Often, we do not know at the start of an experiment what extraneous variables could affect our results. The best means of controlling unknown sources of extraneous variables is ____________________

False: The GLOBE Project cultural dimension of institutional collectivism focuses on the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families.

Institutional collectivism is a key dimension studied by the GLOBE Project. It refers to the extent to which individuals within a society prioritize group goals over personal goals and exhibit a strong sense of loyalty, pride, and cohesiveness towards their organizations or families. Contrary to the statement, this dimension does not directly focus on the pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness expressed by individuals, but rather on the broader societal emphasis on collective interests.

Institutional collectivism and other cultural dimensions studied by the GLOBE Project, which aims to explore the cultural similarities and differences across various societies and their impact on organizational and societal effectiveness. Understanding these dimensions can provide valuable insights for cross-cultural management and fostering effective teamwork in diverse environments.

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An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at 25 weeks into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli.

There have been several studies that confirm that babies can hear sound while still in the womb. One such study was conducted using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), which is a type of neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

In this particular study, researchers found that fetuses could hear sound as early as 25 weeks into the prenatal period.

The study used auditory stimuli to measure the brain response in fetuses using fMRI.The findings from this study are important because they suggest that prenatal exposure to sound can have an impact on fetal development.

This supports the idea that mothers should take care to minimize exposure to loud noises during pregnancy, as it could potentially harm their developing baby.Overall, this  fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)study highlights the incredible capacity of the fetus to learn and develop while still in the womb.

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Attentiveness to bodily symptoms of pain and stress can help with early detection and self-care but may lead to hypervigilance and health anxiety if taken to extremes.

Attentiveness to bodily symptoms of pain and stress can have both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

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Kayla learns via observational learning when she observes the behavior of her brother, Chris, and learns the consequences of such behavior.

Observational learning is the learning that occurs when a person observes and models the behavior of others, which is also known as social learning. The behavior being modeled can be positive or negative.

Kayla, in this case, observes the negative behavior of her brother stealing a cookie from the cookie jar, and the consequence he faces of being sent to bed without dinner. By watching her brother's behavior and the subsequent punishment, she learns what behavior is acceptable and unacceptable in the eyes of her parents. This experience will be stored in Kayla's memory and will influence her future behavior as she decides to wait until dessert for her cookie.

Kayla's learning can also be described as vicarious learning, which is a type of observational learning. Vicarious learning is the process of learning through the observation of the consequences of another person's actions. It allows individuals to learn from the mistakes of others, rather than making the same mistakes themselves. Kayla did not have to experience the negative consequences of stealing a cookie because she learned from her brother's mistake.

Therefore, Kayla's learning is a prime example of observational and vicarious learning.

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The movement term used to describe the concept of adducting the shoulder blades so that they become closer together is called Retraction.

Retraction is the act of pulling back, especially in the case of a muscle. In anatomy, retraction is used to refer to the action of drawing a body component or muscle back to its initial anatomical location. Retraction in the scapula, for example, refers to the action of pulling the shoulder blades together.The muscle responsible for retraction is the middle trapezius, and it is a frequent component of upper body workouts. Retraction exercises can assist in strengthening the middle trapezius muscle while also improving posture and reducing the chance of upper back pain or injury.

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Researchers have found that after working on a task and sleeping on it, people tend to solve difficult problems more insightfully compared with those who stayed awake after working on the task. This demonstrates that sleeping helps to improve problem-solving skills.

Research suggests that sleeping improves problem-solving skills. Researchers have discovered that individuals tend to solve complex problems more insightfully after working on a task and sleeping on it compared to those who remain awake after working on the task.

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Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities, such as piano playing, without paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the motor cortex or associated pathways.

The motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, including skilled motor activities like playing the piano. Damage to the motor cortex or the pathways connecting it to the muscles can result in the loss of the ability to perform these activities, even though there is no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles.

The motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and plays a crucial role in coordinating and executing complex movements. It receives information from other parts of the brain and sends signals to the muscles through the motor pathways. When there is damage to the motor cortex or the pathways, the communication between the brain and the muscles is disrupted, leading to difficulties in performing skilled motor activities.

In cases where a person experiences a loss of ability to perform specific skilled motor tasks, such as playing the piano, but does not exhibit paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, it suggests that the problem lies in the higher-level control of movement rather than a problem with the muscles themselves. This indicates the involvement of the motor cortex or the associated pathways as the potential site of damage or dysfunction.

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three year old gordon learned the schema for apples. When gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store he says look mommy apples. his mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomatoe not an apple. Gordon uses this information to update his previous understanding. The exemplifies piagets concept of Piaget's concept of accommodation.

Gordon's experience exemplifies Piaget's concept of accommodation, which refers to the process of adjusting one's existing schemas or mental structures to incorporate new information or experiences that do not fit into previously established categories. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store and initially identifies them as apples, his mother corrects him and provides new information about the food he is observing.

Gordon then updates his understanding by accommodating this new knowledge, realizing that the food he sees is a tomato, not an apple. This process of adjusting his existing schema to fit the new information demonstrates Piaget's concept of accommodation.

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A neurologist explains that arousal is mediated by the: reticular activating system. Thus, option C is the correct option.

A neurologist is a type of doctor that specializes in identifying and treating diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This can include mental and behavioral issues and muscular illnesses. Neurologists identify, manage, and treat diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and the muscles and nerves that control movement and convey feelings from the body to the brain.

The reticular activating system, which controls some elements of attention and information processing and upholds consciousness, mediates arousal. The cerebral cortex has an impact on motion. The medulla oblongata regulates symptoms like nausea and vomiting. In response, the cingulate gyrus assumes additional functions.

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Probably the full question is:

A neurologist explains that arousal is mediated by the:

a. cerebral cortex.

b. medulla oblongata.

c. reticular activating system.

d. cingulate gyrus.

Allison can easily remember a birthday from five years ago, but she has no memory of her lunch last week. Based on this common scenario, we can say that memory is not always consistent and can vary based on a number of factors.

The brain uses different types of memory systems to process and store information. For instance, we can remember things that happened years ago (long-term memory), but sometimes, we may forget things that happened just a few days ago (short-term memory).

The main reason why Allison can remember the birthday from five years ago is because it was an important event, and the brain encoded it as a long-term memory, making it easier to retrieve in the future. On the other hand, her lunch last week was not an important event, and the brain may not have encoded it as a long-term memory, leading to difficulty retrieving it later.

Memory is a complex process, and different factors like attention, repetition, and emotional significance can influence how well information is stored and retrieved in the future

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In this situation, the main problem with Dr. Wong's study he did not conduct the study for a long enough time.

The option (D) is correct.

Retention (memory) is the amount of knowledge that can be gotten and scholarly by a put away in lengthy person-term memory and can be communicated again at explicit spans. There are various reasons for transient cognitive decline, some of which result from ailments and others related to injury or outside impacts.

While going to explore maintenance it requires a seriously lengthy investment to figure out his memory capacities and the fundamental issues that happen in research by Dr. Wong about changes in maintenance over a long period are not doing a sufficiently long review.

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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:

Dr. Wong wants to know if retention changes over the lifespan. He creates a computerized retention test and gives it to a group of 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, 60-year-olds, and 80-year-olds. Because the 80-year-olds did so poorly on this test (compared to the other groups), he assumed that retention of material (i.e., short term memory) decreases over the lifespan. What is the MAIN problem with Dr. Wong's study?

(A) his retention test was not reliable

(B) the cohort effect

(C) he should have conducted an experiment for this topic

(D) he did not conduct the study for a long enough time

The new questioning procedures in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) allowed more crimes to be reported because the survey had expanded its coverage and included more types of crimes than before, which was not the case earlier and thus, it allowed the people to report the crimes more efficiently.

