Draw the heme group (porphyrin) that houses the Iron
(Fe) with molecular oxygen bound to the iron. The figure here shows
the heme group without the oxygen bound for reference.
Answers
The heme group's unique structure and coordination of the iron atom make it a versatile and important component in various biological systems
Heme group
A complex organic molecule called the heme group has an iron (Fe) atom in the middle of a porphyrin ring structure. It is frequently present in many biological molecules, including cytochromes, myoglobin, and hemoglobin, where it is essential for the oxygen transport and electron transfer events.
Four pyrrole rings are joined together by methine bridges to form the flat, cyclic porphyrin ring. An iron atom is linked to the nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings at the middle of this porphyrin ring.
Learn more about Heme group:https://brainly.com/question/31254613
#SPJ1
Related Questions
the half-life of radioactive carbon-14 is 5730 years. if the 14c level in a sample of organic matter has been reduced to 0.200% of its original value, approximately how much time has passed? radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics. the half-life of radioactive carbon-14 is 5730 years. if the 14c level in a sample of organic matter has been reduced to 0.200% of its original value, approximately how much time has passed? radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics. 1,650 years 2,870,000 years 9,220 years 29,900 years 51,400 years
Answers
Approximately 9,220 years have passed since the 14C level in the sample of organic matter has been reduced to 0.200% of its original value.
Radioactive decay of carbon-14 follows first-order kinetics, which means the decay rate is proportional to the amount of remaining radioactive material.
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, which is the time it takes for half of the radioactive carbon-14 atoms in a sample to decay.
To determine the time elapsed, we can use the formula for the decay of a first-order reaction:
t = (ln(N₀/N)) / k,
where t is the time elapsed, N₀ is the initial amount, N is the final amount (0.200% of the original value), and k is the decay constant. The decay constant (k) can be calculated as ln(2) divided by the half-life (5730 years).
Substituting the values into the equation, we can solve for t. The result is approximately 9,220 years.
Therefore, approximately 9,220 years have passed since the 14C level in the sample of organic matter has been reduced to 0.200% of its original value.
Learn more about Radioactive decay here:
https://brainly.com/question/1770619
#SPJ11
what is the value of the fermi-dirac distribution for energies greater than the fermi energy, if the temperature is t=0k ? express your answer to two significant figures.
Answers
The value of the Fermi-Dirac distribution for energies greater than the Fermi energy, if the temperature is T = 0K is 0.00 or zero.
Fermi-Dirac distribution
The Fermi-Dirac distribution is an approach to the distribution of fermions. Fermions are particles that abide by the Pauli exclusion principle. The Fermi-Dirac distribution is a quantum mechanical statistical distribution that defines the probability of any fermion being in any energy level of a collection of non-interacting fermions. It was first proposed by Italian physicist Enrico Fermi and British physicist Paul Dirac.The Fermi-Dirac distribution function is as follows:
f(E) = 1 / (e^(E-Ef)/kT + 1)
where E is energy, Ef is the Fermi energy, k is Boltzmann's constant, T is temperature, and e is the base of the natural logarithm.
The Fermi energy is the maximum energy level that a particle can occupy at zero temperature. It determines the characteristics of metals and other Fermi liquids. It is determined by the Fermi-Dirac distribution, which calculates the likelihood of particles occupying different energy levels in a material. It plays an important role in the analysis of metals, semiconductors, and other Fermi liquids.
learn more about Fermi energy here
https://brainly.com/question/19091696
#SPJ11
Suggest some changes that could be made to this experiment to obtain a more reliable or more precise value for the optimum temperature
Answers
To obtain a more reliable or precise value for the optimum temperature in an experiment, several changes can be made. Here are some suggestions: Replicate the experiment, Increase sample size, Use a narrower temperature range, Utilize more precise temperature control etc
Replicate the experiment: Conducting multiple repetitions of the experiment and calculating the average of the results can help reduce random errors and increase the reliability of the obtained value.Increase sample size: Using a larger sample size can enhance the precision of the data. This provides a more representative picture of the behavior at different temperatures, reducing the impact of outliers or random fluctuations.Use a narrower temperature range: Instead of testing a wide range of temperatures, focus on a narrower range around the expected optimum temperature. This allows for more precise measurements and a better understanding of the specific region where the optimum occurs.Utilize more precise temperature control: Ensure the temperature control apparatus or equipment used in the experiment is capable of maintaining a consistent and accurate temperature. Using advanced temperature control methods, such as precision thermostats or water baths, can minimize temperature fluctuations and improve the accuracy of measurements.Increase measurement frequency: Taking measurements at more frequent intervals during the temperature range can provide a more detailed profile of the response, allowing for a more precise determination of the optimum temperature.For more such questions on optimum temperature visit:
https://brainly.com/question/4735135
#SPJ8
(f) In the context of steel corrosion inhibition, explain the process of galvanizing.
Answers
In the context of steel corrosion inhibition, galvanizing is a process used to protect steel from corrosion by applying a layer of zinc to its surface. The process of galvanizing involves several steps.
First, the steel surface is thoroughly cleaned to remove any dirt, rust, or oxides. This step is crucial to ensure good adhesion of the zinc layer to the steel surface.
Next, the cleaned steel is immersed in a bath of molten zinc. The steel acts as the cathode, and the zinc acts as the anode in an electrolytic cell. A direct current is passed through the bath, causing a reaction called electrodeposition. The zinc ions in the molten zinc are reduced at the steel surface, forming a layer of zinc metal on the steel.
As the steel is removed from the bath, the layer of zinc coating adheres tightly to the steel surface. This zinc layer acts as a sacrificial anode, corroding preferentially to the steel. It provides a barrier between the steel and the corrosive environment, protecting the steel from direct contact with oxygen, moisture, and other corrosive agents.
The galvanized steel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance due to the protective nature of the zinc coating. Even if the coating is damaged, the remaining zinc will continue to protect the steel by sacrificially corroding.
Galvanizing is commonly used in various industries, including construction, automotive, and infrastructure, to extend the lifespan and enhance the durability of steel structures and components.
to know more about galvanizing click this link-
brainly.com/question/32505497
#SPJ11
Calculate the boiling point (at 1 atm ) of a water-solution which freezes at −1.40 C∘ . Assume that the solute is not appreciably volatile.
Answers
The boiling point (at 1 atm) of the water-solution is approximately 98.60 °C.
The boiling point of a water-solution that freezes at -1.40 °C, assuming the solute is not appreciably volatile, can be calculated using the formula for boiling point elevation:
ΔTb = Kb × molality
where ΔTb is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant for water (0.512 °C/m), and molality is the molal concentration of the solution.
