Answer:
La respiration cellulaire est l'ensemble des processus du métabolisme cellulaire convertissant l'énergie chimique contenue dans le glucose en adénosine triphosphate (ATP). Ces processus impliquent une succession de réactions chimiques formant des voies métaboliques qui appartiennent au catabolisme, c'est-à-dire qu'elles consistent à cliver les grosses molécules biologiques en molécules plus petites, ce qui libère de l'énergie ainsi qu'un certain nombre de déchets. Ces réactions sont globalement exothermiques, c'est-à-dire qu'elles produisent de la chaleur, la plupart étant des réactions d'oxydoréduction. De ce point de vue, la respiration s'apparente chimiquement à une combustion des nutriments, jouant le rôle de donneurs d'électrons (réducteur), en présence d'un accepteur d'électrons (oxydant).
La respiration est l'une des voies essentielles permettant aux cellules de produire de l'énergie métabolique pour leur développement et leur activité. Parmi les nutriments utilisés par les cellules des animaux et des plantes, on compte les glucides (ose), les peptides (acides aminés) et les lipides (acides gras), tandis que l'oxydant le plus fréquent dans les systèmes biologiques est l'oxygène moléculaire O2. L'énergie biochimique récupérée sous forme d'ATP peut ensuite être utilisée par des processus qui consomment de l'énergie tels que les biosynthèses, la locomotion ou encore le transport actif de substances chimiques à travers les membranes biologiques. La respiration aérobie requiert du dioxygène O2 pour produire de l'ATP. C'est la voie prépondérante de dégradation du pyruvate, issu de la glycolyse. Celle-ci se déroule dans le cytosol, mais le pyruvate doit pénétrer dans les mitochondries pour y être entièrement oxydé par le cycle de Krebs, lequel se déroule dans la matrice mitochondriale. Le cycle de Krebs convertit le pyruvate en dioxyde de carbone CO2 et en coenzymes réduites (NADH et FADH2), coenzymes dont les électrons à haut potentiel de transfert contiennent l'essentiel de l'énergie chimique des molécules dégradées. Ces coenzymes réduites sont alors oxydées par la chaîne respiratoire dans la membrane mitochondriale interne. L'énergie des électrons à haut potentiel de transfert permet de pomper des protons hors de la matrice mitochondriale vers l'espace intermembranaire. Il s'établit un gradient de concentration de protons à travers la membrane interne, lequel génère un gradient électrochimique suffisant pour actionner l'ATP synthase, une enzyme capable de phosphoryler l'ADP en ATP grâce à l'énergie emmagasinée dans ce gradient électrochimique. On appelle phosphorylation oxydative l'ensemble formé par la chaîne respiratoire et l'ATP synthase couplés par gradient électrochimique.
Les manuels de biologie indiquent généralement que chaque molécule de glucose entièrement oxydée par la respiration cellulaire est susceptible de produire 38 molécules d'ATP : 2 ATP issus de la glycolyse, 2 ATP issus du cycle de Krebs, et 34 ATP issus de la chaîne respiratoire. Ce rendement nominal n'est cependant jamais atteint en raison des pertes par dissipation du gradient électrochimique à travers la membrane interne des mitochondries ainsi qu'en raison du coût énergétique du transport actif du pyruvate depuis le cytosol jusqu'à la matrice mitochondriale, de sorte que les estimations actuelles s'établissent autour de 30 à 32 molécules d'ATP formées par molécules de glucose oxydée1.
La respiration aérobie est jusqu'à 15 fois plus efficace que la respiration anaérobie, qui produit seulement 2 ATP par molécule de glucose oxydée. Cependant, certains organismes anaérobie, comme les archées méthanogène, sont capables d'accroître ce rendement en utilisant d'autres accepteurs d'électrons finaux que l'oxygène.
Glycolyse
La glycolyse est une voie métabolique qui se déroule dans le cytosol des cellules de pratiquement tous les êtres vivants. Elle peut fonctionner de manière aérobie ou anaérobie, c'est-à-dire respectivement en présence ou en l'absence d'oxygène. Chez l'homme, elle conduit au pyruvate en conditions aérobies et au lactate en conditions anaérobies.
