"Our knowledge of the properties and laws of physics shows no signs of approaching its ultimate boundaries. . . This increasing physical knowledge is now, rapidly converted by practical ingenuity, into physical power. . . . From this union of conditions, [we can] forward to a vast multiplication and long succession of [mechanical] contrivances for economizing labor and increasing its produce: and to an ever wider diffusion of the use and benefits of those contrivances."

John Stuart Mill, British liberal political philosopher, Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, 1849


a) Explain one way the author's point of view was shaped by his historical situation.

b) Explain one way in which the passage provides evidence for an intellectual development of the nineteenth century.

c) Explain one way in which Mill's prediction accurately described subsequent developments in the late nineteenth century.

Note that:

a) The author's point of view was shaped by the Industrial Revolution, which led to the emergence of new technologies and the transformation of society.

b) The passage provides evidence for the intellectual development of the 19th century by highlighting the increasing importance of scientific knowledge and its practical applications.

c) Mill's prediction accurately described subsequent developments in the late 19th century by anticipating the widespread use and benefits of labor-saving devices and the growing influence of technology on society.

John Stuart Mill was an influential British philosopher, economist, and political theorist of the 19th century.

He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the development of classical liberal political thought, advocating for individual freedom, representative government, and social reform. His works on ethics, economics, and politics continue to be studied and debated by scholars and students around the world.

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The shifting of climate patterns

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