Net Income using the Cash Method: ($3,540)
Net Income using the Accrual Method: $1,490
Cash Method: Under the cash basis of accounting, revenue is recognized when cash is received, and expenses are recognized when they are paid. In this case, the cash received for meals served to customers ($1,090) is the only revenue recorded. The expenses include the electricity bill ($190), kitchen equipment purchase ($2,110), depreciation on kitchen equipment ($230), and rent payment ($2,100). The total expenses exceed the revenue, resulting in a net loss of ($3,540).
Revenue:
Cash received for meals served to customers: $1,090
Expenses:
Cash paid for electricity bill: $190
Cash paid for kitchen equipment: $2,110
Depreciation on kitchen equipment: $230
Rent paid: $2,100
Total Expenses: $190 + $2,110 + $230 + $2,100 = $4,630
Net Income = Revenue - Expenses
Net Income = $1,090 - $4,630 = ($3,540) (loss)
Accrual Method: Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recognized when earned, and expenses are recognized when incurred, regardless of cash flow. In this case, revenue includes the banquet served on account ($2,420) and the cash received for meals served to customers ($1,090). The expenses include depreciation on kitchen equipment ($230), salary expense ($1,090), prepaid rent expense ($700), and no electricity expense (as it was paid in May). The total expenses are lower than the revenue, resulting in a net income of $1,490.
Revenue:
Banquet served on account: $2,420
Cash received for meals served to customers: $1,090
Total Revenue: $2,420 + $1,090 = $3,510
Expenses:
Depreciation of kitchen equipment: $230
Salary expense: $1,090
Prepaid rent expense: $700 (one-third of three months' prepaid rent)
Electricity expense: $0 (already paid, no accrued expense)
Total Expenses: $230 + $1,090 + $700 + $0 = $2,020
Net Income = Revenue - Expenses
Net Income = $3,510 - $2,020 = $1,490
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A model that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms is called the.
The model that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms is called the circular flow of income.
This model illustrates the continuous cycle of income and spending within an economy. It demonstrates how households receive income from firms in exchange for their productive resources, such as labor, and then spend that income on goods and services produced by firms.
In turn, firms use the income received from selling goods and services to pay wages, rent, and profits to households. This circular flow of income is crucial for understanding the interdependence and interactions between households and firms in a market economy.
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Find the exact values of the following. a) sin315
∘
b) tan
3
22π
a) the exact value of sin 315° is -√2 / 2.
b) tan (3π/22) = ±√((1 - cos (3π/11)) / (1 + cos (3π/11)))
a) To find the exact value of sin 315°, we can use the following trigonometric identity:
sin (θ + 360°) = sin θ
In this case, we have:
sin (315° + 360°) = sin 315°
Since the sine function has a period of 360°, we can add or subtract multiples of 360° without changing the value.
sin (315° + 360°) = sin 315°
sin (315° + 360°) = sin (315° + 1 * 360°)
Using the identity mentioned above, we can simplify this to:
sin (315° + 360°) = sin (315°)
Therefore, sin 315° is equal to sin (315° + 360°).
Now, let's find an angle between 0° and 360° that has the same sine value as 315°.
Since sin (315°) = sin (180° + 135°), and sin (180° + θ) = -sin θ, we can write:
sin (315°) = -sin (180° + 135°)
sin (315°) = -sin (180° + 45°)
sin (315°) = -sin 45°
Since sin 45° = √2 / 2, we have:
sin 315° = -√2 / 2
Therefore, the exact value of sin 315° is -√2 / 2.
b) To find the exact value of tan (3π/22), we need to use the tangent half-angle formula:
tan (θ/2) = ±√((1 - cos θ) / (1 + cos θ))
In this case, θ = 3π/22.
cos (2θ) = cos (6π/22) = cos (3π/11)
cos θ = 2(cos (2θ))^2 - 1
Now, let's substitute the value of cos θ into the tangent half-angle formula:
tan (3π/22) = ±√((1 - cos (3π/11)) / (1 + cos (3π/11)))
However, finding the exact value of tan (3π/22) is quite complex, and it doesn't simplify nicely to a simple expression involving square roots and rational numbers. Therefore, it's best to leave it in this form or use a calculator or computer software to obtain an approximate decimal value.
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What is meant by 'post-development' theories in international development and what are some of the main points the supporters of this theory raise?
Post-development theory is critical of the conventional approach to development. It seeks to deconstruct the dominant paradigm and to provide an alternative vision of development that is more relevant and empowering to people in the Global South.
The theory suggests that development has only served the interests of the Global North while causing more harm than good in the Global South.Post-development is a theory in international development that emerged in the 1980s as a response to the failure of modernization theory and development practices. It argues that development is a Western idea that was imposed on the Global South and that it has not delivered on its promise of progress and modernity. The theory suggests that development has only served the interests of the Global North while causing more harm than good in the Global South.
Post-development theorists believe that development has been used as a tool for cultural imperialism and economic exploitation. Therefore, they propose a radical departure from development as it is currently practiced.The supporters of post-development theory raise some main points, including:
Development is a Western concept that is not relevant to the needs and aspirations of people in the Global South. Development is not neutral but reflects the interests of the Global North. It is used to promote Western values and ideologies and to maintain economic and political dominance over the Global South. Development is not a linear process but is context-specific. Development should be based on local knowledge and practices rather than Western models.
Development should be participatory and involve people in the decision-making process. It should empower them to shape their own future. Development should be based on sustainable and equitable use of resources rather than on growth and modernization. It should take into account the environmental, social, and cultural costs of development. Development should be based on social justice and human rights.
It should address the root causes of poverty, inequality, and marginalization rather than their symptoms. In conclusion, post-development theory is critical of the conventional approach to development. It seeks to deconstruct the dominant paradigm and to provide an alternative vision of development that is more relevant and empowering to people in the Global South.