Since the solute is not appreciably volatile, we can assume that the boiling point elevation is equal to the freezing point depression, which is given as -1.40 °C.
-1.40 °C = 0.512 °C/m × molality
Solving for molality:
molality = -1.40 °C / 0.512 °C/m
Now we can use the calculated molality to find the boiling point elevation:
ΔTb = 0.512 °C/m × (-1.40 °C / 0.512 °C/m)
Substituting the values:
ΔTb ≈ -1.40 °C
Finally, we add the boiling point elevation to the normal boiling point of water (100 °C) to find the boiling point of the solution:
Boiling point = 100 °C + (-1.40 °C) ≈ 98.60 °C.
Therefore, the boiling point (at 1 atm) of the water-solution is approximately 98.60 °C.
To know more about boiling point, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24168079
#SPJ11
Use results of Sec. 14.6 to develop the following (approximate) rules of thumb: (a) The solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent increases with increasing T. (b) The solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent is independent of the identity of the solvent species. (c) Of two solids with roughly the same heat of fusion, that solid with the lower melting point is the more soluble in a given liquid solvent at a given T. (d) Of two solids with similar melting points, that solid with the smaller heat of fusion is the more soluble in a given liquid solvent at a given T
Answers
Given data: The given terms are: develop, fusion, solvent.The rules of thumb are as follows:(a) The solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent increases with increasing temperature, which is also known as heat. The solubility of a solid in a solvent decreases as the temperature decreases. This rule of thumb is based on the fact that the solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent is directly proportional to the solubility product, which is an indicator of the ability of the solid to dissolve in the liquid solvent.
(b) The solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent is independent of the identity of the solvent species. This rule of thumb is based on the fact that the solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent depends only on the properties of the solid and the solvent, not on the identity of the solvent species.(c) Of two solids with roughly the same heat of fusion, that solid with the lower melting point is the more soluble in a given liquid solvent at a given temperature. This rule of thumb is based on the fact that the solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent is inversely proportional to the heat of fusion of the solid.(d) Of two solids with similar melting points, that solid with the smaller heat of fusion is the more soluble in a given liquid solvent at a given temperature. This rule of thumb is based on the fact that the solubility of a solid in a liquid solvent is directly proportional to the solubility product, which is an indicator of the ability of the solid to dissolve in the liquid solvent.
to know more about develop intake pls visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24057916
#SPJ11
Best sources that can provide or guide protein extraction? :
Greetings, I am studying chemical engineering and one of my career research options that I would like to do is about protein extraction from a cyanobacterium known as cushuro in my country. I would like to know if you could inform me about sources from which you can inform me or guide me for the extraction process, it is what I most need to know, since it is where I lack information the most due to my lack of experience
Answers
Some reliable sources that can provide valuable insights into the extraction process are Scientific Journals, Research Papers and Reviews ,Books and Textbooks, Academic Institutions and Research Centers.
Scientific Journals: Explore research articles published in reputable scientific journals related to biotechnology, bioengineering, or microbiology. Journals such as Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, and Journal of Biotechnology often publish studies on protein extraction methods from different sources.
Research Papers and Reviews: Look for specific research papers or review articles that focus on protein extraction from cyanobacteria or related organisms. These papers often provide detailed protocols, techniques, and optimization strategies specific to the target organism.
Books and Textbooks: Refer to textbooks and specialized books on bioprocess engineering, bioseparation, or biotechnology. They may contain chapters or sections dedicated to protein extraction methods, including different techniques, equipment, and case studies.
Academic Institutions and Research Centers: Explore the websites of universities or research institutions that specialize in biotechnology or bioengineering. Many institutions have research groups or departments dedicated to protein extraction or bioprocessing, which often share their findings, protocols, and expertise on their websites or through publications.
Professional Conferences and Workshops: Attend conferences or workshops related to biotechnology, chemical engineering, or bioprocessing. These events provide opportunities to learn from experts, network with researchers in the field, and gain insights into the latest advancements in protein extraction techniques.
Additionally, it is always beneficial to reach out to experts in the field, such as professors, researchers, or professionals with experience in protein extraction. They can provide valuable guidance, suggestions, and potentially collaborate on your research project.
Learn more about biotechnology visit:
brainly.com/question/19083225
#SPJ11
Q4 A medical company is planning to invest into 20000 large clinical waste bins made of short GF/ PP composite with a fibre volume fraction of 0.32. The polymer has the following properties.
Matrix strength: 7c MPa where b are the second numbers of your student number. (eg for student number 734913, Matrix strength=74 MPa)
Matrix stiffness: 2 GPa
They have two options for the fibres to use, with properties given below:
Fibre type A Fibre type B
Fibre stiffness 7a GPa 8a GPa
Fibre strength 14cd MPa 10cd MPa
Fibre length 0.6a mm 0.4a mm
Fibre diameter 15 μm 7 μm Interface bond strength 1e MPa 2e MPa
(a, b, c, d, e and fare the digits of your student number)
1. Determine to strain to failure of each of the composites, and comment on which fibre type would give a better composite.
[10 Marks]
2. At maximum stress, the fibre breaks into pieces of which are 0.225 mm long. Using the properties given for Type A and B fibres, calculate the interfacial shear strength of each of the composites. How the interfacial strength can be improved?
[5 Marks]
3. If any other type of reinforcements is to be used instead of fibres, what would you recommend? In your answer discuss the advantages and disadvantages of your selected reinforcement and suggest a manufacturing method to produce the waste bins.
Answers
A manufacturing method to produce the waste bins would be powder metallurgy. This is because it is relatively cheaper, has a low level of wastage, and is suitable for a wide range of materials.
The strain to failure of each composite and the better fibre type are to be determined.
Additionally, the interfacial shear strength for each composite is to be computed using the properties given for Type A and B fibres when the fibre breaks into 0.225 mm pieces at maximum stress.
Finally, the reinforcement type other than fibre is to be recommended, along with its benefits and drawbacks, and a production technique to produce waste bins.1.
The volume fraction of the fibre is given as 0.32.
The fibre type A and B stiffness is 7a GPa and 8a GPa, respectively.
Therefore, their actual stiffness values are obtained as:
Stiffness of fibre A = 7 × 3.4 = 23.8 GPa
Stiffness of fibre B = 8 × 3.4 = 27.2 GPa
The fibre type A and B strengths are 14cd MPa and 10cd MPa, respectively.
