The Calvin-Benson cycle or the light independent process both take place in the stroma of the chloroplast. Carbohydrates are created from carbon dioxide through a sequence of chemical processes.
Light-Independent ReactionsThe energetic electrons from the light-dependent reactions supply the energy to convert carbon dioxide molecules into carbohydrates in the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. Because of the cyclical nature of the process, the light-independent reactions are occasionally referred to as the Calvin cycle.
The products of the light-dependent reactions are necessary for the light-independent reactions to work even though they don't involve light as a reactant and can thus occur day or night. The creation of new carbohydrate molecules is fueled by the energy carrier molecules ATP and NADPH, which are light-independent molecules. The energy carrier molecules then go back to the light-dependent processes to get more energised electrons once the energy has been delivered. Moreover, light activates a number of the enzymes involved in the light-independent processes.
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Which of the following reaction is not oxidation-reduction reaction? CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2OFe2O3 + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO3CuO + 2NH3 → 3Cu + N2 + 3H2OCa(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH → Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
The reaction that is not an oxidation-reduction reaction is Ca(OH)₂ + 2CH₃COOH → Ca(CH₃COO)₂ + 2H₂O.
The reaction that is not an oxidation-reduction reaction is the last option, Ca(OH)₂ + 2CH₃COOH → Ca(CH₃COO)₂ + 2H₂O. Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. In the first reaction, CH₄ is oxidized to CO₂ and O₂ is reduced to H₂O. In the second reaction, Fe2O₃ is reduced to Fe and C is oxidized to CO. In the third reaction, CuO is reduced to Cu and NH₃ is oxidized to N₂ and H₂O. However, in the last reaction, there is no transfer of electrons between the reactants. Instead, the reaction involves the exchange of ions between Ca(OH)₂ and CH₃COOH to form Ca(CH₃COO)₂ and H₂O.
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how many oxygen atoms are there in 52.06 g of carbon dioxide?
There are approximately [tex]1.424 x 10^24[/tex] oxygen atoms in 52.06 g of carbon dioxide.
To calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 52.06 g of carbon dioxide, we want to initially decide the number of moles of carbon dioxide present, and afterward utilize the mole proportion between carbon dioxide and oxygen to compute the number of oxygen iotas.
The molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) is 44.01 g/mol, and that implies that 1 mole of CO2 contains 2 moles of oxygen iotas (since the nuclear proportion of O to C in CO2 is 2:1).
Thus, to calculate the quantity of moles of CO2 in 52.06 g, we partition the mass by the molar mass:
n = m/M = 52.06 g / 44.01 g/mol = 1.182 mol
Now, we can use the mole ratio between CO2 and O to find the number of oxygen atoms:
1.182 mol CO2 x 2 mol O / 1 mol [tex]CO2 x 6.022 x 10^{23}[/tex] atoms/mol = [tex]1.424 x 10^{24}[/tex]oxygen atoms
Therefore, there are approximately [tex]1.424 x 10^{24}[/tex] oxygen atoms in 52.06 g of carbon dioxide.
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What is a chemical formula symbol?
Answer:
NaCIO (chemical formula for bleach)
what major products are formed when trimyristin is treated with naoh in aqueous ethanol?
Re-extracting trimyristin with Hf in aqueous ethanol results in the production of carboxyl group and glycerol.
What is the ethanol used for?
When diluted, all alcoholic beverages—beer, wine, and spirits—contain ethanol. To stop skin infections, it is a topical component used in cosmetics, perfumes, and pharmaceutical preparations such rub complexes, lotions, tonics, and colognes.
Why does ethanol show up in gas?
Due to its higher octane number than gasoline, ethanol offers better mixing capabilities. Regulations requiring a minimum octane number in fuel avoid engine knocking and guarantee drivability. For environmental purposes, ethanol is less harmful than unblended petrol.
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an experimental volume of 21.4 l is determine for 1 mole of gas at stp. what is the experimental error?