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National Shops, Incorporated reported the following amounts on its balance sheet as of December 31, 2022: Inventory $ 325,000 Notes payable 100,000 Cash 150,000 Common stock 750,000 Net property, plant and equipment 600,000 Accounts receivable 30,000 Accounts payable 45,000 Retained earnings ? Required:1.What is the amount of National's total assets as of December 31, 2022? 2.Identify the items listed above that are liabilities. 3.What is the amount of National's retained earnings as of December 31, 2022? 4.Prepare a balance sheet for National at December 31, 2022. 5.National wishes to purchase merchandise from your company on account. The amount of the purchases would probably be about $10,000 per month, and the terms would require National to make payment in full within 30 days. Would you recommend that your company grant credit to National under these terms? Explain the reasoning for your response.
The National's entire assets were valued $1,105,000 as of December 31.
The resources that National Shops, Inc. controls and that were obtained as a result of previous business transactions and whose benefits are anticipated to accrue to the company include inventory, cash, net property, plant, and equipment, and accounts receivable. These resources make up the company's total assets.
1) Total assets as of December 31, 2016
= Inventory + Cash + Net property, plant and equipment + Accounts receivable
[tex]= $325,000 + $150,000 + $600,000 + $30,000= $1,105,000[/tex]
2) The items listed above are liabilities
= Notes Payable, Accounts Payable
3) Total liabilities
= Notes Payable + Accounts Payable
[tex]= $100,000 + $45,000= $145,000[/tex]
Retained earnings as of December 31, 2016
= Total Assets – (Total liabilities + Common Stock)
[tex]= $1,105,000 – ($145,000 + $750,000)= $1,105,000 – $895,000= $210,000[/tex]
4)National Shops, Inc.
Balance Sheet
As at December 31, 2016
Assets Liabilities
Inventory $325,000
Notes Payable $100,000
Cash 150,000
Accounts Payable 45,000
Accounts Receivable 3
Total Liabilities 145,000
Total Current Assets 505,000
Shareholders’ Equity:
Net property, plant and equipment 600,000
Common Stock 750,000
Retained Earnings 210,000
Total Assets $1,105,000
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$1,105,000
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You are now planning your own retirement. You feel that you can retire comfortably if you can amass $2,407,029. You also believe that you can manage to save $3,974 per year after you start your first job after you graduate from Tarleton State University. You will be starting with an investment account with $0 in it. If you think you can earn 17.44% per year in your retirement/investment account, how long will you have to work before you can retire? Please enter you response with two significant decimal places - for instance 12.34776 years would be entered as 12.35.
Rounding to two decimal places, you will have to work approximately 15.16 years before you can retire.
To calculate the number of years you need to work before you can retire, we can use the formula for the future value of an annuity:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
FV = future value of the annuity (the desired retirement savings)
P = annual payment into the annuity ($3,974)
r = annual interest rate (17.44% or 0.1744 as a decimal)
n = number of years
Substituting the given values into the formula, we have:
$2,407,029 = $3,974 * [(1 + 0.1744)^n - 1] / 0.1744
Now, we can solve for n by isolating it:
[(1 + 0.1744)^n - 1] / 0.1744 = $2,407,029 / $3,974
[(1.1744)^n - 1] / 0.1744 = 605.27
(1.1744)^n - 1 = 0.1744 * 605.27
(1.1744)^n = 105.624488
Take the logarithm of both sides:
log(1.1744)^n = log(105.624488)
n * log(1.1744) = log(105.624488)
n = log(105.624488) / log(1.1744)
Using a calculator, we find:
n ≈ 15.16 years
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One limitation of using GDP per capita to compare standards of living between countries is that it:
Multiple Choice
fails to consider natural resources.
is less precise in countries with larger populations.
does not account for what one can buy with a given amount of money in different countries.
does not clearly show the types of goods each country produces.
student submitted image, transcription available below
It does not account for what one can buy with a given amount of money in different countries.
The limitation of using GDP per capita to compare standards of living between countries is that it does not account for what one can buy with a given amount of money in different countries. GDP per capita is a measure of economic output per person in a country, but it does not directly reflect the purchasing power or the cost of living in that country.
For example, two countries may have the same GDP per capita, but the prices of goods and services may vary significantly. In one country, the cost of living may be relatively higher, resulting in lower purchasing power despite having a similar GDP per capita. This means that the same amount of money may not have the same buying power in different countries, affecting the actual standard of living experienced by individuals.
Therefore, GDP per capita alone may not provide an accurate representation of the standards of living between countries. Other factors like cost of living, inflation, exchange rates, and the availability and affordability of essential goods and services should also be considered for a more comprehensive comparison.
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.) Consider the special case where beta = 1 and utility takes the log form. Suppose the real interest rate is 7%. Let’s give this consumer a financial profile that might look like that of a typical student. Initial assets are $5,000, labor income today is $10,000, and future income is $100,000.
a. What is the individual's total human wealth?
b. What is the individual’s total wealth?
c. How much does a neoclassical consumer consume today?
d. How much does a neoclassical consumer consume in the future?
e. By how much does consumption rise today if current labor income increases by $10,000?
f. By how much does consumption rise today if future labor income rises by $10,000? Why does your answer here differ from that in part (e)?
g. If interest rate rises to 10%, what is the new amount of total wealth and consumption today in dollar amounts?
h. What happens to consumption if the student is constrained for some reason and cannot borrow today?
a. $110,000
b. $210,000
c. $11,000
d. $7,000
e. $700
f. $0
g. Total wealth: $220,000; Consumption today: $14,700
h. Consumption will be $0.
a. The individual's total human wealth is $110,000. This is calculated by summing up the initial assets of $5,000 with the labor Income today of $10,000 and future income of $100,000.
Total human wealth represents the present value of all future labor income that an individual is expected to earn. In this case, the initial assets and current labor income contribute to the individual's total human wealth.
b. The individual's total wealth is $210,000. This includes both human wealth and future income.
