The market value of bonds for a financially distressed firm may be less than the face value at maturity.
When a company experiences financial distress, its ability to meet its financial obligations comes into question. This uncertainty leads to increased risk for investors. As a result, the demand for the company's bonds decreases, causing their market value to decline. Since the market value reflects the perceived value of the bonds in the current market conditions, it can be lower than the face value at maturity. This occurs because investors require a higher return to compensate for the increased risk associated with the financially distressed firm. Consequently, the market value of the bonds tends to be less than their face value at maturity.
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For each of the following transoctions (d) through (a) for Catena's Marketing Compony, prepare the adjusting entry at the end of the current year, December 31. The process includes (1) determining if revenue was earned or an expense wiss incurred and (2) determining whether cash was received or poid in the past or will be recelved or paid in the future. Note: If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account fleld. Round your final answers to nearest whole dollar value. a. Estimated electricity usage at $270 for December: to be paid in January of next yeac. b. On September 1 of the current year, loaned $5,100 to an officit who will repoy the loan principal and interest in one year at an annual interest rate of 10 percent. c. Owed wages to 24 employees who worked five doys at $130 each per day ot the end of the current yeac The compary will pay employees ot the end of the first week of next yeat. Journal entry worksheet Prepare the adjusting entry needed at Decomber 31. Estimated electricty? usage at $270 for December; to be paid in january of next year. Journal entry worksheet Prepare the adjusting entry needed at December 31. Estimated electricity usage at $270 for December; to be paid in January of next year. Notes Enter debits before credits.
Estimated electricity usage at $270 for December, to be paid in January of next year.
- Debit: Electricity Expense for $270
- Credit: Estimated Electricity Payable for $270
b. Loaned $5,100 to an officer on September 1 of the current year, who will repay the loan principal and interest in one year at an annual interest rate of 10 percent:
- Debit: Notes Receivable for $5,100
- Credit: Interest Revenue for $425 ([$5,100 * 10%] * 4/12) - Interest revenue is calculated as the interest earned from September to December (4 months).
c. Owed wages to 24 employees who worked five days at $130 each per day at the end of the current year.
The company will pay employees at the end of the first week of next year:
- Debit: Wages Expense for $15,600 (24 employees * 5 days * $130 per day)
- Credit: Wages Payable for $15,600
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You have $66,000. You put 19% of your money in a stock with an
expected return of 13%, $39,000 in a stock with an expected return
of 18%, and the rest in a stock with an expected return of
The expected return of the stock in which you put the rest of your money is 8.33%.
We have to find the expected return of the stock in which you put the rest of your money.
Since we know that you have $66,000 and put 19% of your money in a stock with an expected return of 13%, then:
Amount invested in the stock with an expected return of 13% = 0.19 × $66,000
= $12,540
We also know that you invested $39,000 in a stock with an expected return of 18%. Now, let the amount invested in the stock with an expected return of x% be y dollars.
Therefore, the amount invested in the third stock with expected return x% = ($66,000 − $12,540 − $39,000)
= $14,460.
The expected return on the entire portfolio can be calculated as follows:
Expected return = (Weight of 1st stock × Expected return of 1st stock) + (Weight of 2nd stock × Expected return of 2nd stock) + (Weight of 3rd stock × Expected return of 3rd stock).
Expected return = [(0.19 × 13) + (0.6 × 18) + (0.21 × x)]%
Expected return = 2.47 + 10.8 + 0.21x
Expected return = 13.27 + 0.21x
If you solve this equation, then you'll get x = 8.33.
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Your Enterprise needs someone to supply it with 175,000 cartons of machine screws per year to support its manufacturing needs over the next five years. It will cost you $570,000 to purchase and install the equipment necessary to start production. The equipment will be depreciated at a 30% CCA rate and it should have a salvage value of $77,000 at the end of the five-year contract. Your fixed production costs will be $182,000 per year and your variable production costs are estimated at $6.25 per carton. You also need an initial net working capital of $75,000, which will be recovered at the end of the project. If your tax rate is 37% and you want a 20% return on your investment, what is an appropriate bid price?
