How do ribosomes create a mutation & how is this mutation controlled?

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Ribosomes do not directly create mutations, but cellular mechanisms such as DNA repair and checkpoints help control and minimize the occurrence of mutations.

Ribosomes themselves do not directly create mutations. Mutations, which are changes in DNA sequence, can occur due to errors during DNA replication or from external factors like radiation or certain chemicals. However, the cellular machinery, including ribosomes, plays a role in the control of mutations through various mechanisms. DNA repair mechanisms help identify and correct errors or damage in the DNA sequence, reducing the likelihood of mutations. Additionally, cellular checkpoints and regulatory processes monitor and control cell division, ensuring that accurate DNA replication and distribution occur, minimizing the inheritance of mutations to daughter cells.

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In prokaryotes, what type of RNA can and cannot be be used ? How about for Eukaryotes?

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In prokaryotes, the type of RNA that can and cannot be used are dependent on the function it serves.In prokaryotes, three types of RNA can be used whereas RNA that doesn't undergo alternative splicing, such as rRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA, is not used in eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. The genetic material is present in the cytoplasm and is arranged in a single, circular DNA molecule. As a result, the RNA transcription and translation occurs in the same location. As a result, there is no alternative splicing or post-transcriptional modification.

Hence, all RNAs are synthesized from a single, uninterrupted gene.In prokaryotes, three types of RNA can be used: Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes the genetic information from DNA, which is then translated into a protein. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes and is essential for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a specialized RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation. In prokaryotes, RNA that undergoes splicing, such as hnRNA or pre-mRNA, is not used.Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA arranged into chromosomes and are located in the nucleus. RNA transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes also have alternative splicing and post-transcriptional modification. So,RNA that doesn't undergo alternative splicing, such as rRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA, is not used in eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have five types of RNA that can be used: Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), and Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). RNA that doesn't undergo alternative splicing, such as rRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA, is not used in eukaryotes.

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