Having sidelined all his opposition within the Bolshevik party, Stalin solidified his control in 1929 by removing _________ from the ruling Politburo.

Application to different systems of government:

Dictatorship: In a dictatorship, one person holds all the power. This means that a single individual has complete control and authority over the government and its decisions.

Monarchy: In a monarchy, power is vested in a family, usually through hereditary succession. The ruling power is passed down within a specific family, and the monarch holds significant authority over the government.

Republic: In a republic, representatives hold power on behalf of the population at large. The citizens elect individuals to represent their interests and make decisions on their behalf.

Democracy: In a democracy, the power lies with the citizens. The people participate in the decision-making process, either directly or through elected representatives, and have a significant say in the governance of the country.

These quotes demonstrate the different power structures and the distribution of authority in each system of government.

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The group that best fits the diagram is Viet Cong. The Option D.

Viet Cong was a communist guerrilla force that fought against the South Vietnamese government and its ally, United States during the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong was supported by North Vietnam and operated in South Vietnam.

Their goal was to overthrow the South Vietnamese government and reunify the country under communist rule. The Viet Cong employed guerilla tactics and relied on the support of the local population to wage their insurgency.

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True. Bipedalism is indeed an example of a derived trait in modern humans compared to our ancestors from approximately 10 million years ago.

The transition from quadrupedalism to bipedalism is considered a significant evolutionary milestone in human history. Bipedalism brought several advantages, including the ability to cover longer distances efficiently, freeing up the hands for tool use and manipulation, and enabling a better vantage point for surveillance and hunting.

Evidence of bipedalism in our ancestors can be observed in the fossil record through the structure of the pelvis, lower limb bones, and footprints preserved in ancient sedimentary layers. Over millions of years, the skeletal structure of our ancestors gradually evolved to support bipedal locomotion, leading to the upright posture characteristic of modern humans.

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Most europeans went to war in 1914 with considerable concern, fear, and trepidation. The statement is true.

In 1914, when World War I broke out, most Europeans indeed experienced considerable concern, fear, and trepidation regarding the war. The outbreak of the war was unexpected and caught many by surprise, leading to widespread apprehension among the general population.

During this period, there was an atmosphere of uncertainty and anxiety as people grappled with the potential consequences and horrors of a large-scale conflict. The war was perceived as a significant threat to stability, security, and the well-being of individuals and nations.

The fear and concern were justified, as World War I turned out to be a protracted and devastating conflict, resulting in immense loss of life, destruction, and long-lasting societal impacts. The war brought about new forms of warfare, including trench warfare and the use of advanced weaponry, which heightened the sense of dread and apprehension among the population.

Overall, the outbreak of World War I in 1914 generated widespread concern, fear, and trepidation among Europeans, reflecting the gravity and potential consequences of the conflict.

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Disagreements over western lands among the states delayed the ratification of the Articles of Confederation.

The issue of how to handle and distribute the vast western territories sparked conflicting interests and debates among the states, resulting in a delay in the ratification process. During the drafting and ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the issue of western lands emerged as a major point of contention among the states. The western territories, acquired through the Treaty of Paris in 1783, presented opportunities for expansion, settlement, and economic growth. However, disagreements arose regarding how these lands should be managed and distributed.

Some states, like Virginia, claimed extensive western territories based on their original colonial charters. They argued for maintaining control over these lands and potentially using them to pay off war debts. On the other hand, states with smaller claims or no western lands felt that the territories should be collectively owned and governed by the central government, to ensure fairness and equality among the states.

The disagreements over western lands created a deadlock in the ratification process of the Articles of Confederation. States with conflicting interests were reluctant to ratify the document until a compromise could be reached. The issue was eventually resolved through the passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, which established a process for admitting new states and provided guidelines for the orderly settlement and governance of the western territories.

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In his famous speech, Martin Luther King Jr. employs the rhetorical appeal of repetition when he repeats the phrase "I have a dream."

This rhetorical device is known as anaphora, which involves the deliberate repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. By using this powerful technique, King emphasizes and reinforces his central message, drawing the audience's attention and creating a strong emotional impact.

The repetition of "I have a dream" serves several purposes. Firstly, it creates a memorable and rhythmic pattern that captures the listener's attention and engages them on a deeper level. It helps to convey King's vision and hope for a better future, emphasizing the theme of equality and justice. The repetition also adds emphasis and reinforces the importance of his dream, highlighting the urgency and significance of the civil rights movement. By repeating the phrase, King instills a sense of unity and collective purpose in the audience, inspiring them to share in his vision and work towards a more equitable society.

