Convergent evolution, evolution by natural selection, similar selective pressure can have different effects, all these conclusion is correct from Richard Lenski's experiments.
The 12 genetically identical populations of E. Coli underwent convergent evolution resulting from similar environmental conditions.
From a variety of underlying genotypes, similar phenotypes may result.
Evolution by natural selection can be observed directly in organisms with short generation times.
On genetically identical organisms, similar selective pressures can have different effects at the level of the genome.
All of the above are correct conclusions which are drawn from Richard Lenski's experiments.
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HeEeLllpp 8.Carbon atoms are important for all of the following reasons except
The one exception to the reasons why carbon atoms are significant is (d) their ability to form ionic bonds.
The periodic element with atomic number 6 is carbon. On Earth, it occurs the most frequently. Stable covalent bonds are created between carbon atoms and other elements. Catenation is the ability of carbon to make four covalent connections with itself.
The non-covalent bonds that are less strong than covalent bonds are ionic bonds. Instead of neutral atoms, two charged atoms join together to form this bond. This bond typically has large variations in electronegativity between the atoms. The atoms are changed over to more electronegative atoms in this place.
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which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions? i. each mature lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.\
The statements that "Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.", "When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.", and "Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated." are TRUE about the clonal-selection theory.
Clonal selection is a theory used in immunology to explain how lymphocytes behave when certain harmful microorganisms containing antigens enter the body.
An antigen is any molecular region of a harmful microorganism that is recognized by specific molecules of the immune system. B. Antibodies.
In this process (clonal selection), an individual her B or T cell recognizes an antigen and then selects them to create a clonal population that allows elimination of antigen-bearing microbes.
In summary, the statements that "lymphocytes have receptors that recognize antigens", "lymphocytes become activated when they bind to antigens", and "clonal cells are derived from activated lymphocytes" True
your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was:
Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?
I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.
II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.
III) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.
IV) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.
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during the elongation stage of translation, the ribosome translocates relative to the mrna and the trnas. this step requires the elongation factor
During the elongation stage of translation, the ribosome translocates relative to the mRNA and the tRNAs. this step requires the elongation factor EF-G and hydrolysis of GTP.
The tRNA with the proper corresponding anticodon will pair with the relevant mRNA codon during the translation's elongation phase. Methionine from the first tRNA joins with the second amino acid from the second tRNA to form a peptide bond, the kind of bond that binds amino acids together.
After then, the ribosome shifts downward, moving in the 5' 3' direction, creating room for a new tRNA to link with its corresponding codon and produce a new peptide bond. The ribosome continues this process by traveling down the mRNA strand and lengthening its amino acid chain as it does so.
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TRUE/FALSE. the site where a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction. this activity will test your understanding of the sequence of events that occur at the neuromuscular junction.
The site where a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction is a True statement.
Muscle contraction begins at the neuromuscular junction, which is where a motor neuron's terminal meets a muscle fiber (NMJ). Every fiber of every skeletal muscle is innervated by a motor neuron at an NMJ.
The neuromuscular junction, where muscle fibers and neurons converge, is an important synapse for muscle contraction and movement. The malfunction of these junctions can cause neuromuscular illnesses to progress, some of which have no effective treatment.
A Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction is the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, which is designed to allow action potentials (APs) from the spinal motor neurons to reach skeletal muscle, is an example of a highly specialized neuroeffector synapse.
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: retroviruses universally use . . . choose one: a. viral reverse transcriptase to make a dna copy that is integrated into the host genome
The retroviruses universally use (a) viral reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy that is integrated into the host genome.
Retroviruses are the type of viruses that use RNA as the genetic material. Hence when they infect any cell, the RNA first has to be converted into c-DNA and then the further infection takes place. The example of viruses that are retroviruses are: HIV, HTLV-1, etc.
Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme used during the conversion of m-RNA to c-DNA. This phenomenon of conversion is termed as reverse transcription. This enzyme is present in almost all the organisms like viruses, bacteria, animals, and plants.
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which action immediately occurs when the posterior pituitary is stimulated to release antidiuretic hormone
The hormone is carried by the nerve cells along their axons to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is released into the bloodstream. The antidiuretic hormone affects the kidneys and blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure.