En conditions aérobies, ce processus convertit une molécule de glucose en deux molécules de pyruvate, avec production concomitante de deux molécules d'ATP. Plus précisément, il commence par consommer deux molécules d'ATP pour accroître la réactivité du glucose en vue de son clivage par l'aldolase puis en produit quatre par phosphorylation au niveau du substrat, avec production de deux molécules de NADH. La réaction globale de la glycolyse peut s'écrire :
glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + chaleur.
Explanation:más inteligente por favor
Scientists primarily use two different techniques to create multiple copies of a DNA sequence: cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Which of the following statements about these methods is true?
Cloning is more rapid than PCR at creating billions of copies of a DNA sequence.
PCR can be used to translate DNA into a protein, while cloning cannot.
PCR generates more copies of a DNA sequence in less time than cloning.
PCR is better at creating copies of large DNA samples than cloning.
Answer:
The answer to your question would be Option 3.
PCR generates more copies of a DNA sequence in less time than cloning.
Explanation:
PCR creates copies exponentially, creating many copies in a short amount of time.
Answer:
PCR generates more copies of a DNA sequence in less time than cloning.
Explanation:
I took the test.
give a scientific explanation of evolution
Explanation:
according to DARWIN'S theory, evolution is derived from the parent's philosophy. meaning, the parents are offspring from an animal that mated with an (updated) version of that species...
When a plant is in hypertonic, what is happening to the plant cell and what will it look like?
Answer:
Explanation:
If you place an animal or a plant cell in a hypertonic solution, the cell shrinks, because it loses water ( water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outside ).
which of the is a correct way to label speed
Answer:speed In m/s
Explanation:
n
Answer: And the best way to label the line segments are with their endpoints, and that's another word here. So a point is just literally A or B, but A and B are also the endpoints of these line segments, 'cause it starts and ends at A and B. So let me write this A and B. A and B are endpoints, another definition right over here.
Explanation: I GOT IT RIGHT BRAINLIEST PLZ <3 <3 <3
Which equation shows how matter is transformed and conserved in photosynthesis? In other words, which is the balanced chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
O 602 + 6H2O + Sunlight → CH208 + 6CO2
O 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → CH,20g + 602
O CH120o + 6CO2 → 602 + 6H20 + Sunlight
son
CH,208 + 602 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The reactants of photosynthesis are CO2 and H2O and the products are C6H12O2 and O2
the answer is not exact, but it is the closest to the actual equation
The equation shows how matter is transformed and conserved in photosynthesis is O 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → CH,20g + 602. Thus, option B is correct.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis can be described as a process which plants use to produce their own food. In this process, carbon dioxide and water get converted into sugar (glucose) and oxygen. Light energy from the sun is needed for this reaction to occur. The excess oxygen produced by this process is released into the atmosphere. The sugar made is used as fuel by the plant.
Cellular respiration is the process by which living organisms obtain energy by breaking down food molecules. Cellular respiration can occur in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) and this combines glucose molecule to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and release energy for use.
The equation best models cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 602 = 6H20 + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP). The reactants of photosynthesis are CO2 and H2O and the products are C6H12O2 and O2.
Thus, option B is the correct option.
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Differentiate between positive and negative mass selection.
Answer:
Positive selection involves targeting the desired cell population with an antibody specific to a cell surface marker (CD4, CD8, etc.). ... Negative selection is when several cell types are removed, leaving the cell type of interest untouched.
Having hair is a(n) _________ trait among mammals.
Answer:
Derived trait
Explanation:
An ancestral (or primitive) trait/character is a feature inherited from the common ancestor of the species/group of interest, while derived traits are those that were absent in the last common ancestor of the group of interest. For example, considering mammals as the target group, the presence of hair is a shared derived trait relative to other vertebrates, i.e., amphibians, reptiles, and birds. However, this trait (hair) is ancestral for humans since the genetically closest species to humans (e.g., chimpanzees) also have hair.
