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The ozone layer is present in the stratosphere layer of the Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, option (C) is correct.

An atmosphere can be defined as layers of gases that envelop a planet and is held in place due to the gravity of the planetary body. A planet contains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere of any planet is low.

Earth's atmosphere is made of Nitrogen (78 %), Oxygen (21%), Argon (0.9%), and Carbon dioxide (0.04 %).  The troposphere can be defined as the lowest layer of the atmosphere. The troposphere contains 75 to 80 % of the mass of the atmosphere.

The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, at an altitude between 15km and 35km. This atmospheric layer absorbs most of the UV radiation that Earth receives from the Sun.

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Considering the formal charges, the lewis structure in which the electronegative atom (O) contains a negative charge and the electropositive (N) contains a positive charge represents bonding in the N₂O. Therefore, option (B) is correct.

A formal charge in chemical bonding can be described as the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule by considering that electrons in all chemical bonds are equally shared between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.

The formal charge can be described as the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom in a neutral state and the number assigned in a Lewis structure to that atom.

When determining the best Lewis structure for a molecule, the structure is selected such that the formal charge is as close to zero on each atom.

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Answer: colloid

Explanation:

The final temperature of the steam at 10MPa is equal to 390 °C.

Gay-Lussac's law can be described as if the volume (V) of the gas remains constant the pressure (P) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (T) of the gas.

Gay Lussca's law in the form of mathematical expression as follows:

P/T = k

The pressure at constant volume is directly proportional to the temperature of gas.

P ∝ T                                (where V of gas is constant)

or, [tex]{\displaystyle \frac{T_2}{T_1} =\big (\frac{P_2}{P_1}\big)^\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}[/tex]   for isentropic compression

Given, the initial temperature of the steam, T₁ = 300°C =300 + 273 =573 K

The initial pressure of the steam, P₁ = 6 MPa

The final temperature of the steam, P₂ = 10MPa

The final temperature of the steam can be determined as:

[tex]{\displaystyle \frac{T_2}{573} =\big (\frac{10}{6}\big)^\frac{1.4-1}{1.4}[/tex]

T₂ = 663 K

T₂ = 663 K - 273 K

T₂ = 390 °C

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The total number of the electron pairs are eight electron pairs.

We know that the structure of a compound can be determined by the number of the electron pairs that are found on the valence shell of the central atom of the compound.

We know that the central atom must be the atom that is least electronegative. Given that there are four valence electrons of carbon which is the central atom in the compound, we have eight electron pairs  in the molecule. Thus the total number of valence electrons present is sixteen

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The presence of nano particles in the blood can be confirmed by the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy.

We define a nano particle as a particle that has a size that is less than 100 nm. These kinds of particle have found a very wide application especially in the materials industry. A lot of the chips that we see are actually made of nano particles.

More recently, there have been the application of the nano particles in medicine. We  have been told that evidence has suggested that nanoparticles can get through the skin and into the blood.

If a scientist wants to investigate this claim, then the scientist would have to take blood samples from individuals who have been exposed to the nano particles at random and expose the samples to atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine if there are traces of the particles in the blood.

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There are two characteristics of molecules, one is geometry and other is shape. Shape is excluding lone pair surrounding the central element and geometry is including the lone pair. Therefore, the angle of the given molecule can be found out by VSEPR theory.

VSEPR stands for valence shell electron pair repulsions. VSEPR theory is used to predict the shape and geometry of molecules on the basis of valence electrons pairs that are present around the central element of the molecule.

According to VSEPR theory, Lone pair lone pair repulsion is greater than bond pair bond pair repulsion. There are so many limitations of VSEPR theory. There is a repulsion between bond pair electrons and lone pairs present on the central element.

a) bond angle is 180°

b)bond angle is 120°

c)bond angle is 107.28'

d)bond angle is 109.28'

Therefore, the angle of the given molecule can be found out by VSEPR theory.

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The reaction is spontaneous under conditions of low pressure and high temperature

We can say that a reaction is spontaneous when we know that the reaction is able to go on on its own. This implies that there is a mnimum energy that is required for the reaction to proceed.

The reaction is thus a sort of a self propagating system that goes on freely of its own accord.. We can see that what is going on here is the decomposition of the nitrogen V oxide gas as shown.