The experimental error in this case is 4.46%.
How to determine the experimental error?At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters. Therefore, the experimental error in this case can be calculated as follows:
Experimental error = | (experimental value - theoretical value) / theoretical value | x 100%
= | (21.4 L - 22.4 L) / 22.4 L | x 100%
= 4.46%
This means that the experimental volume of 21.4 L is 4.46% lower than the theoretical value of 22.4 L at STP. This could be due to various factors such as instrumental errors, human errors.
Therefore, the experimental error in this case is 4.46%.
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you want to use radiometric dating to determine the age of a specimen. you use isotope z, which has a half-life of 645 years. you measure your sample and find that 1/16 of the original amount of isotope z is present. how old is the sample?
Answer:
2580 years
Explanation:
Since isotope Z has a half-life of 645 years, that means after 645 years, half of the original amount of isotope Z will decay. So, if 1/16 of the original amount is present, that means there have been 4 half-lives (since 2^4 = 16).
Each half-life is 645 years, so 4 half-lives is 4 x 645 = 2580 years.
Therefore, the age of the sample is 2580 years.
Identify the acid associated with each conjugate base. Choose... SO42- Choose... Cl- Choose... OH Choose... F Choose... v
A conjugate base is a species that is created by taking a proton out of an acid since, in the opposite reaction, it might help a hydrogen ion.
The conjugate acid of sulphate (SO42−) is hydrogen sulphate (HSO42−)The conjugate acid of OH− is H2O because when OH− gains a hydrogen ion, it forms H2O.Cl − Chloride ion HCl Hydrogen chlorideF–Choose...HF Water HCl HI Hydronium ion Bisulfate ion Sulfuric acidAccording to the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, a conjugate acid is a chemical molecule that is created when an acid donates a proton to a base; in other words, it is a base that has had a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the opposite reaction, the base loses a hydrogen ion.
The conjugate base of some acids may also be acidic since they have the capacity to liberate a few protons.
According to Bronsted-concept Lowry's of acids and bases, a conjugate acid-base pair consists of two compounds that differ most from one another when a proton (H+) is present.
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How many moles are in HNO3?
The number of moles of the HNO₃ is 7.14 mol.
The mass of the ` HNO₃ = 450 g
The molar mass of the HNO₃ = 1 + 14 + 16 (3)
The molar mass of the HNO₃ = 63 g/mol
The number of the moles of HNO₃ = mass / molar mass
Where
The mass = 450 g
The molar mass of the HNO₃ = 63 g/mol
The number of the moles of HNO₃ = 450 / 63
The number of the moles of HNO₃ = 7.14 mol
Thus, The number of the moles of HNO₃ is 7.14 mol with the mass of the 450 g.
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This question is incomplete, the complete question is :
How many moles of HNO3 are present in 450 g of HNO3?
how to calculate balance equations chemistry online?
An essential skill in chemistry is the ability to balance chemical equations, and there are numerous online resources that can assist with this process.
To balance chemical equations, a variety of online tools are accessible. Here are some illustrations: Equations may be balanced for you using the balancer, a straightforward and user-friendly web application. Simply enter the equation, and the balanced equation will appear. Chemical Equation Balancer: Equations with or without oxidation numbers can be balanced using this tool. In order to better comprehend the balancing process, it also offers a step-by-step approach. The WebQC Chemical Equation Balancer is an effective tool for balancing difficult chemical equations. The balanced equation is also shown visually by this. Equation Balancer at Symbol ab: Equation balancer software is available at Symbol ab, a platform for math and science education.
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The volume of a gas is proportional to its pressure if the temperature is held constant.a. Trueb. False
When the gas's temperature and pressure are kept constant, the volume and number of moles of the gases are precisely proportional. The assertion is accurate.