To calculate the appropriate bid price, we need to consider several factors.
What are the steps?Let's break down the steps:
1. Calculate the annual fixed costs:
- Annual fixed costs = Fixed production costs + Depreciation expense
- Fixed production costs = $182,000 per year
- Depreciation expense = (Initial cost - Salvage value) x CCA rate
- Initial cost = $570,000
- Salvage value = $77,000
- CCA rate = 30%
Substituting the values into the formula:
- Depreciation expense = ($570,000 - $77,000) x 0.30
- Depreciation expense = $147,900
- Annual fixed costs = $182,000 + $147,900
- Annual fixed costs = $329,900
2. Calculate the total variable costs:
- Total variable costs = Variable production cost per carton x Number of cartons needed per year
- Variable production cost per carton = $6.25
- Number of cartons needed per year = 175,000
Substituting the values into the formula:
- Total variable costs = $6.25 x 175,000
- Total variable costs = $1,093,750
3. Calculate the total annual costs:
- Total annual costs = Annual fixed costs + Total variable costs
Substituting the values into the formula:
- Total annual costs = $329,900 + $1,093,750
- Total annual costs = $1,423,650
4. Calculate the after-tax cash flow:
- After-tax cash flow = Total annual costs - Tax savings
- Tax savings = Tax rate x (Annual fixed costs + Depreciation expense)
- Tax rate = 37%
Substituting the values into the formula:
- Tax savings = 0.37 x ($329,900 + $147,900)
- Tax savings = $171,246.30
- After-tax cash flow = $1,423,650 - $171,246.30
- After-tax cash flow = $1,252,403.70
5. Calculate the present value of the after-tax cash flow:
-[tex]Present value = After-tax cash flow / (1 + Desired return rate)^n[/tex]
- Desired return rate = 20%
- n = number of years = 5
Substituting the values into the formula:
- Present value = $1,252,403.70 / (1 + 0.20)^5
- Present value = $1,252,403.70 / (1.20)^5
- Present value = $1,252,403.70 / 1.488096
- Present value = $841,143.63
6. Calculate the bid price:
- Bid price = Present value + Initial net working capital
- Initial net working capital = $75,000
Substituting the values into the formula:
- Bid price = $841,143.63 + $75,000
- Bid price = $916,143.63
Therefore, an appropriate bid price would be $916,143.63.
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The following data are for the economy of Moksha. C=35 + 0.7Y I=70 G= 170 XN=50 – 0.28 a. Calculate equilibrium GDP. Equilibrium GDP is $ 650 b. Calculate the multiplier.Round your answer to 2 decimal places. The multiplier is 2 c. If the tax function is T = 20 + 0.27, the size of the budget deficit is $ -20 Round your answer to 1 decimal place. d. Now, change government spending, by the size of the surplus, or deficit, in an attempt to balance the budget. What will be the new equilibrium income? Round your answer to 1 decimal place. New equilibrium GDP is $ 610 e. At the new equilibrium there is a budget deficit os $ -8 *. Round your answer to 2 decimal places. The following is information for the economy of Tandor, where taxes are wholly autonomous: (Y - T) C = 80 + 0.75YD where YD I = 100 G XN = T = 340 = 107 - 0.15Y a. The value of equilibrium income is $ b. At equilibrium, the amount of the budget (Click to select) is $ c. If government increased both its spending and taxes by $40, the new equilibrium income would be $
a. The value of equilibrium income is 2380. The economy is at equilibrium when the aggregate expenditure equals the output of an economy. We know that the formula of aggregate expenditure is as follows:AE = C + I + G + XN whereAE = YC = 80 + 0.75YD Substituting the value of C we getAE = 80 + 0.75YD + I + G + XN