Moreover, the repetition of "I have a dream" creates a sense of anticipation and builds momentum throughout the speech. Each repetition builds upon the previous one, adding intensity and energy to King's words. It amplifies the emotional impact on the audience, evoking feelings of hope, inspiration, and a shared sense of purpose. The repetitive structure of the speech helps to reinforce key ideas, making them more memorable and encouraging the audience to reflect on the transformative power of King's dream.

Overall, the use of repetition in the form of anaphora serves to enhance the persuasive impact of King's speech, engaging the audience, emphasizing key themes, and inspiring them to take action in the pursuit of equality and justice.

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Gorbachev's main political rival, Yeltsin (last name only) who was successfully defied the hard-line communist coup of August 1991 and helped to dismantle the Soviet Union that fall.

Yeltsin was a charismatic politician who served as the first president of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. He was a fierce opponent of the communist regime and played a crucial role in the democratic reforms that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union.

During the August Coup, Yeltsin rallied the people of Moscow to resist the coup and played a key role in its failure. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin continued to advocate for democratic reforms in Russia, but his tenure was also marked by economic instability and corruption. Despite his flaws, Yeltsin's contribution to the end of the Soviet era cannot be overstated.

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Approximately 82.3% of the 1.6 million drug-related arrests in 2011 were for drug possession. This indicates that the majority of the arrests were made for individuals who were found to be in possession of illegal drugs rather than for other drug-related offenses.

Drug possession refers to the act of having illegal substances, such as narcotics or controlled substances, in one's possession for personal use or distribution. In 2011, out of the total 1.6 million drug-related arrests, around 1.3 million were specifically for drug possession. This statistic highlights the significant focus on targeting individuals who were caught with drugs rather than those involved in drug trafficking, manufacturing, or other drug-related crimes. It also suggests that law enforcement agencies were primarily prioritizing apprehending individuals for personal drug use or possession during that period.

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The decree that officially divorced England from the Roman Catholic Church was the Act of Supremacy passed in 1534 by the English Parliament.

The Act of Supremacy, enacted in 1534 during the reign of King Henry VIII, was the decree that officially severed England from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. This significant legislation established the English monarch, specifically the reigning king or queen, as the supreme head of the Church of England. The Act of Supremacy marked a pivotal moment in the history of England and had far-reaching consequences for the religious landscape of the country.

The Act of Supremacy was a direct response to King Henry VIII's desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, as the Catholic Church refused to grant him the divorce he sought. In order to dissolve his marriage and assert his authority, Henry VIII pursued a break from Rome and established the Church of England, with himself as the head. The Act of Supremacy not only declared the king's supremacy over the church but also required clergy and government officials to take an oath acknowledging the king's authority and renouncing the papal jurisdiction.

By passing the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII effectively severed England's ties with the Roman Catholic Church and initiated the English Reformation. This marked the beginning of a new era in which the Church of England became the dominant religious institution in England, with the monarch as its ultimate authority.

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Answer:

Explanation: The head is the symbolic center of a person's wisdom and ability to communicate with spiritual forces. :D

Proslavery congressmen employed various tactics to keep antislavery petitions out of the public record during the pre-Civil War era. These tactics included the use of parliamentary rules, committee gatekeeping, and censorship.

Proslavery congressmen utilized parliamentary rules to prevent antislavery petitions from being officially acknowledged and entered into the public record. They argued that these petitions violated the right of slaveholding states to govern their own affairs and that discussing them would be an infringement on their constitutional rights. By framing the issue as a matter of states' rights, they were able to successfully convince their colleagues to reject or table antislavery petitions, effectively preventing them from being recorded.

In addition to leveraging parliamentary rules, proslavery congressmen exercised control over the committee system to impede the consideration of antislavery petitions. They strategically assigned these petitions to committees that were dominated by proslavery members, ensuring that they would be buried or dismissed without receiving serious attention. By manipulating the committee assignments, proslavery congressmen effectively controlled the fate of antislavery petitions, preventing them from reaching the floor for public debate and scrutiny.

Furthermore, proslavery congressmen resorted to outright censorship to suppress antislavery sentiments. They sought to avoid any public discussion or debate on the issue, as they feared it would galvanize the growing antislavery movement and erode their own influence. In some cases, they even went as far as destroying or "losing" antislavery petitions to ensure they never made it into the official records. By stifling dissent and limiting public awareness of antislavery sentiment, proslavery congressmen aimed to maintain the status quo and protect their vested interests in the institution of slavery.

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Researchers wishing to study categorical variables would use the ( d) quantitative research design. Categorical variables are those that can be divided into distinct groups or categories, such as gender, race, and education level.

