By changing process to minimize contact with hazardous chemicals. And Isolating or enclosing the process etc. We can control chemical exposure in the workplace.
Controlling exposures to chemical hazards and toxic substances is the fundamental method of protecting workers. A hierarchy of controls method is used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective controls.
The method use to control can be-
Change process to minimize contact with hazardous chemicals.
Isolate or enclose the process.
Use of wet methods to reduce generation of dusts or other particulates.
General dilution ventilation.
Use fume hoods.
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one mole of a monatomic ideal gas expands adiabatically and does 490 j of work. by how many kelvins does its temperature change?
The temperature changes by -3978.88 kelvin.
What is thermodynamics?The science of thermodynamics examines the connections between heat, work, temperature, and energy. The rules of thermodynamics explain how energy moves inside a system and whether or not the system is capable of performing beneficial work on its surroundings.Here given ,
n = 1
W = 490j
Since the above process is adiabatic, heat is zero. Consequently, internal energy changes are caused by,
ΔU=Q-W
= 0 - 490
=-490 J
Additionally, for monoatomic gas, internal energy changes include,
ΔU=3/2*n*R*ΔT
-490 = 3/2 x n x R x ΔT
-490 = 3/2 x 1 x 0.0821 x ΔT
-490 = 0.12315 x ΔT
ΔT = -490 / 0.12315
ΔT = -3978.88 K
Since the above response has a negative sign, the temperature has decreased.
Therefore,
A reduction in temperature of about ΔT = -3978.88 K has occurred.
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using your results, calculate the relative reactivities of each type of hydrogen (on c-1, c-2, c-3 and c-4) in 1-chlorobutane toward chlorination. take the c-4 hydrogen reactivity to be 1.00. (refer to the example on the pre-lab page.)
The relative reactivities of each type of hydrogen (on c-1, c-2, c-3, and c-4) in 1-chloroquine toward chlorination is 0.9017 for C₂.
Depends upon the reactivity at that particular site. So, we can say that yield and reactivity are directly proportional to each other.
Mathematically we can say that:
The yield of product at that site = Reactivity at the site
In the question, the chlorination reaction of 1-chloroquine is give
The yield of the product by chlorination at Cs = 25.8%
So, we can say that 25.8 % of 1,4-dichlorobutane is formed when reactivity toward C4 is 1.
For 1,4-dichlorobutane equation (i) can be written as:
25.8 % yield = 1 reactivity
Reactivity at C: for 1,1-dichlorobutane
where even 5.45%
Now to make LHS of (ii) to 5.45 firstly divide both sides by 25.8 and then multiply by 5.45.
25.8 % yield = 1 reactivity
Divide by 25.8-bit sides :
25.8/25.8 % yield = 1/25.8 reactivity
1% yield = 0.0387 reactivity
multiply both sides by 5.4!
5.45 X 1% yield = 5.45 X 0.0387 reactivity
5.45 % yield = 0.2112 reactivity
So reactivity at C, toward chlorination is 0.2112
Reactivity at C2 for 1,2-dichlorobutane
where yield is given at 23.3 %
Now to make LHS of (i) to 23.3 firstly divide both sides by 25.8 and then multiply by 23.3.
25.8 % yield = 1 reactivity
Divide by 25.8-bit sides
25.8/25.8 % yield = 1/25.8 reactivity
1% yield = 0.0387 reactivity
multiply both sides by 23.3:
23.3 X 1% yield = 23.3 X 0.0387 reactivity
23.3 % yield = 0.9017 reactivity
So reactivity at C2 toward chlorination is 0.9017.
Reactivity at C3 for 1,3-dichlorobutane
where yield is given at 46.1%
Now to make LHS of (i) 46.1 firstly divide both sides by 25.8 and then multiply by 46.1.
25.8 % yield = 1 reactivity
Divide by 25.8-bit sides
25,8/25.8 % yield = 1/25.8 reactivity
1% yield =
multiply both sides by 46.1:
46.1 X 1% yield = 46.1 X 0.0387 reactivity).0387 reactivity
46.1 % yield = 1.7841 reactivity
So reactivity at Cs toward chlorination is 1.7841.
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Why is it important for scientists to study mitosis?.