Putting the given values of I, G and XN, we getAE = 80 + 0.75YD + 100 + 107 - 0.15Y + 340 Equating aggregate expenditure with income, we get:Y = AEY = 80 + 0.75YD + 100 + 107 - 0.15Y + 340Y = 627 + 0.6YY = 2380b. At equilibrium, the amount of the budget surplus is 0.The budget surplus occurs when the government spending is less than the tax revenue. At equilibrium, we have to find the amount of government spending.G = TWe know that T = 340 = 107 - 0.15YSubstituting T in the above equation, we get
G = 340 - 107 + 0.15YG = 233 + 0.15Y
At equilibrium, Y = 2380 Therefore,G = 233 + 0.15(2380)G = 596.5 ≈ 597 Thus, there is a budget surplus of 0. c. If the government increased both its spending and taxes by 40, the new equilibrium income would be 2555. Let the change in tax be ∆T = 40 and the change in government spending be ∆G = 40.Therefore, the new tax rate would be:T’ = T + ∆T = 340 + 40 = 380New government spending would be:
G’ = G + ∆G = 233 + 40 = 273
New value of Y is:
Y = AEY = 80 + 0.75YD + I + G’ + XN
Substituting the given values, we get Y = 80 + 0.75(0.75Y - T’) + 100 + 273 + 107 - 0.15Y + 340Y = 900.25 + 0.45Y Substituting the value of Y back in the above equation, we getY = 2555
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Oriole Company bottles and distributes B-Lite, a diet soft drink. The beverage is sold for 60 cents per 16-ounce bottle to retailers, who charge customers 75 cents per bottle. For the year 2020, management estimates the following revenues and costs. Sales Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead-varibe 410,000 Administrative expenses-fixed Manufacturing overhead-fixed $107,000 57,000 390,000 Administrative expenses-variable 21000 162,000 $2,040,000 Selling expenses-variable 500,000 Selling expenses-fixed 240,000 Your answer is correct. Prepare a CVP income statement for 2020 based on management's estimates. ORIOLE COMPANY CVP Income Statement (Estimated) For the Year Ending December 31,2020 Sales Variable Expenses Cost of Goods Sold 1300000 107000 21000 Selling Expenses Total Variable Expenses Contribution Margin Fixad Expenses 1428000 612000 Selling Expenses 57000 162000 Cost of Goods Sold 240000 Total Fixed Expenses 459000 153000 eTextbook and Media Attempts: 3 of 4 used. Calculate variable cost per bottle. (Round variable cost per bottle to 3 decimal places, e.g. 0.251.) Variable cost per bottle $
Therefore, the Variable cost per bottle is found to be $4.740 per bottle for the given Cost of Direct Materials .
Variable Cost per Bottle is calculated by using the following formula:
Variable Cost per Bottle = (Direct Materials per Bottle + Direct Labor per Bottle + Variable Overhead per Bottle)
Let's find out the Direct Materials per Bottle, Direct Labor per Bottle, and Variable Overhead per Bottle as below:
Direct Materials per Bottle = Cost of Direct Materials / Total Number of Bottles
Cost of Direct Materials = $57,000
Total Number of Bottles = 410,000
Direct Materials per Bottle = $57,000 / 410,000
= $0.139 per bottle
Direct Labor per Bottle = Cost of Direct Labor / Total Number of Bottles
Cost of Direct Labor = $390,000
Total Number of Bottles = 410,000
Direct Labor per Bottle = $390,000 / 410,000
= $0.951 per bottle
Variable Overhead per Bottle = Cost of Variable Overhead / Total Number of Bottles
Cost of Variable Overhead = $2,040,000 - ($57,000 + $390,000 + $107,000)
= $1,496,000
Total Number of Bottles = 410,000
Variable Overhead per Bottle = $1,496,000 / 410,000
= $3.650 per bottle
Variable Cost per Bottle = Direct Materials per Bottle + Direct Labor per Bottle + Variable Overhead per Bottle
= $0.139 + $0.951 + $3.650
= $4.740 per bottle (rounded to 3 decimal places)
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explain the role of the internet in global marketing and how old brick-and-mortar rules restrain the global economy.