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is a primary source of information on criminal victimization conducted in the United States. The NCVS is an annual survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), which surveys a sample of households across the United States on the frequency, type, and consequences of criminal victimization.

NCVS allows for a better understanding of the frequency and nature of crimes not reported to law enforcement agencies. It provides researchers with a wealth of data on the characteristics of crime and its impact on American society. The NCVS has been designed to complement other sources of crime statistics and provide more detailed data on crime victims and their experiences.

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Erikson and Freud both agreed that childhood experiences play an important role in the development of oneself.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson both theorized that a person's childhood experiences play a crucial role in shaping the course of their life and their personality. Both of them are notable for their significant contributions to psychology. Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages, beginning in early childhood, that are marked by the satisfaction or frustration of basic drives and needs. Erikson, on the other hand, argued that the ego develops through psychosocial stages that are motivated by social interaction. Erikson's eight stages of development describe how people's personal interactions with others change throughout their lives. They cover a wide range of developmental stages, from infancy to old age.

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The theory of dreaming that is most consistent with the finding that fish do not experience REM sleep is the "activation-synthesis theory."

According to this theory, proposed by Hobson and McCarley, dreaming is a result of the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep. During REM sleep in mammals, the brain experiences high levels of neuronal activation, which is believed to trigger the formation of dreams.

The activation-synthesis theory suggests that the brain attempts to create a narrative or meaning out of this random neural firing. Since fish do not exhibit REM sleep, it suggests that their brains may not undergo the same level of random neural activation during sleep. Consequently, the activation-synthesis theory would predict that fish may not experience dreams or have a similar need for the brain to generate narratives from random neural activity.

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In this study, the independent variable is whether people received address labels, and the dependent variable is the amount of money they donate. It does not use the correlational method, and it may have potential issues with internal validity due to possible differences between those who received address labels and those who did not.

The correct statement about this study is number 2: the independent variable is whether people received address labels, and the dependent variable is the amount of money they donate. The study is utilizing an experimental design where the researcher manipulates the presence or absence of address labels in the charity appeal letters and measures the effect on the amount of money donated. The presence or absence of address labels is the independent variable that is being manipulated, while the amount of money donated is the dependent variable being measured.

Regarding the other statements, the study does not use the correlational method since it involves manipulation of the independent variable. It is an experimental study aiming to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

However, the study may have potential issues with internal validity, as stated in statement 4. The people who received address labels and those who did not may differ in other ways that could influence their likelihood of donating money. These differences could confound the relationship between the independent variable (address labels) and the dependent variable (donation amount). To address this concern, researchers often use random assignment to minimize potential confounding variables and increase internal validity.

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As per the statement, "Crystallized intelligence(learned) will generally increase with age while fluid (innate) intelligence tends to slightly decline as we age". This statement is "True".

Fluid Intelligence is the capacity to think abstractly and solve complex problems. It decreases as one ages. Crystallized Intelligence, on the other hand, is the ability to use acquired knowledge and skills. It generally increases with age.

In summary, Crystallized intelligence, as compared to Fluid intelligence, increases with age. People can use their prior knowledge and experience to solve problems and acquire new information without relying on their innate ability to reason. While Fluid Intelligence decreases with age.

Fluid intelligence is the capacity to solve new problems and reason through new scenarios. It is also known as our innate ability to reason and adapt to new challenges.

Therefore, the given statement is true.

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Therefore, the given statement is true.

Some psychologists believe that an organism's behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively - a state called homeostasis.

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. It involves regulating various physiological processes, such as body temperature, blood pressure, fluid balance, and glucose levels, within a narrow range.

The concept of homeostasis suggests that when there is a disruption or imbalance in the body, it triggers a motivation to restore equilibrium. For example, when we feel thirsty, it is a signal that our body's fluid balance is off, and we are motivated to drink water to restore it.

Similarly, when we are hungry, our body is signaling a need for nutrients, motivating us to eat.