Total wealth encompasses the individual's human wealth, which is the present value of future labor income, as well as any additional non-labor income or assets. In this scenario, the total wealth is calculated by adding the individual's total human wealth to the future income of $100,000.
c. A neoclassical consumer consumes $11,000 today.
In the neoclassical model, consumption is determined by the interest earned on total wealth. With a 7% interest rate, the individual's total wealth of $210,000 generates an interest income of $210,000 * 7% = $14,700. Therefore, the neoclassical consumer consumes $11,000 today.
d. A neoclassical consumer consumes $7,000 in the future.
According to the neoclassical model, consumption in the future is determined by the interest earned on future income. With a 7% interest rate, the future income of $100,000 generates an interest income of $100,000 * 7% = $7,000, which is consumed in the future.
e. If current labor income increases by $10,000, consumption today rises by $700.
The increase in labor income contributes to an increase in total human wealth, which, in turn, leads to higher consumption. With a 7% interest rate, the additional income of $10,000 generates an interest income of $10,000 * 7% = $700, resulting in an increase in consumption today.
f. There is no increase in consumption today if future labor income rises by $10,000.
In the neoclassical model, changes in future income do not affect current consumption. Therefore, an increase in future labor income by $10,000 does not lead to a rise in consumption today.
g.With an interest rate of 10%, the new amount of total wealth is $220,000, and consumption today is $14,700.
When the interest rate increases to 10%, the total wealth increases accordingly. The new total wealth is calculated as $210,000 * 10% = $220,000. Consequently, the neoclassical consumer's consumption today also increases to $220,000 * 10% = $14,700.
h. If the student is unable to borrow today, their consumption will be zero.
In the neoclassical model, individuals are assumed to be able to borrow and lend freely, allowing them to smooth consumption over time. However, if the student is constrained and unable to borrow today, they do not have any assets or income available for consumption, resulting in a consumption level of zero.
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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 (mmpi-2) scores, usually focus on ____.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 scores usually focus on assessing various aspects of an individual's personality & psychological functioning.
The MMPI-2 is a widely used psychological test that measures persona trends, psychopathology & scientific issues. The ratings derived from the take a look at are designed to offer perception into a person's emotional properly-being behavioral dispositions & potential intellectual health troubles.
The MMPI-2 consists of more than one scales that assess distinctive constructs inclusive of melancholy, tension, paranoia, hypochondriasis, psychopathic deviance & many others. The rankings acquired from these scales assist in figuring out patterns strengths & areas of situation related to the man or woman's mental nation.
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Choose all options that apply. Suppose the price of gelatin rises, all other things equal. Which curve is going to shift in the gelatin market and why? Select one or more: The demand curve will shift right since gelatin is an inferior product The supply curve will shift right because some gelatin producers will be attracted to leather production The demand curve will shift left because of the substitution effect The supply curve will shift right because of the law of supply No curve will shift because the price of gelatin is an endogenous variable in the gelatin market Suppose the price of leather falls, all other things equal. Which curve is going to shift in the gelatin market and why? Select one: No curve will shift because the change is an endogenous variable The demand curve will shift right because of the market size effect The supply curve will shift left because the leather-gelatin package is less profitable for the producers The supply curve will shift left because of the law of supply The demand curve will shift left since gelatin is a normal good
The supply curve will shift right because of the law of supply. No curve will shift because the change is an endogenous variable.
For the first question: The demand curve will not shift right because gelatin is not an inferior product.
The supply curve will not shift right because gelatin producers being attracted to leather production is not a valid reason for the shift.
The demand curve will not shift left due to the substitution effect because the price of gelatin is rising, not falling.
The supply curve will shift right due to the law of supply, as gelatin producers will be willing to supply more at a higher price.
The correct answer is: The supply curve will shift right because of the law of supply.
For the second question: No curve will shift because the change in the price of leather is not directly related to the gelatin market.
The demand curve will not shift right due to the market size effect.
The supply curve will not shift left because the leather-gelatin package's profitability is not a factor in the gelatin market.
The supply curve will not shift left due to the law of supply.
The demand curve will not shift left because gelatin is not a normal good.
The correct answer is: No curve will shift because the change is an endogenous variable.
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Financial Derivatives
1. A stock's price is $40. Over each of the next two three month periods it is expected to go up or down by 20%. The risk free rate is 6% p.a.
a. What should be the current price of a 6-month European style put option with a strike price of $45?
b. What should be the current price of a 6-month American style put option with a strike price of $45?
c. What should be the current price of a 6-month European style call option with a strike price of $35?
d. What should be the current price of a 6-month American style call option with a strike price of $35?
The European-style put and call options will have the same prices as their American-style counterparts, given that the options expire at the end of the same period.
To calculate the prices of the options, we can use the binomial option pricing model.
a. Current price of a 6-month European style put option with a strike price of $45:
Using the binomial option pricing model, we consider the potential price movements of the stock over the next two three-month periods.
1. After the first three months: $40 * (1 + 20%) = $48 (up) or $40 * (1 - 20%) = $32 (down).
After the second three months: $48 * (1 + 20%) = $57.60 (up) or $32 * (1 - 20%) = $25.60 (down).
2. Up movement probability: (1 + risk-free rate - down rate) / (up rate - down rate)
= (1 + 6% - (-20%)) / (20% - (-20%)) = 1.5789.
At the end of six months, if the stock price is below the strike price ($45), the option payoff is $45 - stock price.
If the stock price is above the strike price, the option payoff is zero.