The internet has significantly disrupted traditional brick-and-mortar rules by providing a more efficient, cost-effective, and globally accessible platform for marketing and commerce.
The internet has played a transformative role in global marketing by providing businesses with unprecedented opportunities to reach and engage with a global audience. Here are some key aspects of the internet's impact on global marketing:
Global Reach: The internet allows businesses to transcend geographical boundaries and connect with consumers worldwide. It provides a platform for marketing campaigns to reach a vast and diverse audience, enabling businesses to expand their customer base beyond their local markets.
Cost-Effectiveness: Compared to traditional marketing channels such as television or print advertising, the internet offers a more cost-effective means of promoting products and services globally. Online advertising platforms, social media, and search engine marketing enable businesses to target specific demographics and measure the effectiveness of their campaigns in real-time, often at a fraction of the cost of traditional methods.
Enhanced Customer Engagement: The internet enables businesses to engage directly with their customers through various digital channels. Social media platforms, email marketing, and live chat support allow for personalized interactions, feedback collection, and customer service on a global scale. This direct engagement fosters brand loyalty and helps businesses tailor their marketing strategies to meet the needs of diverse markets.
Market Research and Analytics: The internet provides valuable tools for conducting market research and gathering consumer insights. Through online surveys, social media listening, and website analytics, businesses can gather data on consumer behavior, preferences, and trends across different regions. This information can inform marketing strategies and help businesses adapt their offerings to better meet global market demands.
Now, regarding the old brick-and-mortar rules and their impact on the global economy, there are several ways in which they can restrain economic growth and hinder international trade:
Limited Market Access: Brick-and-mortar businesses typically require a physical presence in each market they operate in, which can be costly and time-consuming. This limits their ability to quickly enter new markets and reach customers globally. In contrast, online businesses can establish a global presence virtually, allowing for faster market entry and expanded market access.
High Operational Costs: Maintaining physical stores, warehouses, and distribution networks can be expensive for brick-and-mortar businesses. These costs often result in higher prices for consumers, making it challenging to compete in a global marketplace where online businesses can operate with lower overhead costs.
Limited Flexibility: Traditional retail and marketing practices often require adherence to local regulations, cultural norms, and logistical constraints. These factors can restrict the ability of brick-and-mortar businesses to adapt quickly to changing market conditions or consumer preferences across different regions.
Slower Information Flow: Traditional marketing and distribution channels may involve slower communication and information flow compared to the internet. This can result in delays in disseminating product information, addressing customer concerns, and responding to market trends. Online businesses, on the other hand, can leverage real-time data and analytics to make faster, data-driven decisions.
While brick-and-mortar businesses still play a vital role, embracing online strategies can help them overcome the limitations of physical presence and expand their reach in the global economy.
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Precision Industries. recently developed a new calculator for
which it wants to determine its profit maximizing price. The
company’ accountant prepared a demand schedule as
follows:
Price
Qua
Given Precision Industries recently developed a new calculator for which it wants to determine its profit maximizing price. The company’ accountant prepared a demand schedule as follows.
Price Quantity Demanded [tex]$ 60 100 $ 70 90 $ 80 80 $ 90 70 $100 60 $110 50 $120 40 $130 30 $140 20 $15[/tex]. Precision Industries has provided a demand schedule which gives the relationship between the price and quantity demanded of its new calculator.
The table has ten rows, each row showing the quantity of the product that would be sold at the given price. The profit maximizing price can be calculated by finding the quantity that would be sold at each price point, using the formula for total revenue.
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chaoter 16 problem 2
2. The theory of liquidity preference and the downward-slopingaggregate demand curve The following graph shows the money market in a hypothetical economy. The central bank in this economy is called th
The theory of liquidity preference and the downward-sloping aggregate demand curve is an important part of macroeconomic theory. This theory explains how changes in the money supply can affect aggregate demand and the overall level of economic activity in an economy.