Mitosis is the reason we can grow, heal wounds, and replace damaged cells.
Stages of mitosis are distinguished by the end of one set of activities and the beginning of the subsequent ones. Preprophase (relative to plant cells only), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are among these stages. The chromosomes, which have already been duplicated, condense and connect to spindle fibers during mitosis. These fibers then pull each copy of the chromosome to the opposing sides of the cell. The outcome is two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical. The remaining portion of the cell may then proceed to divide via cytokinesis to give rise to two daughter cells. Live cell imaging enables the real-time visualization of the many stages of mitosis. A mitotic mistake known as tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis causes three or more daughter cells to be produced instead of the expected two.
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What are examples of bulk properties?.
For instance, even if a chunk of copper may carry electricity, a copper atom cannot. Bulk qualities are characteristics brought about by several atoms, ions, or molecules cooperating.
What would be the best way to define a bulk property?The terms "bulk property" refer to either I any multiple-unit residential structure ("MDU") where all of the residences have access to the service, or (ii) anything non residential parcel of land .
What are the bulk properties of biomaterials' general properties?However, a biomaterial's chemical properties, such as reactivity, electronegativity, biodegradability, chemical stability, acidity/basicity, are also determined. Physical bulk properties of a biomaterial include density, fracture toughness, melting and otherwise boiling heating rate, solubility, electrical conductivity, and strength.
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what term refers to the amount of a substance a person ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin?
Dose refers to the amount of a substance a person ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin.
What is a dose?A dosage is the quantity of a drug that is ingested or comes into contact with a person. Body weight is a crucial factor to consider when assessing a dose. A youngster, who typically weighs less than an adult, may have more effects if exposed to the same amount of chemical.Children are typically given smaller doses of medications than adults, such as aspirin, because an adult dose would be inappropriate for a child's size.The likelihood of adverse health effects increases with the amount of a substance to which a person is exposed. A drug that is generally safe in small doses might be hazardous in large ones.For instance, two aspirin tablets can ease a headache, but consuming the entire bottle of aspirin can result in stomach ache.To learn more about medications, refer:
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Draw the product formed when cyclohexene is reacted with h2 in the presence of pt.
Cyclohexene is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₆H₁₀. This cycloalkene is a colorless liquid with a pointy scent. It's miles an intermediate in various industrial procedures. Cyclohexene isn't always very solid upon long-time garage with exposure to light and air because it forms peroxides.
Cyclohexane is an alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic shape of hexane is used as a raw cloth within the manufacture of nylon.
Cyclohexene is used in a numerous variety of chemical syntheses. It's miles a building block that is utilized in Pharma, (eg, Clidanac, MK 346, Trandolapril, and Agchems which includes Propargite.
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a student neglected to add sulfuric acid to the reaction mixture. what is the expected outcome? explain.
Heat is released during a strong reaction between sulfuric acid, alcohol, and water.
What is Sulfuric Acid?Highly reactive chemical is sulfuric acid. Upon touch, it can cause reactions in cells and tissues. From tissue irritation to chemical burns and necrosis, sulfuric acid can harm your body. Damage to tissue at the point of contact is one of the symptoms of exposure. If untreated, tissue damage can persist for hours or even days after exposure. Damage starts to manifest in just a few seconds.The strength (molar concentration) of the sulfuric acid solution, exposure time, and dose received all affect how much and how severely tissue damage occurs. Acid solutions that are diluted are less harmful than solutions that are highly concentrated (often seen in industrial chemicals) (as those found in consumer products).Animals and humans are both affected by sulfuric acid in the same way. Therefore, it is anticipated that both acute and long-term effects will be identical in animals and humans.To learn more About Sulfuric Acid refer to:
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How often should temperature probes be checked?.
The temperature probes should be checked every 12 hours
Accurate temperature measurement is critical for ensuring the food safety, from food processing plants to the restaurants and cafés. There are many types of thermometers that are available for use in the commercial kitchens, the most common of which is the probe thermometer, which is also known as a bi-couple thermometer. Probe thermometers measure the internal temperature of food through a metal stem.
Thermometers are one of the most important tools in your food business's toolbox and they require proper calibration to verify the accuracy of the reading. Thermometer calibration means that there is checking that your thermometer is working correctly, and making adjustments if it is not.