Their actual strength values are obtained as follows:
Strength of fibre A = 14 × 19 = 266 MPa
Strength of fibre B = 10 × 19 = 190 MPa
The volume-weighted composite stiffness and strength can be calculated as follows:
[tex]$$E_c = E_m V_m + E_f V_f$$\\$$\sigma_c = \sigma_m V_m +\sigma_f V_f$$[/tex]
Here, Vf = 0.32, Vm = 0.68, σm = 7b MPa, and Em = 2 GPa
Plug in the values to get:
E_c = 2 × 0.68 + 23.8 × 0.32 = 9.48 GPa
σ_c = 7b × 0.68 + 266 × 0.32 = 77.88 MPa
The strain to failure of each composite can be obtained using the formula:
[tex]$$\epsilon_c = \frac{\sigma_c}{E_c}$$[/tex]
Plug in the values to get:
[tex]$$\epsilon_c = \frac{77.88 \times 10^6}{9.48 \times 10^9} \\= 0.0082 \\= 0.82\%$$[/tex]
Thus, the strain to failure of the composite is 0.82%.Comparing the strain to failure for each composite with the fibre type A and B, it can be seen that fibre type A results in a better composite because it has a higher stiffness and strength.2.
The fibre is broken into 0.225 mm pieces at maximum stress.
Therefore, the lengths of the fibre and matrix are given as:
[tex]$$L_f = 0.225\,\mathrm{mm}$$\\$$L_m = L - L_f\\ = 0.6 - 0.225 \\= 0.375\,\mathrm{mm}$$[/tex]
Here, L is the fibre length. The interfacial shear strength can be calculated using the formula:
[tex]$$\tau_{if} = \frac{2 \sigma_{f,max}}{d (L - L_f)}$$[/tex]
where σf,max is the maximum stress in the fibre and d is the fibre diameter.
For fibre type A:
[tex]$$\tau_{if} = \frac{2 \times 266 \times 10^6}{15 \times 10^{-6} (0.6 - 0.225)\times 10^{-3}} = 13.29\,\mathrm{MPa}$$[/tex]
For fibre type B: [tex]$$\tau_{if} = \frac{2 \times 190 \times 10^6}{7 \times 10^{-6} (0.6 - 0.225)\times 10^{-3}} \\= 38.33\,\mathrm{MPa}$$[/tex]
To improve the interfacial strength, the following methods can be used:
Surface treatment of fibres
Improve the compatibility between the fibre and matrix by selecting a suitable matrix and fibre combination
Use of coupling agents3.
The reinforcement type other than fibre that can be used is particulate reinforcement. This is because it is simple to manufacture, provides easy to control parameters, is economical, and helps to increase the mechanical properties of the material.
The drawback of particulate reinforcement is that it can lead to lower fibre density and can cause difficulties in the fabrication of materials with complex geometries.
A manufacturing method to produce the waste bins would be powder metallurgy. This is because it is relatively cheaper, has a low level of wastage, and is suitable for a wide range of materials.
To know more about powder metallurgy, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12976376
#SPJ11
What enzyme are we looking for in the nitrate reduction test AND what Nitrogen component is in the uninoculated media?
Nitrate reductase; Nitrite
Nitrate reductase; Nitrate
Catalase; Hydrogen Peroxide
Amine reductase; Ammonia
Answers
In the nitrate reduction test, we are looking for the enzyme nitrate reductase. Nitrate reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). The test is commonly performed to determine if an organism is capable of reducing nitrate as part of its metabolic pathway.
During the test, the organism is inoculated into a medium containing nitrate as the nitrogen source. If the organism possesses nitrate reductase, it will convert nitrate to nitrite. To confirm the reduction, a reagent, such as sulfanilic acid and alpha-naphthylamine, is added. If nitrite is present, it will react with the reagent, producing a red color.
Regarding the nitrogen component in the uninoculated media, it is nitrate. The uninoculated media serves as a control to verify that the initial composition of the medium does not contain nitrite. This ensures that any nitrite detected after incubation is a result of the metabolic activity of the tested organism.
In summary, the nitrate reduction test looks for the presence of nitrate reductase enzyme in the organism, and the nitrogen component in the uninoculated media is nitrate.
to know more about Nitrate reductase click this link-
brainly.com/question/32222776
#SPJ11
quimical properties of galactose
&
quimical properties of desixorribose
Answers
Galactose is a reducing sugar with reactivity towards oxidizing agents, capable of forming various chemical reactions and existing as a cyclic form in aqueous solutions. Deoxyribose is a stable component of DNA, forming the backbone of the molecule.
Chemical properties of galactose:
Reactivity: Galactose is a reducing sugar, meaning it has a free aldehyde or ketone group that can undergo redox reactions. It reacts with oxidizing agents, such as Tollens' reagent or Benedict's solution, to form a coloured their precipitate. Galactose can also undergo various chemical reactions, such as esterification, acetylation, and glycosylation.Ring structure: In aqueous solutions, galactose predominantly exists in its cyclic form as a six-membered ring (pyranose form) or a five-membered ring (furanose form). The equilibrium between these forms affects its reactivity and interactions with other molecules.Solubility: Galactose is highly soluble in water due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. It can also dissolve in polar organic solvents like methanol and ethanol.Acid-Base Behaviour: Galactose has a hydroxyl group (-OH) that can act as a weak acid or base. It can donate a proton from the hydroxyl group or accept a proton to form a galactoside or a galactosylate ion, respectively.Polymerization: Galactose can undergo polymerization reactions to form complex carbohydrates, such as Galatians and galactosides. These polymers play essential roles in biological processes, including cell adhesion and cell signalling.Chemical properties of deoxyribose:
Stability: Deoxyribose is relatively stable due to the absence of a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon compared to ribose. This modification makes deoxyribose less reactive and more resistant to hydrolysis.Role in DNA: Deoxyribose is a key component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carries genetic information in living organisms. It forms the backbone of the DNA molecule, linking together nucleotides through phosphodiester bonds.Ring structure: Deoxyribose exists primarily in its cyclic form as a five-membered ring (furanose form) in DNA. The ring structure is essential for maintaining the stability and structure of the DNA molecule.Acid-Base behaviour: Deoxyribose can act as a weak acid or base, similar to other sugars, through protonation or deprotonation of its hydroxyl groups.Reactivity: Deoxyribose is less reactive compared to other sugars due to the absence of a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon. This characteristic contributes to the stability of DNA and helps protect genetic information from chemical degradation.To know more about aqueous solutions, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1382478
#SPJ11
Chemical Reaction
L+ M->N+O
what formula best represent the ionization constant of Ka ?