The theory of liquidity preference suggests that people prefer to hold their wealth in the form of money rather than other assets. This is because money is the most liquid asset and can be easily used to make purchases or pay bills. However, people are willing to hold less money if they can earn a higher rate of return on other assets such as bonds or stocks.The downward-sloping aggregate demand curve reflects the fact that as the price level in an economy increases, the quantity of goods and services demanded decreases. This is because as prices rise, people are less willing to spend money on goods and services, and so demand decreases.
Conversely, as prices fall, people are more willing to spend money on goods and services, and so demand increases.The money market graph in the question shows how changes in the money supply can affect interest rates and the overall level of economic activity in an economy. If the central bank increases the money supply, then this will lead to a decrease in interest rates. This, in turn, will increase investment and consumption, leading to an increase in aggregate demand and the overall level of economic activity.
Conversely, if the central bank decreases the money supply, then this will lead to an increase in interest rates. This will decrease investment and consumption, leading to a decrease in aggregate demand and the overall level of economic activity.
The theory of liquidity preference and the downward-sloping aggregate demand curve are important concepts in macroeconomic theory. The theory of liquidity preference explains how people prefer to hold their wealth in the form of money and how changes in the money supply can affect the overall level of economic activity.
The downward-sloping aggregate demand curve explains how changes in the price level can affect the quantity of goods and services demanded. The money market graph in the question shows how changes in the money supply can affect interest rates and the overall level of economic activity. By understanding these concepts, policymakers can make decisions about monetary policy that can help stabilize the economy.
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Hide Assignment Information Instructions Tim signs an employment agreement with KPMG. A few months later, KPMG notices it forgot to get Tim to sign the non-compete, so they make him sign it separately. It states that Tim cannot work for another accounting firm in Vancouver within a year of quitting his job at KPMG. Tim subsequently quits and immediately starts working for EY in Vancouver. KPMG sues Tim for violating the non-compete. Will they be successful?
Yes, KPMG will be successful in suing Tim for violating the non-compete clause.
Tim signs an employment agreement with KPMG. A few months later, KPMG notices it forgot to get Tim to sign the non-compete, so they make him sign it separately. It states that Tim cannot work for another accounting firm in Vancouver within a year of quitting his job at KPMG.
Tim subsequently quits and immediately starts working for EY in Vancouver.KPMG can sue Tim for violating the non-compete clause as Tim was bound by the terms of the agreement he had signed, which included the non-compete clause.
Therefore, he was legally obligated to follow the terms of the non-compete clause even if KPMG had forgotten to include it initially. Tim should have waited until the non-compete agreement expired before taking up employment with EY. In this case, KPMG has the right to sue Tim for violating the non-compete clause.
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Which one of the following is true? The change in cash position is a linear relationship to production. As the level of inventory increases, the required sales growth increases. If the sales are lower than the sales growth break-even point, the firm will run out of working capital. As the level of inventory increases, the required sales growth decreases.
As the level of inventory increases, the required sales growth decreases. This statement is true.
A company's working capital is crucial for maintaining its business operations. One of the key determinants of working capital is the cash position of the company. However, the change in cash position is not a linear relationship with production. It depends on various factors like product demand, competition, production costs, and pricing. Therefore, the statement "The change in cash position is a linear relationship to production" is false.
Another factor influencing working capital is the inventory level. When the inventory level increases, the required sales growth actually decreases. This is because higher inventory levels reduce the amount of cash required to fund the company's operations. Consequently, the statement "As the level of inventory increases, the required sales growth increases" is false.
If a company's sales are lower than the sales growth break-even point, it will eventually face a shortage of working capital. The sales growth break-even point represents the threshold where the company generates sufficient revenue to cover its operating expenses. If sales fall below this point, the company won't be able to meet its expenses, leading to a depletion of working capital. Hence, the statement indicating that "If the sales are lower than the sales growth break-even point, the company will run out of working capital" is true.