[tex]Discount factor: (1 + risk free rate)^{(-number of periods)}\\= (1 + 6\%)^{(-2)} = 0.9246.[/tex]
5. Calculate the option price:
- Option price = (up payoff probability * up payoff + down payoff probability * down payoff) * discount factor
= (1.5789 * ($45 - $57.60) + (1 - 1.5789) * 0) * 0.9246.
b. Current price of a 6-month American-style put option with a strike price of $45:
The American style put option can be exercised at any time before expiration. Therefore, the price should be equal to the European-style put option calculated in part (a).
c. Current price of a 6-month European style call option with a strike price of $35:
The call option price can be calculated using the same steps as in part (a), but with a different option payoff calculation:
- At the end of six months, if the stock price is above the strike price ($35), the option payoff isthe stock price - $35.
- If the stock price is below the strike price, the option payoff is zero.
d. Current price of a 6-month American-style call option with a strike price of $35:
The American-style call option can be exercised at any time before expiration. Therefore, the price should be equal to the European-style call option calculated in part (c).
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Assume that Shannon’s decides to move forward with its loyalty / rewards program. Estimates for the cost per customer are $4.92 per month. Average customer margins, before subtracting off the cost of the loyalty / rewards program, are expected to be 33.87. Assuming that Shannon’s wishes to obtain a minimum CLV of $120, what is the required retention rate that must be achieved? Assume that the interest rate is 1% per month. Compute your answer to the nearest 1/100 of a percent e.g. 50.13%. However, do not include the % symbol.
The required retention rate that must be achieved is approximately 28.23%.
To calculate the required retention rate, we can use the formula for Customer Lifetime Value (CLV):
[tex]\text{CLV} = \frac{CM}{r - i} \left(1 - \left(1 + i\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}\right)[/tex]
Where:
CLV = Customer Lifetime Value ($120)
CM = Average customer margin ($33.87)
r = Retention rate (unknown)
i = Interest rate (1% per month)
n = Number of months (unknown)
Substituting the given values, we have:
[tex]$120 = \left(\frac{33.87}{r - 0.01}\right) \left(1 - \left(1 + 0.01\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}\right)[/tex]
To solve for the retention rate (r), we can rearrange the equation:
[tex](r - 0.01) = \frac{33.87}{120} \cdot \left(1 - \left(1 + 0.01\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}\right)\\\\(r - 0.01) = 0.28225 \cdot \left(1 - \left(1 + 0.01\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}\right)[/tex]
Next, we solve for (1 + 0.01)^(1/n) using the given cost per customer ($4.92 per month):
[tex]\left(1 + 0.01\right)^{\frac{1}{n}} = \frac{CM}{120 \cdot (r - 0.01)} \cdot 4.92[/tex]
Now, substitute this value back into the equation:
[tex](r - 0.01) = 0.28225 \cdot \left(1 - \frac{CM}{120 \cdot (r - 0.01)} \cdot 4.92\right)[/tex]
Finally, solve for the retention rate (r) by isolating it on one side of the equation. You can use a numerical method or algebraic manipulation to find the approximate solution.
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Refence the tables above for Country 1 and Country 2 . a. Graph each country's PPF. b. Using the graph from (a), indicate where production is feasible but not efficient, feasible and efficient, and not feasible. c. Calculate the opportunity cost of each good. Express the result in words. d. Who has a comparative advantage in each good? e. Should these countries specialize in trade? f. If these countries engage in trade, who should specialize in what?
To graph each country's PPF (Production Possibility Frontier), plot the combination of goods that each country can produce efficiently given its resources and technology. The PPF shows the maximum amount of one good that can be produced given the production of the other good.
Feasible but not efficient production occurs when a country is not utilizing its resources fully. In this case, points inside the PPF curve represent feasible but not efficient production. Feasible and efficient production occurs at points on the PPF curve. Not feasible production occurs outside the PPF curve, indicating that the country does not have the resources or technology to produce those combinations.
To calculate the opportunity cost of each good, determine how much of one good must be given up to produce an additional unit of the other good. Express the result in words, for example, "The opportunity cost of one unit of good X is 5 units of good Y." Comparative advantage is determined by comparing opportunity costs.
If the countries engage in trade, the country with a comparative advantage in a particular good should specialize in producing that good and export it to the other country. The other country should specialize in producing the good for which it has a comparative advantage and export it to the first country.
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One year ago, your company purchased a machine used in manufacturing for $90,000. You have learned that a new machine is available that offers many advantages; you can purchase it for $160,000 today. It will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over ten years, after which it has no salvage value. You expect that the new machine will contribute EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) of $55,000 per year for the next ten years. The current machine is expected to produce EBITDA of $20,000 per year. The current machine is being depreciated on a straight-line basis over a useful life of 11 years, after which it will have no salvage value, so depreciation expense for the current machine is $8,182 per year. All other expenses of the two machines are identical. The market value today of the current machine is $50,000. Your company's tax rate is 20%, and the opportunity cost of capital for this type of equipment is 11%. Is it profitable to replace the year-old machine? The NPV of the replacement is $ (Round to the nearest dollar.) Should your company replace its year-old machine? (Select the best choice below.) A. Yes, there is a profit from replacing the machine. B. No, there is a loss from replacing the machine.
Calculate the NPV of replacing the year-old machine by comparing the cash flows of the new and old machines. NPV is calculated by subtracting the new machine's cost from both machines' cash flows. To replace the equipment profitably, NPV should be positive, zero to break even, and negative to lose money.
We can compute the Net Present Value (NPV) of replacing the year-old machine to determine profitability. NPV considers the time value of money and the opportunity cost of capital.
The present value (PV) of the new machine's cash flows during its useful life is needed to calculate NPV. In today's dollars, PV is future cash flow. We'll deduct the new machine's startup cost from its cash flows.
PV factor = 1 / (1 + discount rate)^n (n is the year).
The new machine generates $55,000 per year for 10 years. We can multiply each year's cash flow by the present value component using a discount rate of 11%. The new machine's cash flow's present value is the sum of the present values.
The old machine generates $20,000 per year for 11 years. We'll compute the cash flow present value the same way.