The quantitative research design involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, which is used to draw statistical inferences about the population being studied. This type of research is often used to determine the relationship between variables, and to test hypotheses about the population.

Some common methods used in quantitative research include surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis of existing data. While qualitative research may also be used to study categorical variables, it typically involves a more subjective approach and does not rely on numerical data. Phenomenological and narrative research designs are typically used to explore subjective experiences and personal perspectives, and are not well-suited for studying categorical variables.

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The round central opening of the Pantheon's dome is known as the oculus. It serves as the primary source of light and ventilation for the interior of the Pantheon. The oculus is a remarkable architectural feature, measuring about 8 meters (26 feet) in diameter. It is located at the apex of the dome, allowing sunlight to stream into the building and creating a captivating visual effect. The oculus is open to the elements, which means that rain and other natural elements can enter the Pantheon. However, the floor of the Pantheon has a slight incline, allowing any water that enters through the oculus to drain away efficiently.

The term "oculus" originates from Latin and means "eye." The name perfectly describes the function and appearance of this circular opening at the top of the Pantheon's dome.

The oculus is an integral part of the Pantheon's design, as it provides not only light but also a sense of grandeur and connection to the heavens. The opening allows visitors to gaze up at the sky and observe the ever-changing natural light throughout the day.

The oculus is a testament to the ingenuity and architectural prowess of the ancient Romans, who created a structure that combines functionality, beauty, and a spiritual connection to the celestial realm.

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Whites-only primary elections further weakened the voting power of African Americans for several reasons:

Exclusion from the political process: Whites-only primary elections explicitly barred African Americans from participating in the primary stage of the electoral process.

This exclusion denied them the opportunity to choose candidates who aligned with their interests and effectively silenced their voices in the political arena.

Limited candidate choices: By restricting primary elections to white voters only, African Americans were effectively denied the chance to nominate candidates who represented their concerns and issues. This limited their ability to influence the selection of candidates who would address their specific needs and priorities.

Disproportionate impact: Given the historical context of racial discrimination and segregation, African Americans faced significant barriers to voter registration and participation in general elections.

Whites-only primary elections compounded these barriers by narrowing the pool of candidates to those favored by white voters, further marginalizing African American voices and perspectives in the political landscape.

Reinforcing systemic racism: Whites-only primary elections were a manifestation of systemic racism and discriminatory practices. They were designed to perpetuate white dominance and uphold racial hierarchies, effectively denying African Americans equal political participation and representation.

By reinforcing and legitimizing these racist structures, these elections deepened the existing power imbalances and further marginalized African American communities.

Suppression of African American political power: The exclusion of African Americans from the primary process served as a deliberate tactic to suppress their political power and influence.

By denying them the ability to participate in choosing candidates, whites-only primaries ensured that African American voters had a limited impact on the final outcome of elections. This weakened their ability to shape policies, elect officials who would address their needs, and advocate for their rights.

Overall, whites-only primary elections were a discriminatory practice that systematically marginalized African Americans and undermined their voting power. By excluding them from the early stages of the electoral process, these elections reinforced racial inequalities and denied African Americans the fundamental right to participate fully in shaping their democracy.

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The distribution and availability of documentaries increased in the 1980s due to several factors, including advancements in technology, the rise of cable and satellite television, and the growing demand for non-fiction content.

The 1980s marked a period of significant technological advancements that played a crucial role in the increased distribution and availability of documentaries. The introduction of portable video cameras and lightweight recording equipment made documentary production more accessible and cost-effective. Filmmakers were no longer restricted by bulky and expensive equipment, enabling them to capture real-life stories and events more easily.

Additionally, the rise of cable and satellite television in the 1980s provided new platforms for broadcasting and distributing documentaries. Cable networks such as CNN, HBO, and Discovery Channel emerged as dedicated outlets for non-fiction programming, creating a demand for documentaries among viewers. This led to a greater variety of documentary content being produced and broadcasted.

Furthermore, the 1980s witnessed a growing interest in non-fiction storytelling and a shift in audience preferences towards more informative and educational content. Audiences sought alternatives to traditional fictional narratives and turned to documentaries for thought-provoking and socially relevant stories. This increasing demand for non-fiction content fueled the production and distribution of documentaries, as filmmakers recognized the potential for reaching a wider audience.

Overall, the combination of technological advancements, the expansion of cable and satellite television, and the rising demand for non-fiction content contributed to the distribution and availability of documentaries in the 1980s. These factors created a favorable environment for the growth of the genre, leading to its increased popularity and wider reach among viewers.