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According to Alfred Chandler, A) high-tech industries are defined by "paths of learning." B) companies spring from an individual entrepreneur's knowledge, which then evolves into organizational knowledge. C) once a corporation has built its learning base to the point where it has become a core company in its industry, entrepreneurial start-ups are rarely able to successfully enter. D) organizational knowledge can become a competitive advantage. E) learned capabilities derive from organizational strengths
Once a company becomes a core player in its industry, it becomes difficult for entrepreneurial start-ups to successfully enter. Overall, organizational strengths play a significant role in the development of learned capabilities.
According to Alfred Chandler, several key points can be derived from the provided statements:
A) High-tech industries are defined by "paths of learning." This means that these industries are characterized by a continuous process of acquiring new knowledge and skills. Technological advancements require companies in these industries to adapt and learn in order to stay competitive.
B) Companies often start from an individual entrepreneur's knowledge, which then evolves into organizational knowledge. The initial expertise of the entrepreneur forms the basis for the company's knowledge base, but as the organization grows, it becomes a collective knowledge that is shared among employees.
C) Once a corporation has established itself as a core company in its industry through learning and growth, entrepreneurial start-ups find it difficult to successfully enter. This is because the core company has already accumulated knowledge, resources, and market dominance, making it challenging for newcomers to compete.
D) Organizational knowledge can become a competitive advantage. By accumulating knowledge and continuously learning, a company can develop unique capabilities that give it an edge over competitors. This knowledge-based advantage can be difficult to imitate or replicate, providing long-term benefits.
E) Learned capabilities derive from organizational strengths. The organizational strengths, such as resources, expertise, and culture, play a crucial role in enabling the acquisition and development of new capabilities through learning.
In summary, Alfred Chandler emphasizes the importance of learning and knowledge acquisition in high-tech industries. He highlights how individual knowledge evolves into organizational knowledge, which can become a competitive advantage.
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accumulated depreciation has a normal balance which indicates that it total assets. (enter one word per blank.)
Accumulated depreciation has a normal credit balance, not a debit balance, which indicates that it reduces the total assets. So, to clarify, the normal balance of accumulated depreciation is a credit balance, and it reduces the total assets when subtracted from the related asset account.
Accumulated depreciation is an accounting contra-asset account used to record the cumulative depreciation expense of an asset over its useful life. As a contra-asset account, it is subtracted from the related asset account (such as Equipment or Buildings) on the balance sheet. This reduction in the asset's value reflects the wear and tear, obsolescence, or aging of the asset over time.
Since accumulated depreciation is a credit account, it has a normal credit balance. When accumulated depreciation is subtracted from the corresponding asset account, the net result is a reduced carrying value or book value of the asset. This reduction aligns with the principle of conservatism in accounting, where assets are not overstated on the balance sheet.
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MCO Leather manufactures leather purses. Each purse requires 2 pounds of direct materats at a cost of \( \$ 4 \) per pound and 07 direct labor hour at a rate of \( \$ 16 \) per hour Variable overhead
MCO Leather is a manufacturing company that produces leather purses. Every purse requires 2 pounds of direct materials with a cost of $4 per pound and 0.7 direct labor hours at a rate of $16 per hour. Besides, variable overhead cost is incurred by the company.
Variable overhead expenses are costs that cannot be traced directly to a product or service but are essential for the production process. These expenses include items such as utilities, maintenance costs, rent, and factory supplies. In this case, we are given that the company incurs variable overhead costs, which may include any or all of the expenses listed above.
Since the variable overhead cost is not specified, we cannot determine the total cost of production for each purse. However, the direct material and direct labor costs can be used to calculate the total cost of production for each purse. Therefore, the total cost of direct materials for each purse is:2 pounds of direct materials x $4 per pound= $8 per purse.
The total cost of direct labor for each purse is:0.7 direct labor hours x $16 per hour= $11.20 per purse. Thus, the total cost of production for each purse is the sum of the direct materials cost and direct labor cost, which is:$8 per purse (direct materials cost)+ $11.20 per purse (direct labor cost)= $19.20 per purse. Therefore, it costs $19.20 to manufacture each leather purse by MCO Leather.
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Wilbur Matthews, a resident of Texas, resigned from his employment with Grand Lake Cattle Farms on October 7, 2021. The next pay date for the company is October 11. By what date should he receive his final pay?