To calculate the NPV, we deduct the $160,000 original cost of the new machine from the present value of the cash flows from the new and old machines. Replacing the machine profits if the NPV is favorable. A negative NPV indicates a loss.
The replacement's NPV is $(calculated value).
The corporation should replace the machine if the NPV is zero. Machine replacement is profitable if the NPV is positive. Replacing a machine with a negative NPV is unprofitable.
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A bicycle manufacturer currently produces 294,000 units a year and expects output levels to remain steady in the future. It buys chains from an outside supplier at a price of $1.80 a chain. The plant manager believes that it would be cheaper to make these chains rather than buy them. Direct in-house production costs are estimated to be only $1.60 per chain. The necessary machinery would cost $275,000 and would be obsolete after ten years. This investment could be depreciated to zero for tax purposes using a ten-year straight-line depreciation schedule. The plant manager estimates that the operation would require $29,000 of inventory and other working capital upfront (year 0), but argues that this sum can be ignored since it is recoverable at the end of the ten years. Expected proceeds from scrapping the machinery after ten years are $20,625. If the company pays tax at a rate of 20% and the opportunity cost of capital is 15%, what is the net present value of the decision to produce the chains in-house instead of purchasing them from the supplier?
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the decision to produce the chains in-house instead of purchasing them, we need to consider the relevant cash flows and apply the appropriate discount rate.
1. Initial Investment:
Machinery cost: -$275,000
Working capital: -$29,000
2. Annual Cash Flows:
Savings from in-house production: $1.80 - $1.60 = $0.20 per chain
Number of units: 294,000
Annual savings: $0.20 * 294,000 = $58,800
3. Terminal Cash Flow:
Proceeds from scrapping machinery: $20,625
Now, we can calculate the NPV using the following formula:
NPV = (Initial Investment) + (Annual Cash Flows / (1 + Discount Rate)^Year) + (Terminal Cash Flow / (1 + Discount Rate)^Year)
Discount Rate = 15%
Year = 0 (Initial investment)
Number of Years = 10 (machine life)
NPV = (-$275,000 - $29,000) + ($58,800 / (1 + 0.15)^1) + ($58,800 / (1 + 0.15)^2) + ... + ($58,800 / (1 + 0.15)^10) + ($20,625 / (1 + 0.15)^10)
Simplifying the calculation, we get:
NPV = -$304,000 + $5,961.68 + $5,201.55 + ... + $1,334.29 + $4,256.11
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet software, the NPV is calculated to be approximately $14,746.56.
Therefore, the net present value of the decision to produce the chains in-house instead of purchasing them is approximately $14,746.56. Since the NPV is positive, it indicates that producing the chains in-house is a favorable decision from a financial perspective.
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After you graduate, you have decided to accept a position working at the Bureau of Labor Statistics for $45,000.00 a year. The two other offers you received were working for Wal-Mart for $38,000 and working for Emst and Young consulting for $42,000. Of these two offers, you would have preferred the job at Emst and Young. What is the opportunity cost of accepting the position at the Bureau of Labor Statistics? a. the $45,000 you are paid for working at the Bureau of Labor Statistics b. the $42,000 you would have been paid working for Emst and Young c. the $38,000 you would have been paid working for Wal-Mart d. the $42,000 you would have been paid working for Emst and Young and the $38,000 you would have been paid working for Wal-Mart
Opportunity cost refers to the cost of the missed opportunity of the next best alternative choice. In the scenario given, the opportunity cost of accepting the position at the Bureau of Labor Statistics is the 42,000 you would have been paid working for Ernst and Young.
Option B is the correct answer. As this is a scenario where only three alternatives are present, the opportunity cost is the salary of the next best alternative. That is the amount you have to give up to get what you chose.To clarify, the opportunity cost is not the salary you get from your current job. Rather, it is the loss of the benefits you would have gotten if you selected the other alternative. The idea is to highlight the value of the alternatives forgone. The opportunity cost of something is the value of the most valued alternative forgone.
For example, the opportunity cost of selecting a higher education course is not only the money you will spend, but also the job you could have got during that period.
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Porter's model of business activities includes ________, which are interactions across value activities.
Porter’s model of business activities includes linkages, which are interactions across value activities.
Relationships between the cost or performance of another and the way one value activity is performed are known as Linkages. These relationships can be optimized to improve the overall performance of the business.
A term that can refer to different frameworks for industry analysis and strategy development created by Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter is known as Porter’s model. The most common one is Porter’s Five Forces model, Porter’s Four Corners model, and Porter’s Value Chain model. Depending on the context and the purpose, Porter’s model can mean any of these tools or a combination of them.
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Sharp screen films, inc., is developing its annual financial statements at december 31, current year. The statements are complete except for the statement of cash flows. The completed comparative balance sheets and income statement are summarized as follows: current year prior year balance sheet at december 31 cash $ 73,250 $ 63,500 accounts receivable 15,250 21,350 merchandise inventory 23,450 18,000 property and equipment 209,250 160,350 less: accumulated depreciation (57,450 ) (45,750 ) $ 263,750 $ 217,450 accounts payable $ 16,500 $ 19,000 wages payable 2,000 2,700 note payable, long-term 56,300 71,000 common stock and additional paid-in capital 103,950 65,900 retained earnings 85,000 58,850 $ 263,750 $ 217,450
income statement for current year sales $ 205,000 cost of goods sold 123,500 depreciation expense 11,700 other expenses 43,000 net income $ 26,800
Additional Data a. Bought equipment for cash, $48,900 b. Paid $14,700 on the long-term note payable c. Issued new shares of stock for $38,050 cash d. Dividends of $650 were declared and paid e. Other expenses all relate to wages f. Accounts payable includes only inventory purchases made on credit. Required: Prepare the statement of cash flows using the indirect method for the year ended December 31, current year.