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Answer:

In December 2010

Explanation:

In December 2010, the House and Senate passed and President Barack Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and under its provisions, restrictions on service by gay, lesbian, and bisexual personnel ended as of September 20, 2011.

GESD

The Tetrarchy was a political system established by the Roman Emperor Diocletian in the late third century CE. It involved the division of the Roman Empire into two halves and the creation of a four-person ruling structure.

The Tetrarchy was implemented by Diocletian in an effort to address the challenges faced by the vast and increasingly difficult to govern Roman Empire. He divided the empire into two parts: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Diocletian appointed himself as the senior Augustus (emperor) in the Eastern half, while Maximian became the senior Augustus in the Western half. To ensure smooth succession, each Augustus appointed a junior Caesar as their successor. The Tetrarchy aimed to improve administration, defense, and stability by sharing power and establishing a clear line of succession.

The Tetrarchy system marked a significant shift in the governance of the Roman Empire. It aimed to address the issues of instability and succession by providing a clear and regulated process for transferring power. The division into two halves allowed for more localized administration and defense, as the emperors could focus on their respective regions. The Tetrarchy also introduced a hierarchical structure with a clear line of succession, ensuring a smoother transition of power. While the Tetrarchy did bring some stability to the empire for a time, it eventually gave way to further conflicts and power struggles, leading to the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE

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The era during which instrumental music first became widely composed and disseminated is the Baroque era (c. 1600–1750). Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

During this period, instrumental music began to take on a prominent role and gained recognition as a distinct art form separate from vocal music. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, and George Frideric Handel contributed significantly to the development and popularization of instrumental music.

They composed a wide range of instrumental works, including concertos, sonatas, suites, and orchestral music. In the Baroque era, instrumental music flourished through advancements in instrument construction and the establishment of standardized musical forms.

Composers explored virtuosic techniques and introduced new musical structures, such as the concerto grosso and the fugue. The dissemination of instrumental music was facilitated by the printing press, which made scores more widely available.

Overall, the Baroque era marked a significant shift in the appreciation and dissemination of instrumental music, setting the stage for further developments in subsequent musical eras. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

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Complete Question:

During which era did instrumental music first become widely composed and disseminated?

a. Baroque era (c. 1600–1750)

b. Renaissance era (1400–1600)

c. Classical era (1750–1820)

d. Romantic era (1820–1900)

e. Modern era (1900–current)

Pericles is the political leader most associated with the achievements of the Athenian Golden Age. Under his leadership from 461 to 429 BCE, Athens experienced a period of cultural and intellectual flourishing, known as the Golden Age.

Pericles played a crucial role in promoting democracy, fostering the arts, and advancing Athens as a dominant power in the ancient world. Pericles, an Athenian statesman and general, was an influential figure during the Athenian Golden Age. He was elected as strategos (general) and held this position for several decades, guiding Athens through a period of remarkable growth and prosperity. Pericles is most famously known for his contributions to democracy, as he championed democratic principles and expanded citizen participation in government.

During his leadership, Pericles invested heavily in the arts and intellectual pursuits, transforming Athens into a cultural center. He commissioned renowned artists and architects, such as Phidias and Ictinus, to construct magnificent structures like the Parthenon, which became a symbol of Athenian power and artistic achievement. Pericles also supported playwrights like Sophocles and Euripides, leading to the development of Greek tragedy.

Furthermore, Pericles strengthened Athens' position as a dominant naval power through military reforms and strategic alliances. He initiated the construction of the Long Walls, fortifications connecting Athens to its port, Piraeus, ensuring the city's security and facilitating its maritime trade. Pericles also established the Delian League, an alliance of Greek city-states, which enhanced Athens' influence in the region

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Two central and southern European states that suffered from potential disintegration due to the problems of nationalism were Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.

Both of these multi-ethnic states faced significant challenges in maintaining unity and stability as nationalist sentiments and aspirations grew among their diverse populations.

Yugoslavia, a federation of various ethnic groups including Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and others, experienced intense nationalist tensions and conflicts. The rise of Serbian nationalism, in particular, and the desire for greater autonomy or independence by different ethnic groups within Yugoslavia led to internal strife and eventually the breakup of the country in the 1990s, resulting in several devastating wars.

Czechoslovakia, comprised of Czechs and Slovaks, faced similar challenges. While the country was initially formed after World War I with the aim of creating a unified state for Czechs and Slovaks, nationalist sentiments emerged over time. The disparities in economic development and political representation between Czechs and Slovaks fueled nationalist movements and demands for greater autonomy. Ultimately, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved into two separate countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in 1993.