What is a mole on the body?A mole, also known as a naevus, is a common skin growth that appears when melanocytes, the cells that produce color, cluster together. On your skin, they appear as tiny, dark marks or, occasionally, as lumps that are flesh-colored. Moles can come in a variety of hues, forms, and sizes.
When should I worry about a mole?A concerning mole, on the other hand, is asymmetrical, which means that if you split it in half, the two halves do not look the same. Normally, the border of benign moles is regular and rounded. Borders on cancerous moles typically contain irregularities.
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3. If possible and with your teacher's approval, carry out your investigation. Make a data table and record your observations there. Make a note of any unusual or missing data that might be caused by experimental error.
The activity described is an investigation, which is a scientific process of collecting data through observations, experiments, and analysis to answer a specific question or to solve a problem.
How can the activity be executed?To execute this activity, you need to obtain the necessary materials and equipment, and conduct the experiment as per the guidelines provided.
You should record all your observations, measurements, and data in a table, noting any unusual or missing data that may be due to experimental error.
It is important to obtain your teacher's approval before conducting the investigation to ensure that you are following proper scientific protocols and safety guidelines. Finally, you will analyze the data collected to draw conclusions and communicate your findings.
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name given to an atom that has lost electrons to become a positive charged particle is
A positively charged ion called a cation is created when an atom loses one or more electrons.
What's the name of the phenomenon where an electron loses electrons?The process of ionization is when an atom or molecule loses or gains an electron, resulting in the formation of an ion. An anion is created when a molecule or atom obtains an electron; a cation is created when an electron is lost (a cation).
What elements possess a positive charge?Three subatomic particles exist: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge, making up two of the subatomic particles. Instead of having a charge, neutrons are neutral.
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Hydrogen is produced by the action of sulfuric acid on zine metal and collected over water in a 255 mL container at 24.0 °C and 855 torr. The vapor pressure of water at 24.0 °C is 22.38 torr. What is the pressure of the dry hydrogen alone?
The pressure of the dry hydrogen alone is 231.7 torr.
How would the pressure of the dry hydrogen change if the container temperature was raised to 40.0 °C?The pressure of the dry hydrogen would increase because as the temperature increases, the vapor pressure of water also increases, which in turn increases the total pressure in the container.
We need to use the Dalton's law of partial pressures, which states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
The pressure of the dry hydrogen alone is equal to the total pressure of the hydrogen and water vapor mixture minus the vapor pressure of water at the given temperature.
First, let's calculate the partial pressure of hydrogen:
Partial pressure of hydrogen = Total pressure - Vapor pressure of water
Partial pressure of hydrogen = 855 torr - 22.38 torr
Partial pressure of hydrogen = 832.62 torr
Next, let's convert the volume of the container from milliliters to liters, and convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:
Volume = 255 mL = 0.255 L
Temperature = 24.0 °C + 273.15 = 297.15 K
Finally, we can calculate the pressure of the dry hydrogen alone using the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.
Assuming the hydrogen behaves as an ideal gas, we can rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for the number of moles:
n = PV/RT
where P, V, and T are the partial pressure, volume, and temperature of the dry hydrogen.
Rearranging this equation again, we can solve for the pressure of the dry hydrogen alone:
P = nRT/V
P = (PV/RT)RT/V
P = (Partial pressure of hydrogen)(Volume of container)/(Number of moles of hydrogen)(Gas constant)(Temperature)
P = (832.62 torr)(0.255 L)/[(Number of moles of hydrogen)(0.0821 Latm/(molK))(297.15 K)]
Solving for the number of moles of hydrogen:
n = PV/RT
n = (832.62 torr)(0.255 L)/(0.0821 Latm/(molK))(297.15 K)
n = 0.0112 moles
Substituting the number of moles into the equation for pressure:
P = (832.62 torr)(0.255 L)/(0.0112 moles)(0.0821 Latm/(molK))(297.15 K)
P = 231.7 torr
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what is the most significant factor in determining the strength of dipole interactions?