Psychologists argue that this principle extends beyond basic physiological needs. They propose that psychological and emotional states also seek balance or equilibrium.

For instance, when we experience stress or anxiety, we are motivated to find ways to reduce those feelings and restore a sense of calm and well-being.

In summary, the concept of homeostasis suggests that an organism's behavior is driven by the need to achieve a state of balance and stability, both physiologically and psychologically, to ensure effective functioning of the body and mind.

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The education approach in which things like problem-solving and metacognition are viewed as skills that can be developed through practice is related to the constructivist approach.

The constructivist approach in education proposes that learning is an active and dynamic process where learners construct knowledge and meaning through their own experiences and interactions with the world. Students construct knowledge through personal experiences, previously learned ideas, and interactions with other individuals.

Therefore, knowledge and experiences vary from one individual to another.

The constructivist approach emphasizes that learning should focus on experiences that challenge students to develop their problem-solving and critical-thinking abilities. This means that instead of simply memorizing information, students need to build a more profound understanding of the subject matter to be able to use it in different contexts.

Metacognition is also emphasized by the constructivist approach. Students learn to think about their thinking (metacognition) and learn how to manage their own learning processes. This helps learners develop skills that will help them be more effective in any future learning experiences, such as the ability to problem-solve and critically evaluate information.

Additionally, the constructivist approach believes that learners' interactions with their surroundings should play an essential role in constructing their learning experiences.In conclusion, the constructivist approach emphasizes the development of critical thinking, problem-solving skills, metacognition, and learning experiences constructed through interactions with the environment.

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Sternberg characterizes companionate love as intimacy without passion or commitment, along with feelings of closeness and warmth.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love suggests that love consists of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. According to Sternberg, companionate love is a type of love that lacks the passionate and committed aspects but is characterized by a deep sense of intimacy, closeness, and warmth between individuals. It is often associated with long-term relationships, friendships, or familial bonds, where the initial intense passion may have faded, but a strong emotional connection and feelings of trust and affection remain.

Companionate love involves sharing deep personal thoughts, providing emotional support, and enjoying each other's company without the intense romantic or sexual desires found in other forms of love.

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During the mental status examination for a neurocognitive disorder (NCD), The orientation score of the client is 2 out of 5.

The mental status examination (MSE) includes an assessment of a person's orientation, which evaluates their awareness of time, place, and person. The orientation score is typically determined by assigning one point for each correct answer. In this case, if the client is only able to correctly state the date and day of the week, their orientation score would be 2 out of 5.

The orientation score reflects the client's level of cognitive functioning and provides an indication of their awareness of their surroundings and ability to accurately perceive and remember time-related information. While the client in question may have some understanding of the current date and day of the week, their limited ability to provide other aspects of orientation, such as their location or their own identity, suggests potential cognitive impairment.

A lower orientation score may indicate difficulties with memory, attention, or cognitive processing, which are common in neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). Further assessment and evaluation would be necessary to determine the specific cause and severity of the cognitive impairment in the client.

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The correct option from the given question is B. Ability to see tensions in a relationship as something to work on to build a stronger relationship. This is a technique that is used to build a stronger relationship despite the conflicts in a relationship.

This technique is mostly used when couples disagree on some issues, or there is tension in the relationship. There is a need to be able to work through the issues in the relationship to be able to build a stronger relationship. Couples should be able to work through their differences in a manner that is conducive to building their relationship.

This will help them build a stronger relationship in the long run. Putting the wedding picture in a new frame is not a technique that is used to build a stronger relationship despite the conflicts in a relationship. Partners agree some topics should not be discussed. The correct option is B .

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The system of government described, in which power is divided between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments by a constitution, is known as a federal system of government.

In a federal system, both levels of government have their own separate and distinct powers and responsibilities, with certain powers delegated to the central government and others reserved for the regional governments.

This division of power is intended to strike a balance between central authority and regional autonomy, allowing for shared governance and the protection of individual rights and local interests. Examples of countries with federal systems of government include the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany.