The calibration method and the frequency of calibration depends on the type of thermometer and its intended use. As a general rule, probe thermometers should be calibrated at the start of each shift, in between going from one temperature range to another, after being knocked or dropped and/or after a long storage time. here are two common calibration methods for probe thermometers — hot calibration and cold calibration.
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which of the following substances would have a standard enthalpy of formation equal to 0 kj/mol? select all that apply. multiple select question. ar (g) c (diamond) hg (l) br2 (g) h2 (g) o3 (g)
The substances would have a standard enthalpy of formation equal to 0 kj/mol is diamond. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is enthalpy ?A thermodynamic system's enthalpy, which is one of its properties, is calculated by adding the system's internal energy to the product of its pressure and volume.
It is a state function that is frequently employed in measurements of chemical, biological, and physical systems under constant pressure, which the large surrounding environment readily provides.
Since there is no change involved in the production of any element in its reference state, all elements have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero.
Thus, option B is correct.
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Where are chemical mutagens found?.
When food is cooked at extremely high temperatures, a process called pyrolysis takes place that results in the production of toxins in scorched meat and fish.
where is abouts of chemical mutagens?For several common grain species, such as rice, wheat, maize, soybeans, and barley, chemical mutation-derived cultivars have been produced and commercially commercialized. TILLING trying to target induced local lesions IN genomes is a novel technique that combines conventional mutagenesis with high-throughput mutation detection.
Describe a chemical mutagen using an example.Definition. A physicochemical substance that has the ability to cause DNA mutations is referred to as a mutagen. Mutagens include a wide range of chemicals, tobacco products, radioactive materials, x-rays, UV light, and other types of radiation.
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a tank of mixed gases, consisting of h2, n2, ar, and h2o, is held at a constant temperature. which gas has the highest average velocity?
In a tank of mixed gases, consisting of H₂, N₂, Ar, and H₂O, is held at a constant temperature. The gas has the highest average velocity is H₂.
The velocity of all gas particles is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the gas. Light gases have higher kinetic energy than heavy gases. From the list given, with an atomic mass of 2, N₂ with an atomic mass of 28, Ar with an atomic mass of 40, and H₂O with an atomic mass of 18. H₂ is the lightest of the four gases, and therefore the lightest. Velocity contributes to the kinetic energy of the particles.
Gas particles are always in motion, and all moving objects have kinetic energy (Ek). Molecules in a sample of gas share an average kinetic energy. However, individual molecules exhibit a kinetic energy distribution due to their velocity distribution. This velocity distribution arises from the collisions that occur between molecules in the gas phase. Although these collisions are elastic (no net loss of energy), the individual velocities of each molecule involved in the collision can change.
Kinetic molecule theory states that the average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. This can be expressed by the following equation, where k is the Boltzmann constant. The Boltzmann constant is simply the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant (NA). Bars above specific terms indicate that these are averages.
Ek = 3/2 (KT)
Since the average kinetic energy is related to both absolute temperature and molecular velocity, the above equation can be combined with the previous one to find the effective velocity.
Ek = 1/2(mu²) = 3/2 (KT)
=√u² =√(3KT/m)
This shows that the RMS velocity is related to temperature. This equation can be manipulated further by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the Avogadro constant (NA) to obtain a form using the gas constant (R) and molar mass (M).
√u² =√(3Rt/m)
The form of this equation shows that the effective velocity of gas molecules is also related to the molar mass of matter. Comparing two gases of different molar masses at the same temperature shows that the gas with the lower molar mass has a higher effective velocity, even though they have the same average kinetic energy.
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Predict what would happen to the h+ ion concentration if you added sulfuric acid to water. Would the ph increase or decrease?.
On adding sulfuric acid to water h+ ions are produced, increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution which results in a decrease in the pH of the solution.
Concentration is a totally commonplace idea utilized in chemistry and associated fields. It's far the degree of the way an awful lot of a given substance there may be combined with some other substance.
The concentration of an answer is the degree of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a fantastically large amount of dissolved solute.
In chemistry, concentration refers to the quantity of a substance in a defined space. Any other definition is that attention is the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or overall answer.