A)L M / N O
B)L O/ N M
C)N M/ L O
D)N O/ L M
Answers
The formula that best represents the ionization constant (Ka) for the given chemical reaction L + M -> N + O is N M / L O. Therefore the correct option is C) N M/ L O.
The ionization constant (Ka) represents the equilibrium constant for the ionization of an acid. In the given chemical reaction, L and M are the reactants, while N and O are the products. To represent the ionization constant (Ka), we consider the concentration of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants.
The formula (C) N M / L O best represents the ionization constant (Ka) for the given reaction. It signifies that the concentration of the product N is multiplied by the concentration of the product M and divided by the concentration of the reactant L, which is then divided by the concentration of the reactant O.
Therefore, the formula (C) N M / L O is the most suitable representation for the ionization constant (Ka) in this chemical reaction.
To know more about ionization constant click here:
https://brainly.com/question/30639622
#SPJ11
Outpatient pharmacy department basically is the busiest department ever because they have to do extemporaneous preparations. Please do calculation based on the following prescription and state the instruction on how to take the medication. Rx Syr. Captopril 12.5mg bd ×2/52 Provided: Tab. Captopril 25mg Distilled water Strength desired: Syr. Captopril 5mg/mL
Answers
The outpatient pharmacy department receives a prescription for Syr. Captopril 12.5mg bd (twice a day) for a duration of 2 weeks (52 days). They have Tab. Captopril 25mg available and need to prepare Syr. Captopril with a desired strength of 5mg/mL. This department is known for its high workload due to the need for extemporaneous preparations.
To calculate the required amount of Tab. Captopril and distilled water for preparing Syr. Captopril 5mg/mL, we need to consider the desired strength and the available tablet strength.
First, let's calculate the total quantity of Syr. Captopril needed for the entire duration of 52 days:
Total quantity of Syr. Captopril = 12.5mg * 2 times/day * 52 days = 1300mg
Since we want to achieve a concentration of 5mg/mL, we can determine the volume of Syr. Captopril required:
Volume of Syr. Captopril = Total quantity / Desired concentration
Volume of Syr. Captopril = 1300mg / 5mg/mL = 260 mL
Next, we need to calculate the number of Tab. Captopril needed to prepare the required volume of Syr. Captopril:
Number of Tab. Captopril = Total quantity / Tablet strength
Number of Tab. Captopril = 1300mg / 25mg = 52 tablets
Therefore, to prepare Syr. Captopril 5mg/mL, the outpatient pharmacy department needs to use 52 Tab. Captopril 25mg tablets and mix them with distilled water to obtain a final volume of 260 mL. The instruction for taking the medication should be labeled as "Take 5 mL of Syr. Captopril (Captopril 5mg/mL) twice a day for 52 days."
To know more about extemporaneous preparations click here:
https://brainly.com/question/29499917
#SPJ11
phenol (c6h5oh, also called carbolic acid) has a pka of 9.89. it is used to preserve body tissues and is quite toxic. calculate the percent ionized in 0.0794 m phenol--a dilute solutio
Answers
Phenol (C6H5OH) is a compound used to preserve body tissues but is toxic. In a dilute solution of phenol with a concentration of 0.0794 M, only a small fraction of the phenol molecules ionize. The percent ionized is approximately [tex]1.12 * 10^-5 %[/tex].
To calculate the percent ionized in a dilute solution of phenol (C6H5OH), we need to determine the concentration of the ionized and unionized species.
Phenol (C6H5OH) can ionize by losing a proton (H+) to form the phenolate ion (C6H5O-):
C6H5OH ⇌ C6H5O- + H+
The equilibrium constant for this ionization can be expressed as:
Kw = [C6H5O-][H+] / [C6H5OH]
where Kw is the ionization constant of water ([tex]1.0 * 10^-14[/tex] at 25°C).
Given the pKa of phenol as 9.89, we can calculate the equilibrium constant using the formula:
pKa = -log10(Ka)
Ka = [tex]10^(-pKa)[/tex]
Substituting the given pKa:
Ka =[tex]10^(-9.89)[/tex]
Now, let's assume that x represents the concentration of the ionized species [C6H5O-] and [H+], and (0.0794 - x) represents the concentration of the unionized species [C6H5OH].
Using the equilibrium constant expression:
Kw = x * x / (0.0794 - x)
Since the solution is dilute, we can assume that x is negligible compared to 0.0794. Thus, we can approximate (0.0794 - x) as 0.0794:
Kw = x * x / 0.0794
Simplifying the equation:
[tex]1.0 * 10^-14[/tex] = [tex]x^2[/tex] / 0.0794
Rearranging the equation:
[tex]x^2[/tex] = [tex]1.0 * 10^-14[/tex] * 0.0794
[tex]x^2[/tex]= [tex]7.94 * 10^-16[/tex]
Taking the square root of both sides:
x = [tex]\sqrt{(7.94 * 10^-16)}[/tex]
x ≈ [tex]8.91 *10^-8[/tex]
Now, to calculate the percent ionized, we can use the formula:
Percent Ionized = (concentration of ionized species / initial concentration of phenol) * 100
Percent Ionized = [tex](8.91 * 10^(-8)/ 0.0794) * 100[/tex]
Percent Ionized ≈ [tex]1.12 * 10^-5 %.[/tex]
Therefore, the percent ionized in a 0.0794 M phenol solution is approximately [tex]1.12 *10^-5 %.[/tex]
Learn more about ionization constant here
https://brainly.com/question/30639622
#SPJ11
Sodium hydroxide is diluted with de-ionized water in a perfectly agitated continuous flow tank. The concentration of sodium hydroxide in the tank can be assumed to be uniform at any given time. A sodium hydroxide mass balance gives: dt
d(Vc)
=V dt
dc
=q i
c i
−(q w
+q i
)c Where c and c i
are concentrations(mass/volume) and q w
and q i
are volumetric flowrates (volume/time). Answer the following questions based on this system; 1.1. What are the input and output variables? [3] 1.2. Derive the transfer function from the given ODE. [15] 1.3. Write expressions for the Time constant and the Process Gain. [7] 1.4. If the inlet sodium hydroxide concentration changes from 4.4 kg/m3 to 6.3 kg/m3 derive an expression relating the output variable to time. [10] Data: For Question 1.4, assume the tank volume V=10 m 3
,q w
=2 m 3
/min and q i
=2.8 m 3
/min.
Answers
1.1. The input variables are the inlet sodium hydroxide concentration (c_i) and the inlet volumetric flow rate (q_i). The output variable is the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the tank (c).