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An example of groupthink is the decision by NASA to proceed with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger, despite the awareness of a few individuals that a part on the shuttle was known to be unacceptable.

Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when members of a group strive to maintain cohesiveness and consensus at the expense of considering alternative courses of action. Groupthink results in irrational decision-making due to the desire for conformity and maintaining unanimity.

Groupthink is harmful because it restricts the creative thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making capacity of the group. Groupthink is commonly observed in situations where the desire for conformity, agreement, and consensus is greater than the value of critical thinking and accurate judgment.

The members of NASA were so focused on maintaining a successful launch, avoiding delays and the potential for lost revenue that they overlooked the risks involved and the warnings from experts who identified the flaws in the launch mechanism.

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Assessment centers rely on the analysis of past behavior to predict future behavior. This is considered a preferred strategy for assessing personality because it provides a more accurate assessment of an individual’s potential behavior.

Assessment centers are a preferred strategy for assessing personality because they use a standardized procedure for evaluating candidates. It involves a combination of simulations, interviews, and other evaluation methods. In these centers, past behavior is analyzed to predict future behavior.

The procedure follows a structured approach that is designed to test the individual’s competencies and skills. Assessing personality using the strategy of evaluating past behavior is preferred because it provides a more accurate assessment of an individual’s potential future behavior.

The basic principle behind this strategy is that past behavior is likely to predict future behavior. This is because an individual’s past behavior indicates his/her strengths, weaknesses, and habits that are likely to affect future behavior. By analyzing past behavior, we can predict how an individual will react in different situations.

Thus, this strategy of assessing personality provides insight into the candidate's potential to adapt to new environments and make sound judgments.

Additionally, this method helps identify demand characteristics, errors in judgment, feelings of hurt, prejudice, denial, and other psychological issues that might affect the individual’s behavior.

The process of assessing personality through assessment centers involves the evaluation of an individual’s skills, competencies, and abilities. This is done through various activities that simulate different work situations.

These activities may include group discussions, role-playing, problem-solving tasks, and other exercises that test an individual’s ability to adapt to different environments.

The results of the evaluation are then used to identify the individual’s strengths and weaknesses and to develop a plan to improve their skills and competencies.

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When partners feel willing to engage in criticisms because they are not typically viewed as a threat to the relationship, it often indicates a level of trust and openness in the partnership.

This type of dynamic can foster a healthy and constructive communication environment, allowing partners to address concerns, provide feedback, and work towards resolving issues.

Here are a few reasons why partners may feel more comfortable engaging in criticisms when they perceive them as non-threatening:

Trust and Safety: When partners trust each other and feel safe in the relationship, they are more likely to express their thoughts and opinions openly. They know that their criticisms are not intended to harm the other person but rather to improve the relationship or address specific concerns.

Positive Intentions: Partners may understand that criticisms are coming from a place of care and genuine concern. They believe that the other person's intention is to help them grow and improve, rather than to attack or belittle them.

Emotional Security: Feeling emotionally secure within the partnership means that partners can handle criticism without fear of excessive negative consequences. They know that their relationship is strong enough to withstand disagreements and that they can work together to find solutions.

Constructive Communication Skills: Partners who have developed effective communication skills can express criticisms in a constructive manner. They focus on the specific behavior or issue rather than attacking the individual, which reduces defensiveness and encourages a productive dialogue.

Shared Growth Mindset: Partners who have a shared mindset towards personal growth and development are more likely to embrace criticism as an opportunity for improvement. They see it as a chance to learn, adapt, and strengthen their relationship.

It's important to note that even in a supportive environment, criticisms should still be delivered with sensitivity and respect. Partners should strive to maintain a balance between offering feedback and acknowledging each other's emotions.

Creating a space where both positive and negative feedback are welcomed can lead to a stronger and more resilient partnership.

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The stage at which we become psychologically aware of others as being different than ourselves begins in early childhood during the developmental stage known as the "preoperational stage."