Hope this helps :)
1. Based on your observations, is it possible that bacteria can thrive in
a sealed can and cause vegetables to spoil?
Answer:
Explanation:
When bacteria and other nasty pathogens are heated beyond a certain temperature (usually the boiling point of water – 212 degrees Fahrenheit), they are neutralized or killed. Since the can is sealed before this heating process occurs, no additional bacteria or spores can make it into the can.
You are competing at a high school gymnastics meet. Your floor routine music begins
and you start running in a positive direction into a tumbling pass, starting from rest.
At 2s, your velocity is 4.5m/s. Calculate your acceleration.
Your Answer:
Answer
units
Answer:
2.25 m/s^2
Explanation:
Acceleration is the speed which you are increasing by per second. Therefore to find acceleration all you need to do is divide the change in velocity (4.5) by the time (2). Your units than become (m/s)/s or m/s^2.
Write the sentence as an equation.
p subtracted from 369 is equal to 311
G
Answer:
p-369=311g
Explanation:
If a 1000 bp of DNA were inserted between the two restriction sites, how would the banding pattern on the gel differ from the one you drew in part a
Indicater I need the meaning
Answer:
indicator can mean two different things,
1. a thing, especially a trend or fact, that indicates the state or level of something.
2. a gauge or meter of a specified kind.
Hope this heled!
I need help with question 18 the question is below are functions of y=[x] and y=[x] -3 how are the functions related
Answer:
The first one
Answer:
I'd say it's the first option.
Explanation:
If you look at the units for each graph, the lines are both going up 1 and over 1, so this means their slopes are the same.The y-intercept of y[x] is 0, because if you look at the first graph, that's where both lines intercept the y-axis.The second function's y-intercept is in fact -3 because, that's where those lines intercept the y-axis.Hope this helps you :)
help me in my homework please
What does RNA have that DNA does not ?
Answer:
The major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded. DNA is responsible for genetic information transmission, whereas RNA transmits genetic codes that are necessary for protein creation. DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone. Having four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone. Four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
Have a great day friend! :D
Answer:
RNA uses predominantly uracil instead of thymine present in DNA.
Explanation:
That’s what RNA has that DNA doesn’t.
Ribosomes are produced in an area of the nucleus known as the
• Nucleolus
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Golgi apparatus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
how to create a stdy guide
Which condition can increase a plant's rate of transpiration?
A. Limp guard cells
B. Low turgor pressure
C. Open stomata
D. Dry soil
Answer:
I believe it is C.
Explanation:
Answer:
ccccccccccccccccc
Explanation:
BECAUSE i did the QUIZ
Hemophilia is an X-linked trait caused by the allele h. About 1 in 10,000 males (0.0001) has hemophilia. The frequency of the h allele in males is therefore
.
Answer : 0.0001
Explanation:
Since males only have 1 X chromosome, the number of males with h alleles should be equal to number of males with Haemophilia and therefore the frequency of males with Haemophilia must be equal to the frequency of h alleles on X chromosome.
A disputed paternity case! Hermione’s new baby has a blood type of O. Her blood type is B and Ron Weasley is A. Harry Potter (blood type AB) insists he is the child’s father. CAN THIS BE TRUE???!
Answer:
No becuase one of the parents needs to have type O
Explanation:
No, this cant be true because in order for a child to have O blood type parents must have a recessive allele "[tex]i[/tex]".
What type of alleles are blood types?An allele is a particular form of genetic information that can be found in our DNA at a particular spot on a certain chromosome. This form of genetic information is known as an allele.
Codominant alleles in humans are responsible for determining blood types. There are three distinct alleles, and they are denoted by the letters IA, IB, and i. The IA and IB alleles both have co-dominant inheritance, but the i allele has a recessive inheritance pattern. Type A, type B, type AB, and type O are the four different human phenotypes that are possible for the blood group.
Therefore, in order for a child to have O blood type parents must have a recessive allele "[tex]i[/tex]"
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an extensive study was conducted on identical twins that were separated at birth. the study showed that the individual from each pair who recieved better nutritionduring childhood scored higher on standardized tests. this can best be described as an example of how
Answer:
why did they do it because its bad a
The gallbladder provides ________ that aid(s) in transport of lipids across the intestinal membrane.