1.2. The transfer function can be derived from the given ODE by rearranging the equation and taking the Laplace transform. The transfer function will have the form G(s) = C(s)/R(s), where C(s) is the Laplace transform of the output variable (c) and R(s) is the Laplace transform of the input variable (c_i). The specific derivation of the transfer function will depend on the given values of q_w and q_i.
1.3. The time constant (τ) can be determined from the transfer function as the time it takes for the system to reach approximately 63.2% of its final value in response to a step change in the input. The process gain (K) represents the steady-state output change for a unit change in the input.
1.4. To derive an expression relating the output variable to time when the inlet sodium hydroxide concentration changes, we need to solve the differential equation with the given data and initial conditions. The specific expression will depend on the values of q_w, q_i, and the inlet concentration change.
1.1. The input variables are the sodium hydroxide concentration at the inlet (c_i) and the volumetric flow rate at the inlet (q_i). The output variable is the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the tank (c).
1.2. To derive the transfer function, we rearrange the given ODE: dtd(Vc) = V dtdc = q_i * c_i - (q_w + q_i) * c. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, we get sVc(s) = sVc(s) - (q_w + q_i)c(s) + q_i * c_i(s). Rearranging the equation, we find the transfer function G(s) = C(s)/R(s) = c(s)/c_i(s) = q_i/(sV + (q_w + q_i)).
1.3. The time constant (τ) can be determined by analyzing the poles of the transfer function. The time constant is equal to the reciprocal of the pole with the largest real part. The process gain (K) is the steady-state output change for a unit change in the input.
1.4. To derive an expression relating the output variable to time when the inlet sodium hydroxide concentration changes, we need to solve the differential equation with the given data and initial conditions. Substituting the values of V, q_w, q_i, and the concentration change, we can solve the ODE and obtain an expression for the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the tank as a function of time.
To know more about sodium hydroxide click here:
https://brainly.com/question/10073865
#SPJ11
what minimum kinetic energy (in ev ) must an electron have to collisionally excited this atom and cause the emission of a photon with a wavelength of 620 nm ? explain.
Answers
The minimum kinetic energy required for an electron to collisionally excite the atom and cause the emission of a photon with a wavelength of 620 nm is approximately 1.99 eV.
In a collisional excitation process, the electron must transfer enough energy to the atom to reach an excited state. This energy transfer can be achieved through kinetic energy. The minimum kinetic energy required corresponds to the energy difference between the ground state and the excited state of the atom, which is equal to the energy of the emitted photon. By equating the energy of the photon to the kinetic energy of the electron, we can determine the minimum kinetic energy needed.
To calculate the minimum kinetic energy required for an electron to collisionally excite an atom and cause the emission of a photon, we can use the equation for the energy of a photon:
E = hc/λ,
where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant (approximately 6.626 x [tex]10^{-34[/tex] J·s), c is the speed of light (approximately 3.00 x [tex]10^{8[/tex] m/s), and λ is the wavelength of the photon.
First, we need to convert the given wavelength of 620 nm to meters:
λ = 620 nm = 620 x [tex]10^{-9[/tex] m.
Substituting the values into the equation, we have:
E = (6.626 x [tex]10^{-34[/tex] J·s x 3.00 x [tex]10^{8[/tex] m/s) / (620 x [tex]10^{-9[/tex] m).
Evaluating the expression, we find:
E ≈ 3.188 x [tex]10^{-19[/tex] J.
To convert the energy from joules to electron volts (eV), we use the conversion factor 1 eV = 1.602 x 10^[tex]10^{-19[/tex] J:
E ≈ (3.188 x [tex]10^{-19[/tex] J) / (1.602 x [tex]10^{-19[/tex] J/eV) ≈ 1.99 eV.
Therefore, the minimum kinetic energy required for an electron to collisionally excite the atom and cause the emission of a photon with a wavelength of 620 nm is approximately 1.99 eV.
Learn more about photon
https://brainly.com/question/30542682
#SPJ11
A gasoline engine produces 150 kW of power and uses liquid Iso-octane (C3H18) at 298 K as a fuel. The engine uses 50% excess air to burn the fuel. The air enters at 45C and the products of combustion leave the engine at 750K. The heat loss from the engine is 205 kW. Determine the enthalpy of combustion
Answers
The enthalpy of combustion can be determined using the heat transfer equation and the energy balance equation.
To determine the enthalpy of combustion, we can use the energy balance equation, which states that the energy released by combustion must be equal to the energy absorbed by the products and the surroundings.
First, we need to calculate the energy released by combustion. The power produced by the engine is given as 150 kW, and the heat loss from the engine is given as 205 kW. Therefore, the net energy released by combustion is 150 kW - 205 kW = -55 kW (negative sign indicates energy release).
Next, we need to calculate the energy absorbed by the products and the surroundings. This can be done by considering the enthalpy change of the reactants and products.
The air enters at 45°C and leaves at 750 K, resulting in an increase in temperature of 750 K - 45°C = 705 K.
The liquid Iso-octane fuel is burned with 50% excess air, which means that the amount of air used is 1.5 times the stoichiometric requirement.
Finally, we can calculate the enthalpy of combustion as the sum of the net energy released by combustion and the energy absorbed by the products and surroundings.
In summary, to determine the enthalpy of combustion, we need to calculate the energy released by combustion and the energy absorbed by the products and surroundings.
learn more about heat transfer
https://brainly.com/question/16055406
#SPJ11
Convert the structure below into a skeletal structure.
CH3CH(Br)CH2CHCHCH2CH(OH)CH2C(CH3)3
Answers
The skeletal structure for the given compound, CH3CH(Br)CH2CHCHCH2CH(OH)CH2C(CH3)3, can be represented as:
CH3-CH-(Br)-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-C(CH3)3
The given compound, CH3CH(Br)CH2CHCHCH2CH(OH)CH2C(CH3)3, can be represented as a skeletal structure to show the carbon backbone of the molecule. In the skeletal structure, the carbon atoms are represented as line segments, and the hydrogen atoms attached to them are not explicitly shown. The bromine atom is attached to the second carbon atom in the chain, denoted as (Br). The hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to the sixth carbon atom. The tert-butyl group (C(CH3)3) is attached to the last carbon atom in the chain. This skeletal representation simplifies the structure, highlighting the connectivity of the carbon atoms and the functional groups present in the molecule.
To Know more about compound , visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14117795
#SPJ11
formic acid is completely soluble in water. draw the structural formula of the molecule as it is in the water.
Answers
Formic acid, also known as methanoic acid, is a colorless liquid that is highly soluble in water. Formic acid is mainly used in the leather, textiles, and rubber industries.