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The number of moles is present at 0.0174 mole.

Mole is the unit of quantity of substance inside the global machine of units (SI). the amount quantity of the substance is a degree of how many primary entities of a given substance are in an item or pattern. The mole is described as containing exactly 6.02214076×1023 fundamental entities

Calculation:-

given

V =   1.25 L

T = 31°C = 304 k

P = 304

R =8.314

PV  =  nRTn

n = Pv/RT

n =3.6 × 1.25/8.314×304

   = 0.0174

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Answer:

A neutron is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom except that of simple hydrogen.

Explanation:

Answer:

With the exception of simple hydrogen, every atom has a neutron in its nucleus. The fact that the particle has no electrical charge it is neutral gives it its name. Neutrons have a very high density.

_________________

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Phosphorous  forms compounds in +3 or +5 oxidation state, leaving an electronic configuration as 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² in case of +3 and in case of+5 it is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶,as in these configurations all electrons are paired so phosphorous becomes diamagnetic .

Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons which are present in an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.It describes how each electron moves independently in an orbital.

Knowledge of electronic configuration is necessary for understanding the structure of periodic table.It helps in understanding the chemical properties of elements.

Elements undergo chemical reactions in order to achieve stability. Main group elements obey the octet rule in their electronic configuration while the transition elements follow the 18 electron rule. Noble elements have valence shell complete in ground state and hence are said to be stable.

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The concentration of the solution if the absorbance of the solution at 427 nm is 0.15 and the molar absorptivity of yellow dye at 427 nm is 5.47 × 10-⁶M.

Absorbance in physics is a logarithmic measure of the amount of light that is absorbed when passing through a substance.

It is the capacity of a substance to absorb light of a given wavelength. According to this question, the absorbance of the solution at 427 nm is 0.15.

A = εmCl

Where;

C = 0.15 ÷ (27400 × 1)

C = 5.47 × 10-⁶M

Therefore, 5.47 × 10-⁶M is the concentration of the solution.

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There will be 18 groups in periodic table and hafnium is a kind of transition element.

Groups were the names given to the periodic table's columns. In the table, individuals who belong to the same group make bonds of the same kind and contain an equal quantity of electrons in respective molecules' outermost shells. Periods contain the horizontal rows.

1. 18 group 2. Zinc  3. Transition element 4.  7th period

5. Hydrogen, lithium sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium.

6. Tin(Sn) 7. The eight electron  8. Actinides  9. 7 valence electron

10.  47 neutron  11. 6th period and 11th group 12. Argon 13. Metalloid

14. Halogen located in 17th group   15. Copernicium   16. 2 electron                 17. 5 shells     18. Non metal    19. Sulphur      20. 13 group            21. Metal 22. D or transition     23. 117    24. Copper   25. Submetallic  26. 74             27. Sn   28. Alkaline earth metal   29. 18 element  30. 125

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The electric current is  0.025 A

Electric current refers back to the go with the flow of energy in an electronic circuit and to the amount of strength flowing through a circuit. it's far measured in amperes (A). the bigger the cost in amperes, the more energy is flowing within the circuit.

Ag+ + e¯ →Ag

1F deposits 107.87 g/mol (molecular mass) of silver

1F = 96500 C

Let, 107.87 g/mol needed = 96500 C

Number of coulombs required to deposit 0.3650 g of silver =(96500/107.87) 0.3650  

Q = 326.5 C

According to Faraday’s law, Q = I x t

I = 326.5 C / (216 x 60 s) = 0.025 A

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When 1-Chloropentane is treated with sodium ethoxide, it follows the SN2 mechanism. Therefore, option (1) is correct.

The SN2 reaction can be defined as a type of reaction mechanism where one bond is broken and one bond is formed in one step. "SN" refers that the reaction is a nucleophilic substitution and proceeds via a bi-molecular mechanism. Here, both the reacting chemical species are involved in the rate-determining step.

The reaction takes place at an aliphatic sp³ carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to a halide atom. The breaking of the C-X bond and the formation of the new bond occur simultaneously via a transition state in which a carbon under nucleophilic attack will be pentacoordinate.