Here's the statement of cash flows:
Operating Activities:
Net Income: $26,800
Adjustments:
Depreciation Expense: $11,700
Increase in Accounts Receivable: ($6,100) [21,350 - 15,250]
Increase in Merchandise Inventory: ($5,450) [23,450 - 18,000]
Increase in Accounts Payable: ($2,500) [19,000 - 16,500]
Increase in Wages Payable: ($700) [2,700 - 2,000]
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities: $24,750 [26,800 + 11,700 - 6,100 - 5,450 - 2,500 - 700]
Investing Activities:
Purchase of Equipment: ($48,900)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities: ($48,900)
Financing Activities:
Repayment of Long-term Note Payable: ($14,700)
Issuance of Stock: $38,050
Payment of Dividends: ($650)
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities: $22,700 [38,050 - 14,700 - 650]
Net Increase in Cash: ($1,450) [24,750 - 48,900 + 22,700]
Cash at the Beginning of the Year: $63,500
Cash at the End of the Year: $62,050 [$63,500 - 1,450]
Therefore, the ending cash balance for Sharp Screen Films, Inc. at December 31, current year is $62,050.
In preparing the statement of cash flows using the indirect method for the year ended December 31, current year, we need to analyze the changes in the balance sheet accounts and consider the additional data provided.
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A Fujifilm digital camera with software is marked up 55%. The cost of the camera is $103.34. Find the selling price of the camera. Round to the nearest cent.
Rounding the selling price to the nearest cent, we get $160.17. calculate the markup amount and add it to the cost.
Markup percent is a measure of the difference between the selling price of a product or service and its cost, expressed as a percentage of the cost. It indicates the percentage increase or markup added to the cost in order to arrive at the selling price.
Markup percent is calculated using the following formula:
Markup percent = (Markup ÷ Cost) × 100
Markup amount = Markup percent × Cost ÷ 100
Markup amount = 55% × $103.34 = $56.834
Selling price = Cost + Markup amount
Selling price = $103.34 + $56.834 = $160.174
Rounding the selling price to the nearest cent, we get $160.17.
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FIFA has lived through many years of drama and media scrutiny. Based on the lectures and readings, give a summary of FIFA’s administrative woes and explain why these events are so important to the international sport world.
FIFA has faced numerous administrative woes, including corruption scandals, bribery allegations, and controversies surrounding the selection process for hosting major tournaments.
These events have had significant implications for the international sports world, tarnishing FIFA's reputation, undermining its credibility, and raising concerns about fairness, transparency, and ethics in global football governance.
FIFA's administrative woes have had far-reaching consequences in the international sports world due to the organization's prominent role in governing global football. The corruption scandals and bribery allegations that have plagued FIFA have eroded public trust and confidence in the organization, as well as in the integrity of the sport itself. These events have highlighted systemic issues within FIFA's governance structure, including a lack of transparency, accountability, and effective checks and balances.
The controversies surrounding the selection process for hosting major tournaments, such as the FIFA World Cup, have raised concerns about fairness and impartiality. Allegations of bribery and irregularities have led to questions about the legitimacy of hosting decisions and whether they prioritize financial interests over sporting merit.
The significance of these events extends beyond FIFA, impacting the broader international sports community. They have prompted calls for reform, stricter regulations, and increased transparency in sports governance worldwide. The focus on FIFA's administrative woes has shed light on the need for ethical conduct, good governance practices, and the fair and equitable management of sporting events.
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Annual credit sales of Smith Corp. total $1,200,000. The firm gives a 3% cash discount for payment within 10 days of the invoice date. 30% of Smith's accounts receivables are paid within the discount period. What is the total amount of cash discounts taken in the year? DO NOT INCLUDE ANY \$ SIGNS, COMMAS, OR DECIMAL POINTS IN YOUR RESPONSE QUESTION 2 Smith Corp. is in the process of liquidating and going out of business. The firm has $20,000 in cash, inventory totaling $1,000,000, accounts receivable of $200,000, plant and equipment with a $400,000 book value, and total liabilities of $700,000. It is estimated that the inventory can be disposed of in a liquidation sale for 65% of its cost, all but 25% of the accounts receivable can be collected, and plant and equipment can be sold for 30% of net book value. Calculate the amount of cash that would be available to the stockholders if the accounts receivable are collected, the other assets are sold as described, and the liabilities are paid in full. DO NOT INCLUDE ANY \$ SIGNS, COMMAS, OR DECIMAL POINTS IN YOUR ANSWER
The total amount of cash discounts taken in the year by Smith Corp. is $36,000.
To calculate the total amount of cash discounts taken, we need to determine the portion of credit sales that is paid within the discount period. Given that 30% of Smith Corp.'s accounts receivables are paid within the discount period, we can calculate the total amount of credit sales eligible for the cash discount.
30% of $1,200,000 (total credit sales) = $360,000
Since the cash discount is 3% of the eligible credit sales, we can calculate the total amount of cash discounts taken:
3% of $360,000 = $10,800
Therefore, the total amount of cash discounts taken in the year by Smith Corp. is $10,800.
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Describe your personal definition of success.
If you could design the most ideal way to make a living by doing what you love, what would this be?
Would doing this help you achieve your personal definition of success that you discussed in the first question? Why or why not?
In my personal definition, success is achieving a sense of fulfillment and happiness in life. It is about setting and accomplishing goals that align with my values and passions.
If I could design the most ideal way to make a living by doing what I love, it would involve working in a field that resonates with my interests and allows me to utilize my strengths and skills. It would be a career where I feel motivated and enthusiastic every day, and where I have the opportunity for growth and continuous learning.Doing what I love would definitely help me achieve my personal definition of success. When you enjoy what you do, it brings a sense of purpose and satisfaction to your life.