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Change in concentration Procedure Observation Initial color of the CuSO4 solution light blue Color of the solution after NH3 is added dark violet Color of the solution after adding HCI light blue /clear a) Write the equation for the equilibrium is established (net ionic reaction) when CuSO4 is mixed with NH3: + at ( dy & spi Cu 2+ (aq) + 4NH₃ lag) [Cu(NH3)4] (aq) b) Which direction did the equilibrium shift when NH3 was added to CuSO4? Describe the type of stress this applied to the equilibrium in equation (a) and how the observed shift relieves that stress.
The equation for the equilibrium is established (net ionic reaction) when CuSO₄ is mixed with NH₃:
Cu²⁺ + 4NH₃ ---> Cu(NH₃)₄²⁺
initial color of CuSO₄ = light blue
color of solution after adding NH₃ = dark voilet
color after adding HCl = light blue.
the molecular equation is given as :
CuSO₄ + 4NH₃ ----> Cu(NH₃)₄ + SO₄
complete ionic equation is given as :
Cu⁺ + SO₄²⁻ + 4NH₃ ----> Cu(NH₃)₄ + SO₄²⁻
cancel out the spectator ions, we get the net ionic equation as follows:
Cu²⁺ + 4NH₃ ---> Cu(NH₃)₄²⁺
Thus, The net ionic equation for the equilibrium is when is CuSO₄ react with NH₃ wil gives : Cu²⁺ + 4NH₃ ---> Cu(NH₃)₄²⁺
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kauffman (2004) discusses several reasons why students with emotional and behavioral disorders are being under-identified in schools. which of the following is not one of those reasons?
One of those explanations is that students are not demonstrating emotional and behavioral problems at school.
When compared to other disability groups, students with emotional and behavioral problems (EBD) are more likely to fail academically and have bad post-school outcomes. To create resilience, it is critical to discover how to boost protective factors for students with EBD.
Behavioral disorders are characterized by a pattern of disruptive behaviors in children that lasts at least six months and causes issues at school, at home, and in social interactions. Almost everyone exhibits some of these behaviors on occasion, but behavior disorders are more problematic.
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What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation quizlet?.
In a chemical equation, coefficients serve the function of displaying the ratio in which reactants and products interact to produce a chemical reaction.
What does the word coefficient mean in science?In mathematics and science, coefficients are constant expressions that relate to a product's properties. For instance, the coefficient is the only constant in the friction calculation equation.
The definitions of coefficient and subscriptCoefficients are necessary for balancing equations. They are given a number before compounds or elements. Subscripts, which come after an element's symbol, are used to indicate the element's number. If an element symbol is followed by a subscript, the "2" in H2O stands in for two H atoms.
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calculate the energy of the green light emitted, per photon and in joules, by a mercury lamp with a frequency of 780715225001500.40 h. your answer should have three significant digits, be in scientific notation, and have no units. the number 0.000000034 can be writen as 3.4e-8 or 3.4e-8, with no spaces.
The energy of the green light emitted per photon is 5.173e-19 Joule. The result is obtained by multiplying the frequency by the Planck's constant.
What is the photon energy?
Photon energy is the energy radiated or absorbed by a single photon. The formula of photon energy is:
E = hν = hc/λ
Where
E = photon energy (Joule)h = Planck’s constant (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js)ν = photon frequency (Hz)c = speed of light (m/s)λ = photon wavelength (m)A mercury lamp emits the energy of the green light per photon an in joules with a frequency of 780715225001500.40 Hz.
The photon energy emitted is
E = hν
E = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ × 780715225001500.40
E = 5.173e-19 Joule
Hence, the energy of the green light per photon emitted by the mercury lamp is 5.173e-19 Joule.
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the electron configuration of an atom tells us how many electrons are in each orbital for example helium has two electrons in teh 1s orbital therefore the electron configruation of he is 1s2
A neutral nickel atom's electronic configuration is [Ar]3d^84s^2, and an oxide ion's electronic configuration is [He]2s^22p^6. The arrangement of an element's electrons is described.
In its atomic orbitals, the electrons are dispersed. Atomic electron configurations are stated using a standard notation that arranges all electron-containing atomic subshells in a list order, with the number of electrons each shell can house written in superscript.