It is also used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed and silage. It has a pungent, irritating odor and can cause skin and respiratory irritation when exposed to it. Here's the structural formula of formic acid in water:Formic acid has a chemical formula of HCOOH. It has a carboxyl group (COOH) and a hydroxyl group (OH).
The molecule's carbon atom is linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom. Because it has both a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group, formic acid is a weak acid. In water, the molecule exists in the form of hydrated hydrogen ions (H+) and formate ions (HCOO-), and it is highly soluble because it can hydrogen bond with water molecules. This is why formic acid is highly soluble in water.
learn more about Formic acid
https://brainly.com/question/10738052
#SPJ11
which of the following compounds is the most nucleophilic? question 2 options: a) ch3co2h b) ch3oh c) bf3 d) h2o e) ch3o-
Answers
Among the given options, the compound CH3O (methoxy group) is the most nucleophilic. Nucleophilicity refers to the ability of a species to donate an electron pair and participate in a nucleophilic reaction.
Nucleophilicity is influenced by several factors, including the presence of electron-donating groups, electronegativity, steric hindrance, and the availability of lone pairs of electrons. In this case, we can analyze the given compounds to determine their relative nucleophilicities.
Among the options, CH3O (methoxy group) is the most nucleophilic. The methoxy group is an electron-donating group due to the presence of an electronegative oxygen atom, which increases its nucleophilic character. Additionally, the methoxy group has a lone pair of electrons available for donation, further enhancing its nucleophilicity.
Learn more about Nucleophilicity here:
https://brainly.com/question/31425447
#SPJ11
which of the following products is a leading import of the united states? grains aircraft automobiles generating equipment
Answers
Leading import of the united states from Automobiles, Grains, Aircraft, Petroleum and Generating Equipment is Petroleum. The United States heavily relies on imported petroleum and petroleum products.
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a vital resource that plays a crucial role in various industries and sectors of the economy. The United States heavily relies on petroleum imports to meet its energy demands and support its economy. Petroleum is used as a fuel source for transportation, electricity generation, and industrial processes.
It is also a key component in the production of various products such as plastics, chemicals, and lubricants. Due to the limited domestic production and high demand for petroleum, the United States imports a significant amount of crude oil and refined petroleum products.
The United States ranks among the largest importers of petroleum in the world, importing millions of barrels of oil each day. These imports come from various countries, including Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and Venezuela.
The import of petroleum has a significant impact on the United States' trade balance and energy security. The country carefully monitors global oil markets and engages in strategic alliances and agreements to ensure a stable and reliable supply of petroleum. Overall, petroleum is a leading import for the United States, playing a critical role in supporting its energy needs and economic activities.
Learn more about Petroleum here:
brainly.com/question/4147953
#SPJ11
______________ is the study of the heat and energy absorbed or released during chemical and physical changes. Mechanical energy is energy that is due to an objects motion, position or both. _________________ energy is energy of motion, mathematically related to its ____________, m, and its __________________ ,v, as shown in the following equation KE = 1/2mv2.
Answers
The given question is referring to Thermodynamics.Thermodynamics is the study of the heat and energy absorbed or released during chemical and physical changes.
Mechanical energy is energy that is due to an object's motion, position, or both. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, mathematically related to its mass, m, and its velocity, v, as shown in the following equation KE = 1/2mv2.Hence, the answer is Thermodynamics.
to know more about Thermodynamics intake pls visit:
https://brainly.com/question/3061467
#SPJ11
The solubility of CH 2CHCl in water at 490.2 torr is 3.668 g/L. What is Henry's Law constant (M/atm) for CH 2CHCl in water?
Answers
To determine Henry's Law constant for CH2CHCl in water, we can use the solubility data provided.
First, let's convert the given pressure from torr to atm:
490.2 torr = 490.2 / 760 atm ≈ 0.644 atm
Now, we can use the formula for Henry's Law to calculate the constant:
C = (P / S)
Where:
C is the Henry's Law constant in M/atm,
P is the pressure in atm, and
S is the solubility in Molarity (mol/L).
Given:
Pressure (P) = 0.644 atm
Solubility (S) = 3.668 g/L = 3.668 g / 62.4986 g/mol (molar mass of CH2CHCl) = 0.0587 mol/L
Plugging the values into the formula:
C = (0.644 atm) / (0.0587 mol/L) ≈ 10.97 M/atm
Therefore, the Henry's Law constant for CH2CHCl in water is approximately 10.97 M/atm.
To know more about Henry's Law click this link -
brainly.com/question/30636760
#SPJ11
What is the predicted molecular geometry of the H2O molecule according to the VSEPR model? a. tetrahedral b. square planar c. bent d. trigonal pyramidal e. seesaw
Answers
The predicted molecular geometry of the H₂O molecule, based on the VSEPR model, is option c. bent due to the repulsion between the lone pairs of electrons on the central oxygen atom.
According to the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) model, the predicted molecular geometry of the H₂O molecule is option c, bent. The VSEPR model suggests that the electron pairs around the central atom in a molecule will arrange themselves in a way that minimizes repulsion.
In the case of H₂O, oxygen (O) is the central atom with two lone pairs of electrons and two bonded hydrogen (H) atoms. The lone pairs of electrons exert a stronger repulsion compared to the bonded electron pairs, causing the molecule to adopt a bent shape. The two hydrogen atoms are located at an angle of approximately 104.5 degrees from each other, resulting in a bent molecular geometry.
Learn more about H₂O molecule from the given link
https://brainly.com/question/2960517
#SPJ11
Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. The formal charge is the "charge" an element would have in a molecule or ion if all of the bonding electrons were shared equally between atoms. [: 0¨ − N¨ = 0¨ :] −Based on the Lewis structure given, the formal charge on the nitrogen atom is
Answers
Based on the Lewis structure given, which is "0¨ − N¨ = 0¨," we can determine the formal charge on the nitrogen atom.
The formal charge is calculated by comparing the number of valence electrons an atom has in its neutral state to the number of electrons it has in the Lewis structure. The formula for calculating formal charge is:
Formal Charge = Valence Electrons - Lone Pair Electrons - 1/2 * Bonding Electrons
In the Lewis structure "0¨ − N¨ = 0¨," we see that the nitrogen atom (N) has three bonds (represented by the lines) and one lone pair of electrons (represented by the dots). To determine the formal charge on nitrogen, we need to know the number of valence electrons for nitrogen.
Nitrogen is in Group 15 of the periodic table, so it has five valence electrons.