Several variables influence the release of ADH. Volume status and variations in plasma osmotic pressure are the two main influencing variables. Exercise, the hormone angiotensin II, and emotional states like pain are other variables that encourage the production of ADH. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is generated by stretched atria in response to rises in blood pressure, as well as alcohol and other medicines, all impede the production of ADH. The amount of ADH released in response to variations in plasma osmotic pressure is controlled by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. They are found in the subfornical organ and the organum vasculum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), two of the sensory circumventricular organs of the brain. Thus, The hormone is carried by the nerve cells along their axons to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is released into the bloodstream. The antidiuretic hormone affects the kidneys and blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure.
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hemophilia is a condition in which the blood cannot clot properly. hemophilia is caused by a recessive allele carried on the x chromosone. suppose a mother who carries hemphilia on her x chromosone has children with a man that has hemophilia. whicj of the following
All of their daughters will either have haemophilia or show symptoms of it.
What contributes to hemophilia?A mutation or change in one of the genes, which codes for the proteins that form the clotting factor necessary for a blood clot, results in hemophilia. The clotting protein may no longer exist or function improperly as a result of this change or mutation. On the X chromosome are these genes.
Hemophilia A is brought on by changes in the FVIII gene. Hemophilia B is brought on by FIX gene mutations. The process of blood clotting depends heavily on the proteins produced by these genes. Mutations in either gene prevent clots from forming in the event of an injury, resulting in excessive bleeding that may be challenging to stop.
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Plants and algae share a number of similarities but are very different biologically. Sort the characteristics according to whether they apply to plants only, algae only, both, or neither. Reset Help eukaryotes protists can be unicellular or multicellular multicellular producers photosynthetic primarily aquatic primarily terrestrial heterotrophic Plants only Algae only Plants and algae Neither plants nor algae
Answer:
they are diffrent
Explanation:
What are the differences between algae and plants?
How are algae different from plants?
Hey,
1).Algae can be unicellular like euglenoids and green plants or it can be multicellular organism like oedogonium while plants are multicellular.
2).Algae live underwater or on the surface of water and plants basically lives more often times on land.
3).The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves or vice versa for plants.
4).Plant posses vascular system(Xylem and phloem) which helps in transport of water and nutrients while algae do not posses such system.
5).Plants develop embryo and algae do not.
6).Algae can move because of the presence of flagella while plants can't move.
7).Algae can be both autotrophic and heterotroph and basically plants are autotrophic.
Thanks
the dorsal respiratory group: question 7 options: 1) extends from the brain stem. 2) is located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve ix. 3) ends at the pons-medullary junction. 4) is a rhythm generating center.
At the pons-medullary junction, the dorsal respiratory group comes to a stop.
Where are the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups located?The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is located in the nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retroambiguus, while the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is situated in the ventral lateral region of the nucleus tractus solitarius.
What center is responsible for the dorsal respiratory group stimulation?The Pneumotaxic Center Shortens Inspiration and Speeds Up Respiration. Signals from the apneumotaxic center are sent to the inspiratory region from its dorsal location in the upper pons' nucleus parabrachialis. Most inspiratory movements and their timing are under the direction of the dorsal respiratory group (nucleus tractus solitarius).
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Relate the concept of gross and net production to the concept of energy conversion.
How can we maintain a healthy sexuality What practices should we do to keep it healthy?.
Talk with your partner about sexual relations. contraception; use of condoms and rubber dams; Be aware that alcohol and drugs can break down your inhibitions and influence your decision-making. Get tested for STDs if you think you're at risk.
How important is it to keep your sexuality healthy?Sexual health is a big part of life. It can and will affect other aspects of health. This includes physical, mental, emotional and social health. Good sexual health means being well informed, caring and respectful of yourself and others.
How would you describe healthy sexuality?Healthy sexuality means having the knowledge and power to express your sexuality in a way that enriches your life. It involves approaching sexual interactions and relationships from a consensual, respectful and informed perspective. There is no coercion and violence in healthy sexuality.
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chromatin remodeling a promoter in a genome is a dnase-resistant site. which of the following events could convert the site to a dnase hypersensitive site? check all that apply the level of a transcription factor that binds a nearby enhancer increases.the level of a transcription factor that binds a nearby enhancer increases. a histone deacetylase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter.a histone deacetylase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter. a remodeling complex uses atp to move nucleosomes to expose the promoter.a remodeling complex uses atp to move nucleosomes to expose the promoter. a histone acetyltransferase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter.a histone acetyltransferase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter. a remodeling complex uses atp to move nucleosomes to block the promoter.