In summary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia were central and southern European states that faced potential disintegration due to nationalist tensions and aspirations among their diverse populations. The challenges posed by nationalism, including demands for autonomy, self-determination, and the preservation of ethnic identities, ultimately led to the breakup and dissolution of these states.

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The terrorist organization created in July 1866 was the Fenian Brotherhood.

The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish nationalist organization formed in the United States. Its main objective was to achieve Irish independence from British rule by employing guerrilla warfare tactics and launching military campaigns.

The Fenians wanted to establish an Irish Republic, free from British control. They organized and carried out raids which most notably the failed invasion of Canada in 1866 as a means to pressure the British government into granting Ireland's independence.

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The revival of classical antiquity in the twelfth century was primarily caused by a combination of factors including the rediscovery of ancient texts, the influence of Islamic scholarship, and the growth of urban centers.

The revival of classical antiquity in the twelfth century refers to a period known as the Renaissance of the 12th century or the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. During this time, there was a renewed interest in the knowledge and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Several factors contributed to this revival.

Firstly, the rediscovery of ancient texts played a crucial role. Monastic scriptoria and libraries preserved ancient manuscripts, and as the monastic institutions expanded, scholars began to encounter and study these texts. Works of philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, and others were translated into Latin, making them accessible to Western scholars.

Secondly, the influence of Islamic scholarship played a significant role in the revival. Islamic scholars had preserved and translated many ancient Greek and Roman texts into Arabic. During the Crusades and through contact with Islamic centers of learning, Western scholars became exposed to these translations, thereby introducing them to the classical knowledge that had been lost in Western Europe.

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A 1933 invention called the "sewer snake" allowed drains to be cleared without digging them out of the ground.

The invention of the sewer snake revolutionized the process of clearing drains and pipes. Prior to its invention, clearing drains required extensive excavation to access the underground pipes. However, the sewer snake, also known as a drain snake or plumber's snake, provided a much more efficient and cost-effective solution. It consisted of a long, flexible metal cable with a corkscrew-like auger at the end.

By inserting the snake into the drain and turning it, the auger could break up clogs and obstructions, allowing water to flow freely again. This innovation significantly reduced the time, effort, and resources required for drain maintenance and repair, making it a valuable tool in the plumbing industry.

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Which of the following was an effect of the rapid development of many Asian countries in the 1970s on the study of democracy? It helped to discredit modernization theory. The origins of British democracy can be traced back to the: Magna Carta, 1215

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Both Japan and Germany saw an expansion of their totalitarian regimes due to the aftermath of World War I. For that reason, the correct options are 1 and 4.

Japan and Germany (options 1 and 4) had several factors that marked their to totalitarian regimes after the First World War.  

In Europe, the Treaty of Versailles placed harsh restrictions on Germany, including massive war reparations and limitations on their military.

This economic and political instability paved the way for the rise of the Nazi party and the eventual establishment of Hitler's totalitarian regime in Germany.

In Asia, Japan had fought on the side of the Allies during World War I and emerged as a major world power. However, they felt that their contributions to the war effort were not adequately recognized by the other Allies, leading to resentment and a desire for expansion.

This desire for expansion led to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and their eventual entry into World War II, under the leadership of their totalitarian regime.

Overall, the aftermath of World War I set the stage for the rise of these two modern totalitarian regimes, which had significant impacts on the course of history in Europe and Asia.

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The federal deficit was increased during the Reagan presidency, option (d) is correct.

The federal deficit indeed increased during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Reagan implemented a series of tax cuts and increased military spending, which contributed to a significant expansion of the federal budget deficit. His economic policies, commonly referred to as Reaganomics, aimed to stimulate economic growth through tax reductions and deregulation.

While these policies did lead to economic expansion, they also resulted in substantial budget shortfalls. The deficit increased from $79 billion in 1981 to $221 billion in 1986, reaching a peak of $221 billion in 1986 before gradually decreasing in subsequent years, option (d) is correct.

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The complete question is:

The federal deficit:

a. none of these

b. increased under jimmy carter

c. increased under bill Clinton

d. increased in the Reagan presidency.

During Reconstruction, the former Confederate state with the most African Americans holding office was South Carolina. In this state, numerous Black individuals were elected to various political positions, including local and state offices. This increased representation played a significant role in shaping the political landscape during the Reconstruction era.

Several activists redefined how blacks participated in American politics, society, and culture, especially in the South. Men like Hiram Revels, Robert Elliot, and Joseph Rainey were part of this period's vanguard of black political leadership.

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