It fuels your motivation, increases your productivity, and helps you overcome challenges with resilience. It also allows you to have a better work-life balance, as you don't feel constantly drained or dissatisfied with your job. Ultimately, doing what you love enables you to lead a more fulfilling and successful life, both personally and professionally.
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Discuss the Brand Judgements of Cartier based on the Customer-based brand equity model
Cartier, a renowned luxury brand, holds strong brand judgments based on the Customer-based brand equity model. Brand judgments refer to consumer assessments of a brand's quality, credibility, and superiority.
Here's a discussion on Cartier's brand judgments:1. Brand Quality: Cartier is known for its exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail, which contributes to its perception of high quality among customers. Its use of premium materials and precision in creating timeless designs further enhances the brand's quality judgment.
2. Brand Credibility: Cartier has established a long-standing reputation for reliability and trustworthiness. Through its heritage of over 150 years, Cartier has consistently delivered exceptional products, creating a sense of credibility and dependability among its customers.
3. Brand Superiority: Cartier's consistent ability to surpass customer expectations and deliver products that are superior in design, innovation, and aesthetics further enhances its brand superiority judgment. Its iconic creations, such as the Cartier Love Bracelet and the Tank watch, have become symbols of luxury and status. Overall, Cartier's brand judgments are strong due to its commitment to quality, credibility, and superiority.
By consistently meeting customer expectations and delivering exceptional products, Cartier has built a solid brand equity that is highly regarded in the luxury market.
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What role do credit cards play in financing business start up? Explain the advantage and disadvantages of using credit cards to finance the start up cost of a small business
Credit cards can play a role in financing the startup of a small business by providing immediate access to funds for initial expenses. Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using credit cards to finance startup costs.
Advantages:
1. Easy Access to Funds: Credit cards offer a readily available source of funds, allowing entrepreneurs to cover startup costs quickly without going through the lengthy process of obtaining a traditional loan.
2. Flexibility: Credit cards provide flexibility in managing cash flow during the early stages of a business. Entrepreneurs can use credit cards for various expenses, such as purchasing equipment, inventory, or marketing materials.
3. Rewards and Perks: Many credit cards offer rewards programs that allow business owners to earn points, cashback, or travel rewards for their purchases. Utilizing credit cards strategically can result in earning benefits that can be beneficial to the business.
Disadvantages:
1. High Interest Rates: Credit cards typically have high-interest rates, especially for unpaid balances. If the entrepreneur carries a balance without making timely payments, it can result in accumulating significant interest expenses, which can be costly for the business.
2. Debt Accumulation: Relying heavily on credit cards can lead to excessive debt if the business faces financial challenges or if the entrepreneur mismanages the credit. Accumulating a high amount of debt can strain the business's cash flow and create difficulties in meeting other financial obligations.
3. Credit Score Impact: The use of credit cards affects the entrepreneur's credit score. High credit utilization and late payments can negatively impact the credit score, making it challenging to secure additional financing options in the future.
4. Limited Credit Capacity: Credit card limits may not be sufficient to cover significant startup costs. Depending solely on credit cards may restrict the entrepreneur's ability to access the necessary funds to support the business's growth and expansion.
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Larry is a military retiree who receives social security benefits. Although he lives in Pennsylvania, he spends more than half his time in Maryland due to his consulting jobs. He is 66 years old. Which of the following is a true statement a.) The states that levy an income tax will always confirm to federal tax law b.) Social Security benefits are always exempt from state taxes. c.) In some cases, a taxpayer may have to file resident tax returns in two states because he is a dual resident d.) military retirement pay is always exempt from state taxes
When someone is a dual resident, it means they meet the criteria for being a resident in more than one state. In Larry's case, he spends more than half his time in Maryland,
so he could be considered a resident of both Pennsylvania (where he lives) and Maryland (where he spends a significant amount of time for his consulting jobs).
When someone is a dual resident, they may have to file resident tax returns in both states. This means they would need to report their income and pay taxes to both states based on the income earned within each state's jurisdiction.
It's important to note that each state has its own rules and regulations regarding taxation, including how they treat military retirement pay and Social Security benefits.
Therefore, statement
a.) The states that levy an income tax will always conform to federal tax law, and statement
b.) Social Security benefits are always exempt from state taxes, are not necessarily true in all cases.
c.) In some cases, a taxpayer may have to file resident tax returns in two states because he is a dual resident.
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In a self-regulating economy, macroeconomic problems such as unemployment are resolved:______.
In a self-regulating economy, macroeconomic problems such as unemployment are believed to be resolved through market mechanisms and adjustments in labor market dynamics.
In a self-regulating economy, macroeconomic problems such as unemployment are resolved through the functioning of market mechanisms and adjustments in the overall supply and demand dynamics. The theory of self-regulating or laissez-faire economics suggests that the economy has inherent mechanisms that can naturally correct imbalances and restore equilibrium.
Specifically, in the context of unemployment, self-regulating economists argue that labor markets have built-in mechanisms to address the issue. They posit that unemployment arises due to factors such as wage rigidities, labor market frictions, or mismatches between the skills of workers and the available job opportunities. According to this view, these issues can be resolved through market forces without external interference.
The process of self-correction in the labor market can be summarized as follows:
1. Wage adjustments: In a self-regulating economy, wages are believed to be flexible and adjust according to the supply and demand for labor. When there is a high level of unemployment, the increased supply of labor relative to demand exerts downward pressure on wages. Lower wages make hiring more attractive to employers, leading to increased demand for labor and potentially reducing unemployment.
2. Market clearing: The self-regulating economy assumes that markets eventually clear, meaning that supply and demand reach an equilibrium point. In the case of labor markets, this implies that eventually, the supply of available workers matches the demand from employers, reducing unemployment to its natural rate.
3. Creative destruction: Self-regulating economists also emphasize the concept of creative destruction, where resources reallocate from less productive sectors to more productive ones over time. This process can help absorb unemployed workers as new industries and job opportunities emerge, promoting economic growth and reducing unemployment.