Using the formula for formal charge, we can calculate the formal charge on nitrogen as follows:
Formal Charge = 5 - 2 - 1/2 * 6
= 5 - 2 - 3
= 0
Therefore, the formal charge on the nitrogen atom in the given Lewis structure is 0.
To know more about periodic table please click :-
brainly.com/question/28747247
#SPJ11
Instrumentation is a multipurpose subject that
embraces physics, thermodynamics, fluid,
chemistry. List three (3) benefits in the study of
instrumentation in a pharmaceutical Laboratory.
Answers
The study of instrumentation in a pharmaceutical laboratory offers several benefits, combining principles from physics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and chemistry. Here are three key advantages of understanding instrumentation in this context:
Accurate and Reliable Measurements: Instrumentation provides precise and reliable measurement techniques for critical parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rates, pH levels, and concentration of pharmaceutical compounds.
Accurate measurements are essential in pharmaceutical laboratories to ensure the quality, efficacy, and safety of drugs. By understanding instrumentation principles, pharmaceutical scientists can select, calibrate, and operate the appropriate instruments, ensuring accurate data collection and analysis.
Process Optimization and Control: Instrumentation knowledge enables pharmaceutical researchers to optimize and control manufacturing processes. By monitoring and controlling variables like temperature, pressure, and flow rates, scientists can ensure consistent product quality and maximize process efficiency. This understanding allows for the identification and correction of deviations, leading to improved process stability and reduced production costs.
Regulatory Compliance and Quality Assurance: Instrumentation plays a vital role in pharmaceutical regulatory compliance and quality assurance. Pharmaceutical laboratories must adhere to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure the safety and effectiveness of their products. Instrumentation knowledge helps in designing and implementing robust analytical methods, validating equipment, and conducting reliable quality control tests. By applying instrumentation principles, pharmaceutical professionals can comply with regulatory requirements and ensure the integrity and reliability of their analytical data.
In conclusion, the study of instrumentation in a pharmaceutical laboratory offers benefits such as accurate measurements, process optimization, and regulatory compliance. This knowledge enhances the overall quality, efficiency, and safety of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, contributing to the development of reliable and effective drugs for patient care.
to know more about thermodynamics click this link-
brainly.com/question/1368306
#SPJ11
Ethylene Oxide And Water Are Reacted To Produce Ethylene Glycol. The Entering Concentrations Of Ethylene Oxide And Water Are 1lb−Mol/Ft3 And 3.47lb−Mol/Ft3, Respectively. C2H4O(Aq)+H2O(L)→OHCH2CH2OH(Aq) (I) Construct A Stoichiometric Table For This Reaction. Express The Concentration Of Each Species In The Reaction As A Function Of Conversion, X, With All
relevant comstants
Answers
To construct a stoichiometric table for the reaction between ethylene oxide (C2H4O) and water (H2O) to produce ethylene glycol (OHCH2CH2OH), we start by writing the balanced chemical equation:
C2H4O(aq) + H2O(l) -> OHCH2CH2OH(aq)
From the balanced equation, we can determine the stoichiometric coefficients for each species involved in the reaction.
Species Stoichiometric Coefficient
----------------------------------------------
C2H4O(aq) -1
H2O(l) -1
OHCH2CH2OH(aq) +1
Next, we express the concentration of each species as a function of conversion, X. The conversion represents the extent to which the reactants have been converted into products. Let's denote the initial concentration of ethylene oxide as C0(C2H4O) and the initial concentration of water as C0(H2O).
The concentrations of ethylene oxide, water, and ethylene glycol at any point in the reaction can be given as:
C(C2H4O) = C0(C2H4O) - X
C(H2O) = C0(H2O) - X
C(OHCH2CH2OH) = X
Where C denotes the concentration.
To know more about ethylene glycol click here:
https://brainly.com/question/30530800
#SPJ11
(a) Copper is more conductive than Titanium because: A Copper has more slip systems B Copper has an FCC structure C Copper is more noble D Copper has more delocalised outer electrons (b) In stainless steel, corrosion protection is achieved by: A Organic coating B Galvanising C Alloying D Cathodic protection (c) Polystyrene is a common type of thermoplastic polymer meaning that; A It behaves like a thermoset polymer B It can melt reversibly C It has long cross-linked carbon chains D It cannot be recycled (d) Down a group in the periodic table of elements: A The reducing strength increases B The reducing strength decreases C The reducing strength remains unchanged D None of the above
Answers
(a) Copper is more conductive than Titanium because it has more delocalized outer electrons. Copper has a partially filled 3d orbital, allowing its outer electrons to move more freely throughout the metal lattice.
This delocalization of electrons enables efficient conduction of electricity. In contrast, Titanium has a fully filled 3d orbital, which restricts the movement of electrons and reduces its conductivity.
(b) In stainless steel, corrosion protection is achieved by alloying. Stainless steel is primarily composed of iron, but it also contains a significant amount of chromium (at least 10.5%). The chromium forms a thin, passive oxide layer on the surface of the steel, known as chromium oxide (Cr2O3).
This oxide layer acts as a protective barrier, preventing further corrosion by isolating the underlying metal from the surrounding environment. The alloying of chromium ensures that this protective layer is continuously maintained, even if the surface is scratched or damaged.
(c) Polystyrene is a common type of thermoplastic polymer, which means it can melt reversibly. Thermoplastics are polymers that can be heated and molded into various shapes, and when cooled, they solidify again without undergoing any significant chemical change. Polystyrene can be melted and re-melted multiple times without undergoing degradation or losing its properties. This characteristic makes it suitable for processes like injection molding, where the plastic is heated, molded into the desired shape, and then cooled to solidify.
(d) Down a group in the periodic table of elements, the reducing strength decreases. Reducing strength refers to the ability of an element to donate electrons and undergo oxidation in a chemical reaction. As you move down a group, the atomic radius increases, and additional electron shells are added. The increased atomic size results in weaker nuclear attraction on the outer electrons, making it harder for the element to donate electrons and act as a reducing agent. Therefore, the reducing strength decreases down a group in the periodic table.
to know more about Copper click this link-
brainly.com/question/29137939
#SPJ11
Water (1) and ethanol (2) would form an azeotrope at T^x==78∘C and P^az =105kPa with liquid azeotrope at composition, x1^ax=0.735. The activity coefficient, for the above system can be estimated based on the following equations: lnγ1=A+2((B−A)x1)lnγ2=B+2((A−B)x2) i. Determine the bubble point pressure and vapour composition for the above gas mixture at T=70∘C. The liquid composition for the corresponding temperature is xl=0.2. Assume ideal gas condition is valid. [10 marks] ii. If the above mixture is replaced with water and magnesium sulphate solution, justify whether the activity coefficient equation used in part (b)(i) is appropriate.
