Advanced Placement (AP) College

Describe the pattern of inheritance that is most likely associated with a mutation in the MT
-ND5
gene. Explain why individuals are not typically heterozygous with respect to mitochondrial genes.

Answers

Answer 1

The nost likely associated with a mutation in the MT-ND5 gene is a maternal inheritance pattern as this gene is located in the mitochondrial genome.

Why are individuals not typically heterozygous with respect to mitochondrial genes?

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited exclusively from mother which means all mitochondrial DNA in an individual's cells is derived from maternal line.

So, if a mutation in the MT-ND5 gene is present in a mother's mitochondrial DNA, all of her offspring will inherit the same mutation.

This results in a homoplasmic state where all mitochondria in the individual's cells carry the same mutation. As a result, individuals are not typically heterozygous with respect to mitochondrial genes.

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Related Questions

2.3. Develop an awareness campaign, on how people should behave during the HIV and AIDS pandemic. Answer the following questions; • How does HIV and AIDS infect a person? ● How does HIV and AIDS affect human beings? Name at least FOUR of the HIV and AIDS symptoms. ● What can be done to minimize HIV and AIDS spread? What can be done by those who have contracted HIV and AIDS in protecting/managing it? ● ● In your view do you spread of HIV and AIDS. Motivate Your Answer Page [16] think the government is doing enough to stop the SEKHUKHUNE (2x2) (4) (2x2) (4) (4x1) (4) (2) (2x2) (4) (2x2) (4)​

Answers

HIV infects through body fluid exchange, cuts, sharing needles, unprotected sex, and pregnancy/childbirth.

What is the awareness campaign?

The symptoms are:

HIV weakens the immune system, making it hard to fight diseases. HIV and AIDS symptoms include fever, weight loss, diarrhea, night sweats, and fatigue.

To minimize spread, practice safe sex, get tested and treated for STIs, don't share needles, and take antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. People with HIV and AIDS can protect themselves by taking medication, safe sex, medical care, and avoiding harmful behaviors.

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Introduction:
HIV and AIDS are two serious health issues worldwide. Global efforts have been made to reduce the spread of this pandemic. However, public awareness on how to behave has not been given much attention. Therefore, the following campaign aims to educate people on how to behave during the HIV and AIDS pandemic.

How does HIV and AIDS infect a person?
HIV is transmitted through the following ways;
- Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
- Use of contaminated needles that have been previously used by an infected person.
- Infected mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
- Blood transfusion from an infected person.

How does HIV and AIDS affect human beings? Name at least FOUR of the HIV and AIDS symptoms.
HIV and AIDS affect the immune system hence making an infected person vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Some of the common symptoms of HIV and AIDS are;
- A persistent fever
- Fatigue
- Night sweats
- Recurrent oral thrush
- Rapid weight loss
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Diarrhea, among others.

What can be done to minimize HIV and AIDS spread? What can be done by those who have contracted HIV and AIDS in protecting/managing it?
For those who are not infected yet, the following measures can be taken to minimize the spread of HIV and AIDS:
- Abstain from sexual intercourse.
- Use a condom correctly and consistently during sexual intercourse.
- Avoid using contaminated needles or sharing them.
- Get tested to know your status and that of a potential partner before engaging in any sexual activity.

For those who have contracted HIV and AIDS, the following measures can be taken to manage and protect themselves:
- Take antiretroviral drugs as prescribed by a medical practitioner.
- Avoid engaging in sexual intercourse to prevent transmitting the virus.
- Inform partners or potential partners about their status before engaging in any sexual activity.
- Attend regular clinics to monitor and manage their condition.

In your view, do you think the government is doing enough to stop the spread of HIV and AIDS? Motivate your answer.
The government has made commendable efforts to reduce the spread of HIV and AIDS. Various preventive measures such as distribution of condoms, behavior change campaigns, and providing antiretroviral drugs are being implemented. However, much can still be done to improve access to testing services, provision of better healthcare services, and targeting high-risk populations. A well-coordinated and comprehensive approach can significantly reduce the spread of HIV and AIDS, and the government should prioritize this.

Conclusion:
The above campaign is aimed at educating the public on how to behave during the HIV and AIDS pandemic. A concerted effort by all stakeholders is required to reduce the spread of HIV and AIDS. Everyone should play their part by observing preventive measures, getting tested, and adhering to medical advice.
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