An online DNase-resistant website is a promoter in a genome. The degree of a transcription problem that binds a nearby enhancer rises the website to a DNase hypersensitive site.
A transcription factor that binds to a neighboring enhancer is present at higher levels. Enhancer sequences upstream or downstream of a related gene can be bound by transcription elements, stimulating or enhancing the transcription of the related gene. A number of the key factors and co-activators that enhancer-specific transcription elements recruit have been found to be crucial in enhancer-promoter interactions. Ldb1, a transcriptional cofactor that is widely expressed, is one of the quality factors that have been examined.
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What is A strand of DNA called?.
DNA nucleotides link up to form units referred to as base pairs, A with T and C with G. A sugar and phosphate molecule are also joined to each base.
Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA of an individual can be found in almost all of their cells. The majority of DNA is found in the cell nucleus (where it is known as nuclear DNA), but there is also a tiny quantity of DNA in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Cellular organelles called mitochondria transform the energy from food into a form that can be utilized by cells.
Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (C) are the four chemical bases that make up the code that stores the information in DNA (T). More than 99 percent of the 3 billion bases that make up human DNA are the same in every person.
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Osmosis is best defined as the movement of
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The best way to describe osmosis is as the transfer of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration.
Osmosis: What is it?The best way to describe osmosis is as the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.
Osmosis in biology is the movement of water molecules through a cell's partially permeable membrane from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules.
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent through a membrane that is semipermeable, dividing two solutions with different solute concentrations. Osmosis is the process by which a solvent is transferred from a solution with a lower concentration of solute to one with a higher concentration.
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the deforestation of are a serious concern because the biome is a major storehouse for biodiversity, an important reservoir for carbon, and a major producer of atmospheric oxygen.
The deforestation of tropical rainforests is a serious concern because the biome is a major storehouse for biodiversity, an important reservoir of carbon, and a major producer of atmospheric oxygen.
Tropical rainforests are those that develop in areas with a tropical rainforest climate, which means there is never a dry season and all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm. These ecosystems are also referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforests.
The tropical rainforest biome is characterized by very high annual rainfall, high average temperatures, nutrient-poor soil, and high levels of biodiversity (species richness). The tropics receive almost direct sunlight, which produces strong solar energy that keeps temperatures between 70° and 85°F (21° to 30°C) high.
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spotted antbirds (hylophylax naevioides) are capable of catching both small and large insects. when the much larger ocellated antbird (phaenostictus mcleannani) is present, however, spotted antbirds eat only small insects. based on that information, which statement about the spotted antbird is true?
This spotted antibird is more adaptable than the ocellated antibird as it feeds on small insects, ants, moths and cockroaches. These are also known to follow army ant swarms and they catch insects and small animals which are trying to run away.
What do you mean by hylophylax naevioides?
The spotted antbird is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. In southern Central America, it is found in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama; also Colombia and Ecuador of northwestern South America. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
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place each of the molecules in the correct order based on the general flow of genetic information given by the central dogma of molecular biology.
The correct order based on the general flow of genetic information is,
Replication, Transcription, and Translation.
In biological systems, the basic flow of genetic information is sometimes represented with a flowchart known as "the central dogma" (image is attached). Transcription converts DNA information into RNA, while translation converts RNA into proteins. Reverse transcription and replication are two more examples of techniques for the spread of information in various forms. The techniques by which regulatory signals travel between the many layers of molecule types shown in the model and how information is encoded are not, however, directly addressed by this system. Therefore, although the following scheme is almost always a part of any biologist's vocabulary, maybe as a holdover from earlier customs, students should be aware that systems of information transmission are more complex.
The complete question is attached as an image.
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Every environment in the world has __________. Select one: access to all inexhaustible natural resources ways to be less dependent on natural resources natural resources native to that area methods to recycle natural resources
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
This is tough but i think it's, Access to all inexhaustible natural resources ways to be less dependent on natural resources.
which of the following is true of an x-linked gene, but not of a y-linked gene?
X linked gene is present in both males and females. X linked genes having patterns such that the inheritance patterns like this that they are different from the kind of pattern found on autosomes.
What is the basic difference between linked and non linked genes ?The basic difference between linked and non linked genes is that the genes which can be better together are called as linked and the genes which are not linked are called as non linked genes.
