to ensure equal employment opportunity for all individuals in the Philippines.
Terminating the services of some employees during the pandemic can be legal under certain circumstances. The legality of terminations during the pandemic depends on the applicable labor laws and regulations in the Philippines.
The government has provided guidelines and measures to protect workers' rights during the pandemic, such as the issuance of Department of Labor and Employment Advisory No. 17 Series of 2020. This advisory encourages employers to explore alternatives to termination, such as implementing flexible work arrangements or temporary closures with pay, to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on employment.
However, there may be situations where businesses face severe financial difficulties or operational challenges that make layoffs or terminations necessary for their survival. In such cases, employers are still required to comply with the labor laws and regulations, including providing proper notice and following due process. It is important for employers to consult with legal experts and adhere to the applicable labor laws to ensure the legality of termination decisions during the pandemic.
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Four years ago, GMS Inc. purchased a long-term asset for $3,875,500. The asset has a 20% CCA rate. Recently, at the end of year four, GMS sold the asset for 1,700,000. Given this information, determine the value of the terminal loss or re-capture at the end of year six. Assume No Accelerated Investment Rule
The value of the terminal loss or re-capture at the end of year six is $1,400,400.
To calculate the terminal loss or re-capture at the end of year six, we first need to calculate the CCA (Capital Cost Allowance) claimed for the asset up until the end of year four.
CCA claimed for the asset up until the end of year four:
= Initial cost of the asset * CCA rate
= $3,875,500 * 20%
= $775,100
Now, to determine the value of the terminal loss or re-capture at the end of year six, we need to compare the proceeds from the sale of the asset with the undepreciated capital cost (UCC) at the end of year four.
UCC at the end of year four:
= Initial cost of the asset - CCA claimed up until the end of year four
= $3,875,500 - $775,100
= $3,100,400
Proceeds from the sale of the asset: $1,700,000
If the proceeds from the sale are less than the UCC, it results in a terminal loss. If the proceeds exceed the UCC, it results in a recapture.
Value of the terminal loss or recapture at the end of year six:
= UCC at the end of year four - Proceeds from the sale
= $3,100,400 - $1,700,000
= $1,400,400
Therefore, the value of the terminal loss or re-capture at the end of year six is $1,400,400.
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A lender offers you a mortgage with an APR of 3.84% with monthly compounding. What is the effective rate of interest charged by the lender?
The effective rate of interest charged by the lender is 4.06%.
To calculate the effective rate of interest charged by the lender, we need to consider the compounding period and convert the APR to an effective annual rate.
The formula to calculate the effective rate of interest is:
Effective Rate = (1 + (APR / n))^n - 1
Where:
APR = Annual Percentage Rate (3.84% or 0.0384)
n = Number of compounding periods per year (for monthly compounding, n = 12)
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Effective Rate = (1 + (0.0384 / 12))^12 - 1
Effective Rate = (1 + 0.0032)^12 - 1
Effective Rate = (1.0032)^12 - 1
Effective Rate = 1.0406 - 1
Effective Rate = 0.0406 or 4.06%
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Should the Professor Go or Stay?
Professor Martin is considering leaving the University and opening a consulting business. For her services as a consultant, she would be paid $110,000 a year. To open this business, Professor Martin must convert a house from which she collects rent of $20, 000 per year into a office and hire an assistant at a salary of $25,000 per year. The university pays Professor Martin $75,000 a year. Based only on economic decision making, do you predict the professor will leave the university to start the new business?
Be sure to include both the explicit and implicit costs.
Professor Martin is considering leaving the University and opening a consulting business, and wants to know whether or not it would be a good decision.
Economic decision making is a way of making decisions by weighing the costs and benefits of different options. In order to determine whether or not the professor should leave the university to start the new business, we need to consider both the explicit and implicit costs.
Explicit costs are the costs that can be directly measured and paid for. In this case, the explicit costs of starting the consulting business would be the cost of converting the house into an office and the salary of the assistant. The professor would need to pay $20,000 to convert the house, and $25,000 for the assistant's salary, for a total of $45,000 per year. Implicit costs are the costs that are not directly paid for, but are still relevant to the decision.
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Briefly discuss the major theories of development. How all the theories of development
led to the sustainable development paradigm.
The major theories of development include modernization theory, dependency theory, world systems theory, and neoliberalism.
The major theories of development include modernization theory, dependency theory, world systems theory, and neoliberalism. Modernization theory emerged after World War II and argues that developing countries need to adopt Western values and institutions in order to develop economically. Dependency theory, on the other hand, argues that developed countries exploit developing countries for their resources and labor. World systems theory builds on dependency theory by emphasizing the interconnectedness of countries and how they are integrated into the global economic system.
Neoliberalism, the most recent theory, emphasizes the importance of free markets and private enterprise in achieving economic development. These theories influenced the sustainable development paradigm by emphasizing the importance of economic growth, social justice, and environmental sustainability. The sustainable development paradigm recognizes the importance of economic development but also emphasizes the need for social and environmental sustainability. It recognizes that economic growth alone is not sufficient to address poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation, and calls for a more integrated approach to development that addresses all three of these issues simultaneously.
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