Nickel possesses 28 electrons because of its atomic number of 28. As a result, [Ar]3d^84s^2 is supplied as the neutral atom's electrical configuration in condensed form.
While O2 has 10 electrons, oxygen has an atomic number of 8.
The electronic arrangement will therefore be [He]2s^22p^6.
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The complete question is -
The electron configuration of an atom tells us how many electrons are in each orbital. For example, helium has two electrons in the 1s orbital. Therefore the electron configuration of He is 1s2. What is the ground-state electron configuration of a neutral atom of nickel? Express your answer in condensed form, in order of increasing orbital energy. For example, [He]2s22p2 would be entered as [He]2s^22p^2
part b:What is the ground-state electron configuration of the oxide ion O2−?
Write a balanced half-reaction describing the reduction of aqueous vanadium(v) cations to solid vanadium.
Thale balanced half-reaction of aqueous Vanadium to solid Vanadium is
V⁵⁺ + 3e- → V(s)
The reduction of vanadium(V) cations to solid vanadium involve the transfer of three electrons to vanadium cations, leading to a net reduction of the cations. Vanadium is a transition metal and is located in the fifth period of the periodic table.
Due to its electron configuration, vanadium has five valence electrons and can form five covalent bonds with other atoms. In the aqueous form, vanadium(V) cations have a charge of +5, which is due to the five electrons that it has lost.
In order for the reduction of vanadium(V) cations to solid vanadium to take place, three electrons must be transferred to the vanadium cations. This results in a balanced half-reaction, which can be written as
V⁵⁺ + 3e- → V(s)
The three electrons that are donated to the vanadium cations reduce the cations from a +5 charge to a neutral charge, resulting in the formation of solid vanadium.
The reduction of vanadium(V) cations to solid vanadium is an important process in many industrial and chemical applications.
Vanadium is often used to produce alloys and is used in the production of steel. It is also used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid and is used in the production of dyes and inks.
The reduction of vanadium(V) cations to solid vanadium are also important in biological systems, as vanadium is an essential trace element for some organisms.
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how many atoms of co2 are made from glucose after metabolism by glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle
CO₂ are made from glucose after metabolism by glycolysis are 2 molecules.
CO₂ are made from glucose after metabolism by pyruvate processing are 2 molecules.
CO₂ are made from glucose after metabolism by citric acid cycle are 2 molecules.
Carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from every acetyl institution, representing four out of the six carbons of 1 glucose molecule. Two carbon dioxide molecules are launched on each turn of the cycle; but, these do no longer necessarily include the maximum currently delivered carbon atoms.
Two carbons are released as carbon dioxide out of the six firstly found in glucose.
The glycolysis will yield pyruvate molecules to be able to oxidize to produce acetyl Coenzyme A. Oxidation of 1 pyruvate molecule releases one carbon dioxide molecule; therefore, two molecules will produce carbon dioxide molecules.
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TRUE/FALSE. most commonly known for its ability to bind to oxygen, iron also plays the important role of acting as a to many enzymes in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions.
Cofactor most commonly known for its ability to bind to oxygen, iron also plays the important role of acting as a to many enzymes in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions.
What does the chemical term "reaction" mean?Chemical processes occur when atoms form or break chemical bonds. The molecules that start a chemical are known as reactants, and the compounds which are generated as the result of reaction are known as products.
A physical reaction is what?A physical response is a reaction that modifies the physical characteristics of an item or material Physical characteristics encompass items like mass, volume, etc density.
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How do electromagnetic waves transfer energy without a medium?.
Since em waves are not conveyed by that of the vibration of electrons, they do not need a medium to travel. Electrical and magnetic fields, that could exist anywhere, oscillate, creating waves.
What do you mean by Electromagnetic waves?The oscillations here between electrostatic potential and a magnetic field produce waves known as electromagnetic waves, or EM waves. In other words, magnetism fields oscillate to form electromagnetic (EM) waves.
Electromagnetic waves, where are they?In contrast to wave propagation, electromagnetism waves can travel without a medium. This implies that microwaves can pass not only through stationary surfaces like air and rock but also through empty space.