The most significant factor in determining the strength of dipole-dipole interactions is the magnitude of the dipole moment of the molecules involved.
The dipole moment is a measure of the separation of charge in a molecule, and it is determined by the difference in electronegativity between the atoms in the molecule and the geometry of the molecule. Molecules with large dipole moments will experience stronger dipole-dipole interactions than molecules with small dipole moments.
Other factors that can affect the strength of dipole interactions include the shape and size of the molecules, the orientation of the dipoles, and the strength of other intermolecular forces present in the system.
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what is periodic table atomic mass?
Generally, the atomic mass is defined as a weighted average of all of the isotopes present in that element, in which the mass of each isotope is multiplied by the abundance of that particular isotope.
Atomic number is defined as the number of protons present in the nucleus (which is the same as the number of electrons in the atom). Basically a one or two letter symbol that represents the element. These are internationally-used symbols and abbreviations for the common name or the Latin name of the element.
Generally, the atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons in atoms of a chemical elements, which allows for the natural abundances of the element's isotopes.
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________ stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule can be used to make new bonds in a different molecule.
energy
Energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule can be used to make new bonds in a different molecule.
What is chemical bonds?Atoms inside a molecule are joined together by chemical bonds. Strong intramolecular interactions like covalent and ionic bonds are among these bonds.
They are connected to weak intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces, especially dipole-dipole interactions. An enduring affinity between ions or atoms known as a chemical bond is what allows molecules and crystals to form. Energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule can be used to make new bonds in a different molecule.
Therefore, energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule can be used to make new bonds in a different molecule.
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What happens when aluminum reacts with hydrochloric acid?
At normal temperature, aluminum interacts with weak hydrochloric acid. With hydrochloric acid, the metal dissolves, producing colorless hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride.
What is hydrogen gas dangerous?Although hydrogen is non-toxic, it can accumulate indoors in places like storage storage rooms and replace oxygen, leading to asphyxiation. By giving hydrogen fuel a manufactured smell and warning customers in the event of a leak, adding odorants can help mitigate this risk to some extent.
How is gaseous hydrogen produced?High-Temperature Water Splitting: Redox reactions that split water into hydrogen are fueled by high temps generated by light concentrators or nuclear reactors. Photobiological Water Splitting: When water is consumed by microbes like green algae in the presence of sunshine, hydrogen is produced as a byproduct.
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Monosaccharides may link together to form polysaccharides by forming which type of bond?a. hydrogenb. peptidec. ionicd. glycosidic
Monosaccharides may link together to form polysaccharides by forming a glycosidic bond
Simple sugars called monosaccharides can combine to generate polysaccharides through a dehydration reaction. A glycosidic bond, a type of covalent bond, is formed to create this coupling. The hydroxyl group (-OH) of one monosaccharide and the anomeric carbon atom of another monosaccharide combine to form a glycosidic bond.
The characteristics of the resultant polysaccharide depend on the kind of glycosidic bond that forms between the monosaccharides. For instance, the alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages between the glucose units of a starch molecule, a polysaccharide made of glucose monomers. The molecular structure and properties of cellulose, a distinct polysaccharide made of glucose monomers, are different because of the beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages that connect the glucose units.
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photo c shows the consequences of dropping dilute acid on a mineral specimen. what is the mineral? what are the bubbles made of?
The photo shows the mineral calcite which upon reaction with dilute acid produce carbon dioxide gas. This gas is evolved out as bubbles.
What are minerals ?Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic compounds with a definite composition and sharp edged crystalline structures. There are a number of mineral depositions in the nature made of calcium, phosphorous, sodium etc.
Calcite is a mineral made of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is very abundant and essential mineral in the earth crust. When calcium carbonate reacts with mineral dilute acids, it gives carbon dioxide gas.
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The image related to the question is given below:
[tex]\rm CaCO_{3} + 2HCl \rightarrow CaCl_{2} + H_{2}O + CO_{2}[/tex]
The release of carbon dioxide gas is appearing as bubbles. Hence, the mineral is calcite.