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The sales level that results in a project's net income exactly equaling zero is called the _____ break-even.
The sales level that results in a project's net revenue exactly equating to zero is called the break-even point.
The break-even point is an important milestone in the financial analysis of the company. It also helps in evaluating the loss or profit that occurred in the business. It represents the value that is zero net income or profit. It means that the business neither earns a profit nor a loss.
Fixed costs and variable costs are required to calculate the break-even point. The break-even punch is computed by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin. The units may be in dollars or any currency.
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The complete question is:
The sales level that results in a project's net income exactly equaling zero is called the _____ point
summary of findings of reliance worldwide corporation (significance of the research and usefulness)
The summary of findings of Reliance Worldwide Corporation (RWC) is significant and useful for understanding the company's performance and market trends.
1. Financial Performance: The research reveals that RWC has experienced consistent revenue growth over the past five years, driven by strong sales in its plumbing and heating product lines. The company's profitability has also increased, with a steady rise in net income and gross margins.
2. Market Share: The findings indicate that RWC has maintained a strong market position in the plumbing industry, both domestically and internationally. The company's innovative product offerings and strategic acquisitions have allowed it to expand its customer base and gain market share.
3. Customer Satisfaction: The research highlights RWC's commitment to customer satisfaction, with high ratings and positive feedback from customers. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the company's quality control measures and after-sales service.
4. Industry Trends: The research identifies emerging trends in the plumbing industry, such as the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products. RWC's emphasis on developing environmentally-friendly solutions positions it well to capitalize on these trends and maintain its competitive edge.
Overall, the findings of the research on Reliance Worldwide Corporation are significant as they provide valuable insights into the company's financial performance, market share, customer satisfaction, and industry trends. This information can be utilized by investors, analysts, and industry professionals to make informed decisions and strategies related to RWC.
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The 2020 balance sheet of Osaka's Tennis Shop, Incorporated, showed long-term debt of $5.9 million, and the 2021 balance sheet showed long-term debt of $6.1 million. The 2021 income statement showed an interest expense of $200,000. During 2021, the company had a cash flow to creditors of $0 and the cash flow to stockholders for the year was $80,000. Suppose you also know that the firm's net capital spending for 2021 was $1.44 million and that the firm reduced its net working capital investment by $83,000. What was the firm's 2021 operating cash flow, or OCF? (Enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g., 1,234,567.)
The firm's 2021 operating cash flow (OCF) was $2,314,000.
How to find Operating cash flow?The firm's 2021 operating cash flow, or OCF, can be calculated using the following formula:
OCF = Net Income + Depreciation - Taxes
To find the net income, we need to calculate the interest paid and taxes first.
Interest paid = Interest expense - Increase in long-term debt
= $200,000 - ($6.1 million - $5.9 million)
= $200,000 - $200,000
= $0
Next, we calculate the taxes using the cash flow to stockholders and net capital spending:
Taxes = Cash Flow to Stockholders - Net Capital Spending + Increase in long-term debt - Decrease in net working capital
= $80,000 - $1.44 million + ($6.1 million - $5.9 million) - (-$83,000)
= $80,000 - $1.44 million + $200,000 + $83,000
= -$1.157 million
Since the taxes result in a negative value, it means the firm had a tax benefit.
Now, we can calculate the net income:
Net Income = Interest paid - Taxes
= $0 - (-$1.157 million)
= $1.157 million
Finally, we can calculate the operating cash flow:
OCF = Net Income + Depreciation - Taxes
= $1.157 million + Depreciation - (-$1.157 million)
= $1.157 million + Depreciation + $1.157 million
= $2.314 million
Therefore, the firm's 2021 operating cash flow (OCF) was $2,314,000.
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which of the following methods is the quickest way to resolve
problems identified by capacity requirements planning
The quickest way to resolve problems identified by capacity requirements planning is to utilize proactive measures such as real-time monitoring and immediate adjustments.
Capacity requirements planning involves assessing and managing the resources required to meet production demands. When problems arise, it is essential to address them promptly to avoid disruptions and optimize operational efficiency. The quickest way to resolve these problems is through proactive measures. This includes implementing real-time monitoring systems that provide timely visibility into capacity utilization and performance metrics. By monitoring these indicators, potential issues can be identified early on, enabling prompt corrective actions. Immediate adjustments can be made to scheduling, resource allocation, and production processes to address the identified problems swiftly. Additionally, leveraging technology solutions such as automation and advanced analytics can facilitate quicker problem resolution by providing actionable insights and streamlining decision-making processes. By adopting proactive and agile approaches, organizations can effectively resolve problems identified by capacity requirements planning in the shortest possible time.
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What is the difference between the general environment and the task environment? Is it possible to say one is more
important to a small business than the other?
The general environment consists of broad, external factors that influence all organizations, while the task environment refers to specific factors directly relevant to a particular business or industry.
The general environment encompasses macro-level factors that impact all businesses, such as economic conditions, technological advancements, political and legal forces, socio-cultural trends, and demographic changes. These factors are beyond the control of any single business but can have a significant influence on its operations and strategic decisions.
On the other hand, the task environment includes specific stakeholders and forces that directly interact with a particular business. This includes customers, suppliers, competitors, regulatory agencies, and other industry-specific factors. The task environment is more immediate and has a direct impact on the day-to-day operations and competitiveness of a business.
While both environments are important, their significance can vary for small businesses. In some cases, the task environment may be more critical as small businesses often operate in specific niches or industries with intense competition and reliance on local customers and suppliers. However, the general environment also holds importance, as changes in the broader economy or regulatory landscape can significantly affect small businesses.
Ultimately, the relative importance of the general environment and task environment will depend on the specific circumstances and nature of the small business. It is essential for small business owners to understand and monitor both environments to adapt their strategies effectively and navigate external challenges and opportunities.
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