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what is the resultant product formed following aqueous work-up when 2-butanone is treated with isopropylmagnesium bromide?
The final product when 2-butanone is reacted with isopropylmagnesium bromide is 2-Methyl-butan-2-ol.
What is hydrocarbons?A naturally occurring organic molecule (like acetylene or butane) with solely carbon and hydrogen that is found in bitumens, natural gas, coal, and petroleum.Last but not least, coal contains the biggest and most intricate hydrocarbon molecules. Because the proportions of hydrogen to carbon in different hydrocarbons vary, so do the amounts of water and carbon dioxide they produce. In general, the carbon to hydrogen ratio increases with molecule length and complexity.Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of natural sources of hydrocarbons.The most fundamental class of organic molecules are referred to as hydrocarbons. They only contain the two elements hydrogen and carbon, as implied by their name. The center carbon atoms in hydrocarbon molecules are one or more, and they are surrounded by hydrogen in a branched or chain-like structure.To learn more about hydrocarbon refer to :
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a 12.0-g sample of carbon from living matter decays at the rate of 184 decays/minute due to the radioactive c in it. what will be the decay rate of this sample in (a) 1000 years and (b) 50,000 years?
A12.0-g sample of carbon from living matter decays at the rate of 184 decays/minute due to the radioactive C in it. the decay rate of this sample in
(a) 1000 years = 143.8 decays/min
(b) 50,000 years = 0.43 decays/min
a) the expression is given as :
0.693 / t1/2 = 2.303 / t log(Ao / A)
t1/2 , radioactive decay half-life for C-14 = 5670 years
0.693 / 5670 = 2.303 / 1000 ( log 184 / A)
A = 143.8 decays / min
b) 0.693 / t1/2 = 2.303 / t log(Ao / A)
0.693 / 5670 = 2.303 / 50000 log( 184/ A)
A = 0.43 decays / min
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Determine the theoretical yield of H2S (in moles) if 16 mol Al2S3 and 24 mol H2O are reacted according to the following balanced reaction. A possibly useful molar mass is Al2S3 = 150.17 g/mol. Al2S3(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H2S(g)
The theoretical yield of H2S will be 8 moles.
Al2S3 is in excess, thus the quantity of H2O (limiting reagent) will be used for calculation.
Al2S3(s) + 6H2O(l) --> 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2S(g)
……………..6 moles…………………………3 moles
……………..16 moles………………………..x
x= H2S (theoretical yield)
A mole is a very essential unit of size that chemists use. A mole of something way you have got 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 of that aspect, like how having a dozen eggs means you've got twelve eggs. Chemists have to measure the use of moles for very small such things as atoms, molecules, or other particles.
The mole is the amount of substance of a gadget that incorporates as many elementary entities as there are atoms in zero.
There are four commonplace styles of moles: congenital moles, dysplastic nevi, obtained nevi, and spitz nevi. under are the differences among each. The quantity of moles method is the number of moles = Mass of substance / Mass of 1 mole. Variety of moles = 95 / 86.94.
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1) 25.00 mL of .200 M HNO2 is titrated to its equivalence point with 1.00 M NaOH. What is the pH at the equivalence point?
2) What is the pH at the equivalence point when 50.00 mL of a .150 M solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) is titrated with .10 M NaOH to its end point?
3) A 25.0 mL sample of a .290 M solution of aqueous trimethylamine is titrated with a .363 M solution of HCl. Calculate the pH of the solution
a) after 10.0 mL of acid have been added:
b) after 20.0 mL of acid have been added:
c) after 30.0 mL of acid have been added:
*pKb of (CH3)3N=4.19 at 25 degrees C.11
4) Your job is to determine the concentration of ammonia in a commercial window cleaner. In the titration of a 25.00 mL sample of the cleaner, the equivalence point is reached after 16.81 mL of .135 M HCl has been added. What is the
a) initial concentration of ammonia in the solution?
b) pH of the solution at the equivalence point?
The pH of water indicates how acidic or basic it is.
How to find pH value?1. The moles of equivalence of sodium hydroxide and nitrous acid are as follows:
nNaOH = nHNO₃
= 25.00 x .200
= .005 mol
The added base has a volume of 5.00 mL.