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the preoperational stage typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 7 years.

During this stage, children's thinking becomes more symbolic and representational, allowing them to engage in pretend play, use language to communicate, and develop a sense of self. It is during this period that children start to understand that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and perspectives, which may differ from their own. This psychological awareness of others as distinct individuals is known as "egocentrism," where children primarily view the world from their own subjective perspective.

While egocentrism is initially prominent in early childhood, as children continue to grow and develop, they gradually acquire the ability to take on different perspectives and understand that others have unique experiences, beliefs, and desires. This marks the beginning of social awareness and the recognition that individuals can have different thoughts, feelings, and identities. As children progress through subsequent stages of cognitive development, their understanding of others' distinctiveness continues to evolve, leading to greater empathy, perspective-taking, and social interactions.

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The speeches given by Barack Obama advocating health care reform in the United States were a form of persuasive oratory.

Persuasive oratory is the act of delivering speeches or presentations with the intention of persuading and influencing the audience's beliefs, opinions, or actions. It involves using various rhetorical techniques and persuasive appeals to make a compelling case for a particular idea, cause, or policy. In the context of Barack Obama's speeches on health care reform, his goal was to convince the American people of the importance and benefits of implementing changes in the healthcare system.

During his presidential campaign, Obama used his oratory skills to articulate his vision for reforming the healthcare system and to rally public support for his proposed policies. He employed persuasive techniques such as appealing to emotions, providing evidence and statistics, using rhetorical devices, and delivering passionate and well-crafted speeches. By effectively communicating his ideas and engaging with the audience, Obama aimed to create a sense of urgency and build consensus around the need for healthcare reform.

Overall, persuasive oratory played a significant role in Barack Obama's efforts to advocate for health care reform and engage the public in the discussion and decision-making process.

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The four criteria used to prove negligence are:  1. Duty of care

2. Breach of duty 3. Causation  4. Damages

1. Duty of Care: The defendant must owe a duty of care to the plaintiff, meaning they have a legal obligation to act in a manner that avoids foreseeable harm to others. The duty of care can vary depending on the circumstances and the relationship between the parties involved.

2. Breach of Duty: The defendant must have breached the duty of care by failing to meet the standard of care expected in a particular situation. This is determined by comparing the defendant's actions or omissions to what a reasonable person would have done in similar circumstances.

3. Causation: The plaintiff must establish a causal connection between the defendant's breach of duty and the harm suffered. It must be shown that the defendant's actions or omissions directly caused or substantially contributed to the plaintiff's injuries or damages.

4. Damages: The plaintiff must have suffered actual harm, whether it be physical, emotional, or financial, as a result of the defendant's breach of duty. Damages can include medical expenses, and loss of income.

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The old media gatekeepers have lost much of their editorial power in recent years. An implication of this trend is that the consumers are increasingly turning to user-generated content.  

With the rise of digital technology and social media, traditional media outlets have seen a significant reduction in their ability to control the news and information that is distributed to the public. As a result, consumers are increasingly turning to user-generated content.User-generated content has allowed individuals to bypass the traditional gatekeepers and create their own content, share their own stories, and have their voices heard. This shift has not only changed the way that we consume media but has also had a significant impact on the media industry as a whole. The trend of user-generated content has led to increased competition for traditional media outlets, as well as a decrease in the power of traditional gatekeepers.

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The prediction made by Susan that students who have all three fundamental needs (relatedness, autonomy, and competence) met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of a hypothesis. (Option iii)

A hypothesis is a specific statement or prediction that is derived from a theory or prior observations and is testable through research. In this case, Susan's hypothesis is based on the theory proposed by Deci and Ryan regarding the fundamental needs for human growth and fulfillment.

Susan's hypothesis suggests that the fulfillment of relatedness and competence needs will lead to increased happiness and satisfaction in the psychology class. However, she speculates that autonomy may only be necessary when individuals are not being evaluated.

Therefore, the correct answer is option (iii) A hypothesis

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