Answers
To determine the bubble point pressure and vapor composition of the gas mixture, we use Raoult's law states that the partial pressure of a component in the vapor phase is equal to the product of its mole fraction in the liquid phase and the vapor pressure of the pure component at that temperature.
For component 1 (water):
P1 = x1 * P1^sat
For component 2 (ethanol):
P2 = x2 * P2^sat
T = 70°C
xl = 0.2 (liquid composition)
x1^az = 0.735 (azeotrope composition)
To calculate the bubble point pressure, we need to find the vapor composition at T = 70°C. Using Raoult's law, we have:
P1 = x1 * P1^sat
P2 = x2 * P2^sat
Since the system is at its bubble point, the total pressure is equal to the bubble point pressure (P^b):
P^b = P1 + P2
Using the given azeotrope composition, we can determine x2^az:
x2^az = 1 - x1^az
Now, we can calculate the bubble point pressure (P^b) and vapor composition (x1^vap, x2^vap) using the above equations and the ideal gas condition:
P1 = x1 * P1^sat
P2 = x2 * P2^sat
P^b = P1 + P2
x1^vap = P1 / P^b
x2^vap = P2 / P^b
Note: P1^sat and P2^sat are the vapor pressures of water and ethanol at the given temperature.
By substituting the given values and calculating P^b, x1^vap, and x2^vap using the above equations, you can determine the bubble point pressure and vapor composition for the gas mixture at T = 70°C.
To know more about azeotrope , click here:-
https://brainly.com/question/20373141
#SPJ11
At a pH of 7.2, which is typical of your blood in your extremities, what form will your blood buffering system exist in (weak acid or dissociated) based on the information provided below.
Buffering system: Carbonic acid (HA) <--> H+ + Bicarbonate (A-)
Carbonic acid pKa = 6.35
Group of answer choices:
A) dissociated (bicarbonate + H+)
B) weak acid (intact)
Answers
At a pH of 7.2, which is typical of your blood in your extremities, the blood buffering system will exist in the dissociated form (bicarbonate + H+) based on the information provided below.
The buffering system equation for carbonic acid is given as follows:
Carbonic acid (HA) <--> H+ + Bicarbonate (A-)
The pKa value of carbonic acid is 6.35.
A pH of 7.2 is above the pKa value of carbonic acid, thus, the carbonic acid in blood will dissociate into bicarbonate ion (A-) and hydrogen ion (H+). Hence, the blood buffering system will exist in the dissociated form (bicarbonate + H+) at a pH of 7.2 in blood in your extremities.
At a pH of 7.2, the blood buffering system will exist in the dissociated form (bicarbonate + H+) based on the information provided below.
Buffering systems are chemical systems that are used to maintain a constant pH in solutions. Blood is one of the most important buffering systems in the body, which helps to maintain a pH of 7.4. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most important buffer system in blood.
In the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, carbonic acid (HA) reacts with water to form bicarbonate ion (A-) and hydrogen ion (H+). The equilibrium constant for this reaction is expressed as:
HA + H2O <--> H3O+ + A-
The dissociation constant (pKa) for carbonic acid is 6.35. Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid because it donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to the solution. When a base (such as bicarbonate ion) is added to the solution, the acid will dissociate to form more hydrogen ions, which will react with the added base to form the original acid and base.
In blood at a pH of 7.2, the hydrogen ion concentration is greater than the bicarbonate ion concentration. Therefore, carbonic acid will dissociate into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion to neutralize the excess hydrogen ions. Thus, the blood buffering system will exist in the dissociated form (bicarbonate + H+) at a pH of 7.2 in blood in your extremities.
Learn more about the bicarbonate ion concentration: https://brainly.com/question/31655252
#SPJ11
Consider the intermediate equations:
3 equations. 1: upper C solid plus upper o subscript 2 gas right arrow upper C upper O subscript 2 gas Delta H 1 equals negative 393.5 kilojoules. 2: 2 upper C upper O gas plus upper O subscript 2 gas right arrow 2 upper C upper O subscript 2 gas Delta H 2 equals negative 566.0 kilojoules. 3: 2 upper H subscript 2 upper o gas right arrow 2 upper H subscript 2 gas plus upper O subscript 2 gas delta H 3 equals 483.6 kilojoules.
With the overall reaction:
Upper C (s) plus upper H subscript 2 upper O (g) right arrow upper C upper O (g) plus upper H subscript 2 (g).
What must be done to calculate the enthalpy of the reaction? Check all that apply.
The first equation must be halved.
The first equation must be reversed.
The second equation must be halved.
The second equation must be reversed.
The third equation must be halved.
The third equation must be reversed.
What is the overall enthalpy of the reaction?
Delta.Hrxn =
Answers
The overall enthalpy of the reaction is -131.3 kJ.
To calculate the overall enthalpy of the reaction, you need to manipulate the given equations and combine them in a way that cancels out the common substances. Let's analyze each equation:
1: C (s) + O₂ (g) -> CO₂ (g) ΔH₁ = -393.5 kJ
2: 2CO (g) + O₂ (g) -> 2CO₂ (g) ΔH₂ = -566.0 kJ
3: 2H₂O (g) -> 2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) ΔH₃ = 483.6 kJ
To obtain the overall reaction: C (s) + H₂O (g) -> CO (g) + H₂(g), we can manipulate the equations as follows:
1: Reverse equation 1 to obtain: CO₂ (g) -> C (s) + O₂ (g) ΔH₁' = +393.5 kJ
2: Halve equation 2 to obtain: CO (g) + 1/2 O₂ (g) -> CO₂ (g) ΔH₂' = -283.0 kJ
3: Reverse and halve equation 3 to obtain: H₂ (g) + 1/2 O₂ (g) -> H₂O (g) ΔH₃' = -241.8 kJ
Now, we can sum up the manipulated equations to obtain the overall reaction:
CO₂ (g) + CO (g) + H₂ (g) + 1/2 O₂ (g) -> C (s) + 2CO₂ (g) + H₂O (g) + 1/2 O₂ (g)
To calculate the overall enthalpy change (ΔHrxn), we sum up the enthalpy changes of the manipulated equations:
ΔHrxn = ΔH₁' + ΔH₂' + ΔH₃'
= 393.5 kJ + (-283.0 kJ) + (-241.8 kJ)
= -131.3 kJ
Therefore, the overall enthalpy of the reaction is -131.3 kJ.
for more questions on enthalpy
https://brainly.com/question/14047927
#SPJ8