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The oxidation number of the chlorine (Cl) in extraction of bromine from sea water is -1, oxidation number of sodium is +1 and the oxidation number of bromine is -1.

Bromine is obtained from sea water by oxidizing the ionic state of bromine Br⁻ into Br₂, Br₂ is easily hydrolyzed. In order to prevent hydrolysis it is important to lower the pH of the solution which is done by increasing the level of H⁺ ions in the solution.

The balanced chemical reaction for extraction of bromine from sea water is given as:

Cl₂ (g) + 2 NaBr (aq) → 2 NaCl (g) + Br₂ (l)

Hence, from the above equation oxidation numbers of chlorine, bromine and sodium are -1, -1 and +1 respectively.

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A) Pentanal aldehyde can be prepared from CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH by the oxidation with PCC.

B)  Pentanal can be prepared from CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂ by ozonolysis with the help of  O₃ /Zn.

C) Pentanal can be prepared from ester CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃ by hydrolysis and then reduction with LiAlH₄.

D) Pentanal can be prepared from CH₃CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂ by using BH₃/H₂O/NaOH followed by PCC.

Pentanal or valeraldehyde can be described as an organic compound an alkyl aldehyde, with molecular formula C₅H₁₀O. Pentanal can be used in flavorings, rubber accelerators, and resin chemistry. The smell of Pentanal is described as fermented, bready, fruity, nutty, and berry.

Pentanal can be obtained by hydroformylation of butene and can be used as starting material such as the so-called raffinate II, which is formed by steam cracking and consists of (Z)- and (E)-2-butene, 1-butene, butane, and isobutane.

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The tablets must be completely dissolved in water before use, where they notably cause a chemical reaction that results in a large amount of carbon dioxide bubbles, or fizz.

Why is that so? The sodium bicarbonate breaks into sodium and bicarbonate ions as the tablets break down. Carbon dioxide gas is created when the bicarbonate ions interact with the hydrogen ions in  citric acid (and water). The bubbles are created in this manner. In school, you might probably tried an experiment where you mixed baking soda with vinegar to see it foam. That's what  happening in baking powder.If you look at  ingredients for Alka-Seltzer, you will find that it contains citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).

When you drop the tablet in the water, the acid and the baking soda react -- this produces the fizz.

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Considering the given models of carbon dioxide and water, the most that better shows the compounds is Javier's model since it clearly shows the component elements using the correct scale.

I did not choose the other model and its scale because they do not show differences in the size of the atoms nor the atoms in the compounds clearly.

Models are diagrams, objects., illustrations, or analogies that are used to describe or explain a given phenomenon or process that occurs in nature.

Models are used by scientists to illustrate atoms, elements, or compounds since they are not readily visible to the eyes.

A good model will give a correct description of what they represent.

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From the solubility curve, it is clear that 84 g of potassium nitrate can be dissolved in 100 g of water at 50°C.

Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance which is basically solute to form a solution with another substance. There is an extent to which a substance is soluble in a particular solvent. This is generally measured as the concentration of a solute present in a saturated solution.

The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent ,its pH and presence of other dissolved substance. It is also dependent on temperature and pressure which is maintained.Concept of solubility is not valid for chemical reactions which are irreversible.

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The Fischer projection given here is for L-enantiomer and ketopentose. Option B is correct, as there is a ketone group present in the carbohydrate monomer. Carbohydrate can have an aldehyde or ketone as a functional group.

Carbohydrate monomer is a single unit that can either have an aldehyde functional group called aldose or a ketone functional group called ketose. Here in the given diagram, the monomer has a ketone group (C=O) and has five carbons, so it is considered a keto pentose. Carbohydrates are classified into L and D forms based on their OH group, and this L and D form differs from the "l" and "d" form (classified on the direction of movement around the plane polarized light).

Hence, this given diagram is L-enantiomer and keto pentose, which is option B.

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Based on how chemical equations are written, the given chemical reaction: Four atoms of aluminum metal react quickly with 3 molecules of oxygen in the air to produce 2 molecules of aluminum oxide can be written as follows:

Word equation: Aluminum metal + oxygen gas ---> Aluminum oxide

Reactants: Aluminum metal and oxygen gas

Products: Aluminum oxide

Known states of matter: solid + gas ---> solid

Equation: 4 Al (s) + 3 O₂ (g) ---> 2 Al₂O₃ (s)

A chemical reaction is a type of change that results in changes in the chemical properties of substances.

Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms of substances and result in the formation of new substances.

Chemical reactions can be represented by a chemical equation.

Chemical equations use symbols to represent the reactants and the products of a reaction.

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Ideal gas law is valid only for ideal gas not for vanderwaal gas. Combined Boyle's and Charles' gas law is used here. Therefore the new pressure of nitrogen gas is 2.18 atm when the temperature is changed to 310K and volume is expanded to 50.8 L.

Ideal gas equation is the mathematical expression that relates pressure volume and temperature.

Mathematically the relation between Pressure, volume and temperature can be given as

PV=nRT

where,

P = pressure of gas

V= volume of gas

n =number of moles of gas

T =temperature of gas

R = Gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol

Combining Boyle's and Charles' gas law

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

{ ( 4.45) ( 23.6)} ÷296K ={ (P2) (50.8 )} ÷310

P2 =0.35÷0.16 = 2.18 atm

Therefore the new pressure of nitrogen gas is 2.18 atm when the temperature is changed to 310K and volume is expanded to 50.8 L.

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One sigma and two pi bonds make up the triple bond in the diatomic molecule of nitrogen.

As with all molecules, molecular nitrogen is made up of two nitrogen atoms triple bonded to one another. As with all molecules, this triple bonding allows the outer electron shells of the two nitrogen atoms to fill up, making the molecule more stable than the individual nitrogen atoms.

With another nitrogen atom, three of them form a triple bond (which also has five electrons in its outermost shell). Because of this, a nitrogen molecule has a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms and a lone pair on each nitrogen atom.

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Answer:

73.05g

Explanation:

1.25 mol NaCl * [tex]\frac{58.44g}{1 mol NaCl}[/tex] = 73.05g

58.44g = molar mass of NaCl

16 fluid ounce bottle of witch hazel will have 66.24ml of ethyl alcohol.

volume percent of a solution is the ratio of the volume of a solute present in a solution to the volume of the solution as a whole.

Volume Percent  =  V solute(mL)/V solution(mL)  ×  100

Volume Percent  =  V solute(mL)/V solute(mL)+V solvent(mL)  ×  100

14% of 16 fluid ounce

=(14/100)×16

=0.14×16

=2.24 fluid ounce

=66.24ml

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Answer:

0, 0, 0, +1, 0

Explanation:

Because the compound has a +1 charge overall, the sum of the formal charges must equal +1.  The correct answer is the Lewis structure with as many atoms as possible having the formal charge of 0 with just a single atoms having the +1 formal charge.

The amount of heat released when 100.0 grams of steam condenses to water at 100.0º C is 224000 J.

The amount of heat released when 100.0 grams of steam condenses to water at 100.0º C is calculated from the formula given below:

Amount of heat = mass * latent heat of vaporization of water

The latent heat of vaporization of water is the amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of water to steam at100 0.0º C or vice versa.

The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2240 J/g

mass of steam = 100.0 g

Amount of heat required = 100.0 g * 2240 J/g

Amount of heat required = 224000 J

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Answer:

51.16% H₂O

Explanation:

To find the percent water in the hydrate, you need to

(1) calculate the masses of 7H₂O and MgSO₄ · 7H₂O

(2) calculate the percent composition

(Step 1)

Atomic Mass (Mg): 24.305 g/mol

Atomic Mass (S): 32.065 g/mol

Atomic Mass (O): 15.999 g/mol

Atomic Mass (H): 1.008 g/mol

Mass (MgSO₄): 24.305 g + 32.065 g + 4(15.999 g/mol) = 120.366 g

Mass (7H₂O): 14(1.008 g/mol) + 7(15.999 g/mol) = 126.105 g

Mass (MgSO₄·7H₂O): 120.366 g + 126.105 g = 246.471 g

(Step 2)

                                                Mass Water
Percent Composition  =  ----------------------------  x  100%
                                                Total Mass

                                                    126.105 g H₂O
Percent Composition  =  --------------------------------------  x  100%
                                          246.471 g MgSO₄·7H₂O

Percent Composition = 51.16% H₂O