Nitrogen dioxide has a mole of 0.005 and a volume of 30 mL at the equivalence point.
Nitrogen dioxide's molar concentration will be 0.167 M.
The base dissociation constant is calculated using the ICE table as follows:
Kw = Ka x Kb
Kb = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴ / 4.6 x 10⁻¹⁴
= 2.174 x 10⁻¹¹
The base's ionization constant is given as,
Kb = [ HNO₂] [ OH⁻] / [NO₂⁻]
2.174 X 10⁻¹¹ = x² / 0.167 - x
= 1.905 x 10⁻6
pOH is now calculated as follows:
pOH = -log[OH⁻]
= -log(1.905 x 10⁻⁶)
= 5.72
The titration's pH is calculated as follows:
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - 5.72
= 8.27
As a result, the pH is 8.27.
2. Given,
The acetic acid volume = 50.0 mL
The molarity of acetic acid = 0.150 M
The molarity of NaOH = 0.10 M
HA + H2O ⇆ A- + H3O+
Initial concentration is :
[HA] = 0.150 M
[A-] = 0M
[H3O+] = 0M
Concentration at equilibrium
[HA] = 0.150 - x M
[A-] = xM
[H3O+] = xM
Ka = [H3O+][A-] / [HA] = x²/(0.150 -x) = 1.76*10^-5
0.150 >>> x
x²/(0.150) = 1.76*10^-5
x² =0.00000264
x = 0.00162
[H3O+] = 0.00162 M
pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (0.00162) = 2.79
3. a) by adding 10 mL of HCl
moles of (CH3)3N = molarity * volume
= 0.29 m * 0.025 L
= 0.00725M moles
moles of HCl = molarity * volume
= 0.3625 m * 0.01L
= 0.003625 moles
moles of (CH3)3N remaining = moles of (CH3)3N - moles of HCl
= 0.00725 - 0.003625
= 0.003625 moles
the total volume = 0.01 L + 0.025L = 0.035 L
[(CH3)3N] = moles remaining / total volume
= 0.003625 moles / 0.035L
= 0.104 M
pKb = - logKb
4.19 = -logKb
Kb = 6.5 x 10^-5
Kb = [(CH3)3NH+] [OH-] / [(CH3)3N]
by using ICE table :
[(CH3)3NH+] = X & [OH] = X
[(CH3)3N] = 0.104 -X
By substituting:
6.5 x 10^-5 = X^2 / (0.104-X) by solving for X
X = 0.00257 M
[OH-] = X = 0.00257 M
POH = -log[OH]
= -log0.00257
= 2.5
PH = 14 - POH
= 14 - 2.5
= 11.5
b) by adding 20ML of HCL:
The moles of HCl = molarity * volume
= 0.3625 m * 0.02 L
= 0.00725 moles
The neutralization of (CH3)3N we make 0.003625 moles of (CH3)3NH+ So, now we need the Ka value of (CH3)3NH+:
When total volume = 0.02L + 0.025 = 0.045L
∴ [ (CH3)3NH+] = moles / total volume
= 0.003625 / 0.045L
= 0.08 M
When Ka = Kw / Kb
Here, Kb = 6.5 x 10^-5 & we know that Kw = 1 x 10^-14
By substitution:
Ka = (1 x 10^-14) / (6.5 x 10^-5)
= 1.5 x 10^-10
Ka expression = [(CH3)3N][H+] / [(CH3)3NH+]
By substituting:
1.5 x 10^-10 = X^2 / (0.08 - X) solving X
X = 3.5 x 10^-6 M
[H+]= X = 3.5 x 10^-6 M
The PH = -log[H+]
= -log(3.5 x 10^-6)
= 5.5
C) by adding 30ML of HCl:
The no : of moles HCl = molarity * volume
= 0.3625m * 0.03L
= 0.011 moles
The moles of (CH3)3N neutralized = 0.003625 moles
The no : of moles of HCl remaining = moles HCl - moles (CH3)3N neutralized
= 0.011moles - 0.003625moles
= 0.007375 moles
Therefore total volume = 0.025L + 0.03L
= 0.055L
The [H+] = moles / total volume
= 0.007375 mol / 0.055L
= 0.134 M
Therefore the PH = -log[H+]
= -log 0.134
= 0.87
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What are the six required elements of a product label?.