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the two reactions involved in a redox reaction are ____ and ____.
The two reactions involved in a redox reaction are oxidation and reduction.
The oxidation reaction is the reaction in the loss of the elctrons take place or the oxidation is the increase of the oxidation number. The reduction reaction is the reaction where the gain of the electrons takes place or the reduction is the decrease in the oxidation number.
The redox reaction can be described as the chemical reaction in which the electrons are transferred in between the two reactants participating in it. The redox reaction is the in which the oxidation and the reduction both will occurs at the same time.
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what is periodic table with masses?
The periodic table with masses is very useful as the atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons in atoms of a chemical elements, which allows for the natural abundances of the element's isotopes.
Generally, atomic mass of an element is defined as the number of times an atom of that element which is heavier than an atom of carbon taken as 12. Basically, one atomic mass unit is equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon 12 isotope.
In the modern periodic table atomic number is present at the upper left, or number of protons. And in the middle the letter is the symbol used for the element (e.g., H). And below is the relative atomic mass, as calculated for the isotopes found naturally on Earth. Finally at the very bottom is the name of the element (e.g., hydrogen).
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I’m kind of confused.
The experimental rate law is; Rate = k[O2] [NO]^2
Thus the reaction is first order with respect to oxygen and second order with respect to nitrogen monoxide
What is the rate constant?The rate constant, represented by the symbol k, is a proportionality constant that relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentration of reactants. The rate constant is specific to a particular reaction and is determined experimentally.
The rate law of a chemical reaction expresses the relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentrations of the reactants.
We know that;
2.56 * 10^-1/8.52 * 10^-2 = (0.09/0.03)^n
3 = 3^n
n = 1
Again;
7.67 * 10^-1/8.52 * 10^-2 = 0.06/0.02
9 = 3^n
3^2 = 3^n
n = 2
The rate law is;
Rate = k[O2] [NO]^2
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Identify the main reason for adding the solvent slowly to a volumetric flask.
Select one:
A: To ensure that the solvent has time to thoroughly dissolve any solute
B: To allow the air in the flask to become saturated with solvent
C: Because volumetric flasks are fragile and can break if a liquid is added too fast
D: So that the liquid does not exceed the volume marking on the flask
All volumetric flasks are calibrated. The main reason for adding the solvent slowly to a volumetric flask is that the liquid does not exceed the volume marking on the flask. The correct option is D.
What is Volumetric flask?A Volumetric flask also called the measuring flask is a laboratory apparatus which is used to hold accurate amount of volume at the specific temperature. It is mainly used to store and prepare the solutions for laboratory purposes.
The solvent should be added slowly to the flask. If too much solvent is added then the volume get disrupted and a new solution has to be prepared from the first step.
Thus the correct option is D.
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Calcalculate the standard reaction free energy of the following chemical reaction: ticl4 2h2o tio2 4hcl
TiCl₄ + 2H₂O TiO₂ + 4HCl is the reaction's balanced chemical equation. The following equation may be used to compute the standard reaction free energy (G°): G° is equal to G°f (products) - G°f (reactants)
TiCl₄ + 2H₂O TiO₂ + 4HCl is the reaction's balanced chemical equation.
The following equation may be used to compute the standard reaction free energy (G°):
G° is equal to G°f (products) - G°f (reactants), where G°f is the typical free energy required to produce each chemical.
We obtain the following values for the standard free energy of formation: G° = (-944.4) + 2(-237.2) - (-763.2) - 4(-92.3) = -437.6 kJ/mol
As a result, the given chemical reaction's standard reaction free energy (G°) is -437.6 kJ/mol.
To put it another way, the calculation determines the energy difference between the reactants and products in the specified chemical process under ideal circumstances. The reaction is spontaneous and thermodynamically advantageous when G° is negative.