The gall bladder provides bile salt.
The gall bladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is located at the abdomen inferior to the liver.
This organ stores and releases the bile salt produced from the liver.
The bile salt is released through the bile duct into the duodenum of the small intestine.
The bile salt is use to emulsify fat thereby aiding it's transport across the intestinal membrane.
Therefore, the gall bladder provides bile salt that aids in transport of lipids across the intestinal membrane.
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What is the linear momentum of an object with a mass of 10 kg and velocity of 100 m/s?
Here,
Mass of the object = 10 kg
Linear momentum of the object=100kg m/s
And , we have to find it’s velocity??
But we do know that linear momentum (p) is mass(m)× velocity (v)
P=m×v
V=p/m
Substituting the value here we get,
V= 10/100
Therefore, v= 0.1m/s.
Question 10(Multiple Choice Worth 50 points
(01.08 MC)
Arcology is a type of urban design that combines ecology and architecture to provide sustainable urban growth options. Which statement describes an
arcology principle for sustainability?
O Build taller buildings with more homes
O Build fewer balconies and courtyards
O Purchase inexpensive imported food
Increase single use items
Answer:
increase single use items
Explanation:
it means less productits to be use it is better for the earth and humans.
An experienced short-order cook can remember each order called to her for only the short length of time it takes to begin to cook. After 30 seconds, she must refer to a written order slip. This is an example of the limited duration of___?
1) chunking memory
2) sensory storage
3) short-term memory (STM)
4) long-term memory (LTM)
An experienced short- order cook can remember each order called to her for only the short length of time. After 30 seconds, she must refer to a written slip.
This is an example of short- term memory(STM).
What is short-term memory (STM) ?
Short- term memory is the information that a person is currently knowing or aware of.
This information in STM can last from 30 seconds to six months.
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how do the ranges for the marine bird and sea turtle species species compared
Answer: Varies
Explanation:
It's based on there being many different types.
biết gen A quy định hat vàng trội hoàn toàn so với gen a quy định hạt xanh nằm trên NST thường . cho cây vàng tự thu phấn , kiểu gen con ra đời là gì
Answer:
YY là kiểu gen trội đồng hợp tử (2 alen Y). Kiểu hình của kiểu gen này có màu hạt vàng. Yy là kiểu gen dị hợp tử (một alen trội, một alen lặn). Kiểu hình của kiểu gen này có màu hạt vàng.
Explanation:
Describe how gravity is associated with many erosional agents.
Answer:
Gravity is associated with many erosional agents, because the force of gravity tends to pull all material down the slope. is when a rill channel evolves to become deep and wide. glaciers are dense so they can carry large rocks and debris for a long distance.
Role of gravity in erosion, because gravity tries to draw everything down the slope, gravity is linked to numerous erosional agents.
What are erosional agents?Glaciers and running water both erode due to gravity. This is a result of gravity pulling water and ice downward. These are examples of indirect effects of gravity on erosion.
Due to the force of gravity, mass movement is an erosional process that carries rocks and sediments down slope. The material is moved from higher heights to lower elevations, where it can be picked up and moved to even lower levels by other carrying mechanisms like streams or glaciers.
Therefore, glaciers and running water both erode due to gravity. This is a result of gravity pulling water and ice downward. These are examples of indirect effects of gravity on erosion.
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What is the most likely explanation for
the DNA found in mitochondria?
Answer:
Origin. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are thought to be of separate evolutionary origin, with the mtDNA being derived from the circular genomes of bacteria engulfed by the early ancestors of today's eukaryotic cells.
Explanation:
2. The small molecules move into the?
Facilitated diffusion, like passive diffusion, involves the movement of molecules in the direction determined by their relative concentrations inside and outside of the cell. ... They then undergo conformational changes that allow the molecule to pass through the membrane and be released on the other side.
Passive transport is a way that small molecules or ions move across the cell membrane without input of energy by the cell. The three main kinds of passive transport are diffusion (or simple diffusion), osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
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