Y linked genes can only be inherited from the fathers only.
X linked recessive mutations can be passed down to the parents to the child via the mutations like there are many certain mutations that are related to the X linked changes thus the certain kind of mutations that would lead to the dominance of the trait and cause the disorder.
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a. (10) let palindromedfa be the language of all encoded dfas that accept sr if they accept s. prove that palindromedfa is a turing-decidable language.
A palindrome is a sequence of words, numbers, phrases, or other symbols, read back and forth as follows:the words madam or racecar, the date/time stamps 11/11/11 11:11
S = {(M) | M is a DFA that accepts w whenever it accepts the inverse of w.}
DFA example on S:
A DFA that accepts any string.
To show that S is decidable, we construct the determinant D of S as
TM A) to determine the EQDF:
D = “On input (M)
1. Construct an NFA M' such that L(M') = {ωˣ| ω ∈ L(M)}
2. Convert M' into an equivalent DFA Mⁿ
3. Use C to compare L(Mⁿ) and L(M)
4. If L(Mⁿ) = L(M), accept. Else, reject.
In the TM above, step 1 can be done by transforming M to M'.
in finite steps.
The idea is to (i) reverse the direction of all transition arrows in M, and (ii) create new state q' in M', and connect q'.
For each original final state of M with an ε-transition,
(iii) Make the original starting state of M the final state of M'. Easy to check that L(M') = {ωˣ |ω ∈ L(M)}.
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TRUE/FALSE. categorizing things involves assigning items to categories. identifying themes takes those categories a step further, grouping them into broader themes or classifications.
True. Categorizing things involves assigning items to categories and is an important tool used in organizing information.
Categorization is essential in making sense of the world around us, allowing us to make decisions and draw conclusions based on the information we have. It is a basic form of organizing and understanding data, and it can help us to better understand complex topics or situations.
Identifying themes takes categorizing things a step further. Themes are broader classifications that help us to see how different categories of information might be related. Through identifying themes, we can begin to look at the bigger picture and draw connections between seemingly unrelated topics or items.
Identifying themes is a powerful way to gain insight into a situation or group of items. It allows us to draw connections between seemingly unrelated items, and it can provide us with a clearer understanding of the data we have. It is also a valuable tool for brainstorming and problem-solving, as it allows us to come up with creative solutions by looking at the bigger picture.
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determine whether the label scenario's comparison lends to an increased or decreased basal metabolism by dragging the label to its appropriate classification category.
The comparison lends to an increased or decreased basal metabolism using appropriate labels.
Decreasing basal metabolismHaving more fat vs. more lean body massBeing female vs. maleIncreasing basal metabolismBeing pregnant vs. not pregnantSmoking cigarettes vs. not smoking cigarettesThe amount of energy required to maintain bodily function while at rest, or basal metabolic rate, is measured in units of time.
Hence, basal metabolism is optimum rate at which our body perform all function effectively.
Question:
Determine whether the label scenario's comparison lends to an increased or decreased basal metabolism by selecting the label to its appropriate classification category.
being female vs. male
being pregnant vs. not pregnant
having more fat vs. more lean body mass
Smoking cigarettes vs. not smoking cigarettes
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at the age of 25, mr. rahmn was less than 4 feet tall. his short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the
Mr. Rahman is less than 4 feet tall at 25 years old. His short stature may be affected by the lack of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland.
Growth hormone is a protein hormone that is produced and needed by the body for various growth and development processes, especially increasing height.
Growth hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland or pituitary gland which is located at the base of the brain.
From the pituitary gland, this hormone is released into the bloodstream and then distributed throughout the body. Hormones are not released continuously, but little by little every 3 to 5 hours.
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hypoxia can cause apoptosis by increasing excitotoxicity in the cell via glutamate. what downstream cellular effects would this have?
A lethal influx of extracellular calcium results from excitotoxicity, which happens when neurons are exposed to high levels of glutamate.
This results in a persistent activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate acid (NMDA), -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and voltage-gated calcium channels.
As cellular energy stores and Na+ gradients decline during hypoxia-ischemia, increased glutamate release and defective glutamate uptake create a toxic accumulation of extracellular glutamate, which causes glutamate receptors to become overstimulated and ultimately results in neuronal cell death.
Does excitotoxicity cause cell death?