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a homeowner uses two different short-term radon collection devices to measure the same space. one device measured the air for 4 days and the result was the other device measured the air for 8 days and the result was calculate an estimate of the radon concentrations in the home, taking into consideration the different measurement periods
The homeowner can calculate an estimate of the radon concentrations in the home by taking the average of the two measurements and adjusting for the different measurement periods. To do this, the homeowner can use the following formula:
Average radon concentration = (Measurement 1 x Measurement period 1 + Measurement 2 x Measurement period 2) / (Measurement period 1 + Measurement period 2)
In this case, the formula would be:
Average radon concentration = (Measurement 1 x 4 + Measurement 2 x 8) / (4 + 8)
The homeowner can then plug in the values for the two measurements and solve for the average radon concentration:
Average radon concentration = (Measurement 1 x 4 + Measurement 2 x 8) / 12
By using this formula, the homeowner can get an estimate of the radon concentrations in the home that takes into consideration the different measurement periods. This will provide a more accurate estimate of the radon levels in the home than simply taking the average of the two measurements without adjusting for the different measurement periods.
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Draw the structure of the product formed in the reaction: NaOH; ethanol 2 heat H
The product of the chemical equation of sodium hydroxide and ethanol is sodium ethoxide and water.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
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Which metal has the highest melting point?
a thallium
b tungsten
C cobalt
d osmium
The metal with the highest melting point among the options provided is tungsten (b).
Hope it helps :)
Answer:
b. Tungsten
Explanation:
The element with the highest melting point is tungsten (symbol: W), also known as wolfram. Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal and the second-highest melting point of any element after carbon. Its melting point is 3422 °C (6192 °F). Tungsten is a transition metal and is known for its high density, hardness, and resistance to heat and corrosion. It is used in a variety of applications, including light bulb filaments, electrical contacts, and X-ray tubes. Thallium, cobalt, and osmium are not known for their high melting points.
Now let's try one more example with biological relevance! here is a combustion reaction, which is also the process of photosynthesis. C6h12o6(s) 6 o2(g) -> 6 co2(g) 6 h2o(g) predict the sign of
The sign being referred to here is likely the ΔH sign, which indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (ΔH < 0) or endothermic (ΔH > 0).
In the case of the given combustion reaction, which is also the process of the photosynthesis in reverse, we can predict that it is an exothermic reaction because energy is released in the form of heat as well as light.
This can also be confirmed by the negative value of the enthalpy change (ΔH) associated with the reaction. Therefore, the sign of the ΔH for this reaction will be negative (ΔH < 0), indicating that it is exothermic.
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What pathways would be necessary to carry you to the leaves of these trees .All of the above.1. apoplastic2. bulk flow3. symplastic4. transmembrane
The pathways that would be necessary to carry you to the leaves of these trees are apoplastic, bulk flow, symplastic and transmembrane. Hence, option 5 (all of the above) is correct.
Generally, the apoplast is defined as the space outside the plasma membrane consisting of intercellular spaces where the material diffuses freely.
Generally, mass flow or bulk flow is defined as the movement down a pressure gradient ( a pressure gradient in plants is observed due to variations in solute concentration) or the temperature gradient of substances in bulk or in masses.
Symplast is generally considered as the living part of the plant tissue without the presence of a cell wall and intercellular spaces in it.
Generally, the transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein which spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Hence, option 5 is correct.
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What is NaCI as a compound?
NaCl is the chemical formula for sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt. It is a compound made up of two elements, sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl), that are chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio of 1:1.
The sodium and chlorine atoms in NaCl are held together by an ionic bond, which is a type of chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions. In this case, sodium loses one electron to become a positively charged ion (Na+), and chlorine gains one electron to become a negatively charged ion (Cl-).
The resulting Na+ and Cl- ions attract each other electrostatically to form a crystal lattice structure, which gives sodium chloride its characteristic salty taste and other physical and chemical properties.
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