The six required elements of product label are product identifier, signal word, hazard statements, precautionary statements, supplier information and pictograms.
This component of the product label is typically placed in the top left-hand corner of the label, and it identifies the hazardous chemical or ingredient that is in this product. It can state the name, code number, or batch number. This allows for the chemical to be confidently identified. A signal word is used to notify the severity of the hazard. There are only two words that might hold this place on the label: “Danger” or "warning". Hazard statements describe the degree of danger and potential symptoms, should there be direct contact with the chemical. The prevention statement instructs the user on how to minimize exposure . The response statement describes the procedure might you be exposed to the chemical. Supplier information includes contact information such as name, address, and phone number of the chemical manufacturer, supplier, or importer in which you got the chemical from. Pictograms are comprised of a hazard symbol with a red border to visually illustrate specific hazards of the chemical, making this a universally readable label.
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assuming the fluid has a density of 1.00 g/cm3 , at what height h should the bottle be placed so the liquid pressure is 70 mm - hg ?
The height of the bottle should be 0.75 meter so that the liquid pressure is 70mm-hg.
According to the given condition,
Atmospheric pressure, Po, = 101kPa = 101000Pa density of fluid,
ρ, = 1g/cm^3 = 1000kg/m^3 density of Hg, ρ, = 13.6x10^3
P=ρgh and P=Po + pgh
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure experienced by the normal atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure is measured as "atm' and nearly everybody experiences atmospheric pressure.
Therefore,
h = Δp / ρg
h = [(55mmhg) x (133pa/ 1mmhg)]/ 9.8
h = 0.75meters.
Therefore, the height of the bottle needs to be 0.75 meters.
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explain why steam distillation is able to distill limonene at a lower bp than limonene typically has.
It cannot be soluble in steam distillation so it was done in distill limonene at a lower bp than limonene.
What is steam distillation?
Saturated or superheated steam is utilized as a separation and energy agent in the steam distillation process to recover volatile chemicals with high boiling points from inert and complicated solid or liquid matrices.
What is distill limonene?
The primary ingredient in citrus fruit peel oil is limonene, a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon that is categorized as a cyclic monoterpene. The D-isomer is used as a flavouring ingredient in food production and is more frequently found in nature as the orange scent.
After steam distillation, the limonene may be separated from the distillate because it is not soluble in water.
Therefore, it cannot be soluble in steam distillation so it was done in distill limonene at a lower bp than limonene.
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if a 23.25 g sample required 25.6 ml of 0.135 m kmno4 to reach equivalence, what is the percent iron in the sample?
In a 23.25 g sample 0.1486 of Fe is detected , i.e. mass percentage will be 14.86%
Calculations based on experimental data must be performed with a thorough understanding of the mole concept.A mole is a unit that allows us to compare the mass and particle count of a given substance. The total mass of all the atoms that make up a mole of a molecule, measured in grams, is what is known as the molecular weight or molar mass. By dividing a substance's mass by its g/mol density, one can calculate its molar mass. 63.546 amu, or 63.546 g/mol, is the atomic mass of copper, for example. Each copper atom weighs a mole, or 6.022 X 10²³, in this 63.546 g of copper.Calculations-
% mass of iron= (25.6 x 0.135)/23.25
=3.456/23.25
=0.1486
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Suppose that an element is known to be among the first four elements in a list of 32 elements. Would a linear search or a binary search locate this element more rapidly?.
Linear search will locate the element more rapidly as compared to binary search.
A linear search will start by looking for an element in the first element, then move on to the second, third, and so forth. The linear search technique may use no more than 4 iterations because it is known that the element is one of the first 4 items.
The set will be split in half using a binary search, which will then determine which side contains the element. Then it divides that portion of the set into two again, checks to see if the element is present in each half, and so forth.
Since the list has 32 elements, the first iteration of the list has 16 elements, the second iteration has 8, the third has 4, the fourth has 2, and the fifth iteration has 1 element (the element in which we are interested). Thus, the binary search algorithm needs 5 iterations.
Since binary search needs five iterations and linear search only needs four, linear search will locate the element more quickly.
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