Since excitotoxic stimulation of neurons may result in increased NO synthesis and exposure of neurons to NO may result in the release of excitotoxins, these two pathogenic mechanisms are intimately related. Excitotoxic neuronal death can be either apoptotic or necrotic, depending on the experimental conditions and cell type.
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What are the units of hereditary information that are found on chromosomes in the nucleus?.
Genes are hereditary information units located on chromosomes in the nucleus.
A gene is the elementary tangible and functional whole of ancestry. Genes are containing DNA. Some genes serve as an education to form molecules named proteins. However, many genes do not law for proteins. In persons, genes change in intensity from any hundred DNA bases to more than 2 heap bases.
Genes carry instructions that narrate your containers how work and to evolve. Cells are the construction blocks of the carcass. Every some your frame is containing billions of containers cooperation. Genes are organized in constructions named chromosomes. A chromosome is a long DNA molecule accompanying part or all of the historical material of an animal.
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In the process of dehydration synthesis, _________________ are joined using ______________ to form proteins.
In the process of dehydration synthesis, ________amino acids_________ are joined using ______peptides________ to form proteins.
What are amino acids?Amino acids are each a group of organic molecules consisting of a basic amino group (-NH₂), an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) unique to each amino acid. The term amino acid is an abbreviation for α-amino [α-amino] carboxylic acid. Each molecule contains a central carbon atom (C), called the α-carbon, to which both amino and carboxyl groups are attached. The remaining two bonds of the α-carbon atom are usually filled by hydrogen atoms (H) and R groups.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are molecules that all living things need to make proteins, and your body needs 20 of them to function properly. Your body makes 11 of the amino acids it needs.
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In the gal gene system, which protein binds to the activation domain of the activator protein, ultimately blocking transcription in the absence of galactose?.
In the gal gene system , Gal80 protein binds to the activation domain of the activator peotein, ultimately blocking transcription in the absence of galactose.
The transcriptional activator Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 is negatively regulated by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL80 gene. Although GAL4 can still connect to the UAS sequence after being bound by a GAL80 dimer, it can no longer induce transcription.
The GAL4 gene's interaction with GAL80 depends on the 30 amino acids at its C-terminus.
Thus, by combining a transgene or modified endogenous locus encoding a GAL4-based "driver" with a second transgene or modified endogenous locus in which the target gene of interest is located downstream of UAS sequences, GAL80 can be used to further refine the expression pattern of a gene of interest expressed using the UAS-GAL4 binary expression system.
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the binding of acetylcholine results in a(n) in the motor end plate membrane. group of answer choices graded potential hyperpolarization action potential influx of acetylcholinesterase
The muscle membrane's receptors are bound by the release of acetylcholine. When acetylcholine connects to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, a multistep molecular process within the muscle fiber starts.
What is acetylcholine's purpose?Acetylcholine is an organic molecule produced by nerve cells to carry messages to other cells, such as neurons and muscle cells, throughout the brain and body of several animal species.
Where on the muscle fiber does acetylcholine attach to receptors?The muscle membrane's receptors are bound by the release of acetylcholine. When acetylcholine connects to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, a multistep molecular process within the muscle fiber starts.
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Genomic imprinting in mammals appears to primarily affect genes involved in __________.
Genomic imprinting in mammals appears to primarily affect genes involved in germline (sperms or egg cells) ,embryonic and placental development and growth .
What is genomic imprinting ? It is a type of epigenetic phenomenon that leads an impact on expression of genes , which controls whether it would be expressed or not . It is also defined as the process of silencing genes through DNA METHYLATION .
In this the gene expression is silenced by the epigenetic addition of chemical tags to the DNA during egg or sperm formation . In which one copy of the gene is active and other copy of the gene is silenced in a diploid cell in a parental origin dependent manner .
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the steps in the scientific method do not always occur in the same order. group of answer choices true false
This is false that The steps of the scientific method do not always follow the same order.
The scientific method is an empirical procedure for gaining information that has characterized the happening of wisdom since not completely the 17th of one hundred years It includes careful notes, asking exact skepticism about what is noticed, likely that intelligent assumptions can deform by what method individual interprets the observation.
The steps used in scientific methods must forever be acted in the same order. Though the scientific procedure is frequently bestowed as a fixed order of steps, these conduct are better thought-out as a general standard. Not all steps happen in each scientific asking (nor alike), and they are not always exhausted in the same order.
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