Multiple Choice
October 7
October 13
October 11
October 31
As per Texas state law, an employee who resigns from their job must receive their final pay on or before the next regularly scheduled payday that is more than 100 miles from their former place of employment.
Wilbur Matthews, who is a resident of Texas, resigned from Grand Lake Cattle Farms on October 7, 2021. The following pay date for the company is October 11.
Since Grand Lake Cattle Farms is located more than 100 miles from Wilbur Matthews's former place of employment, he should receive his final pay on or before October 13. Therefore, the correct option is B. October 13.
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agent blye was doing a cma for a property with 2,500 square feet and had 3 bedrooms and 2 baths. comparable property 1 sold for 425,000 and had 2,250 square feet with 3 bedrooms and 2 baths. comparable property 2 sold for $375,000 and had 1,850 square feet with 4 bedrooms and 3 baths. comparable property 3 sold for $360,000 and had 2,000 square feet with 4 bedrooms and 2 baths. what is the average selling price per square foot of the comparable properties?
The average selling price per square foot of the comparable properties is $190.16.
To calculate the average selling price per square foot, we need to find the total selling price and the total square footage of the comparable properties. Let's calculate:
Comparable property 1:
Selling price = $425,000
Square footage = 2,250
Comparable property 2:
Selling price = $375,000
Square footage = 1,850
Comparable property 3:
Selling price = $360,000
Square footage = 2,000
Now, let's find the total selling price and total square footage:
Total selling price = $425,000 + $375,000 + $360,000 = $1,160,000
Total square footage = 2,250 + 1,850 + 2,000 = 6,100
To calculate the average selling price per square foot, we divide the total selling price by the total square footage:
Average selling price per square foot = $1,160,000 / 6,100 = $190.16
Therefore, the average selling price per square foot of the comparable properties is approximately $190.16.
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Your are going to invest $12,652 for 16 years. You checked with two banks to see what their current annual interest rate is. The first bank reported an annual interest rate on deposits of 6.7 percent and the second bank reported an annual interest rate on deposits of 3.0 percent. How much additional money will you have at the end of your investment if you invest in the first bank instead of the second bank? (Do not round any intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places and enter it in the box below.)
You will have approximately $10,441.84 more at the end of your investment. If you invest $12,652 for 16 years, the amount of additional money you will have at the end of your investment depends on the annual interest rate offered by the bank.
For the first bank with an annual interest rate of 6.7 percent, you can calculate the future value of your investment using the formula:
Future Value = Principal * (1 + Interest Rate)^Time
Future Value = $12,652 * (1 + 0.067)^16
Calculating this equation gives you a future value of approximately $29,935.45.
For the second bank with an annual interest rate of 3.0 percent, you can use the same formula to calculate the future value:
Future Value = $12,652 * (1 + 0.03)^16
Calculating this equation gives you a future value of approximately $19,493.61.
To find the additional money you will have by investing in the first bank instead of the second bank, subtract the future value of the second bank from the future value of the first bank:
Additional Money = Future Value (First Bank) - Future Value (Second Bank)
Additional Money = $29,935.45 - $19,493.61
The additional money you will have by investing in the first bank instead of the second bank is approximately $10,441.84.
Therefore, if you invest in the first bank instead of the second bank, you will have approximately $10,441.84 more at the end of your investment.
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Jojo is very particular about his cookies. The ideal cookies are 3 parts cookie dough to 1 part chocolate chips. He wants to make as many cookies as possible but will never deviate from these proportions of dough (q1 = lbs of dough) and chocolate chips ( q2=lbs of chips). Cookie dough costs p1=2 per pound and chocolate chips cost p2=4 per pound. What is his utility function? A. U(q 1
,q 2
)=min{3q 1
,q 2
} B. U(q 1
,q 2
)=min{2q 1
,q 2
} C. U(q 1
,q 2
)=min{q 1
,q 2
} D. U(q 1
,q 2
)=min{q 1
,3q 2
}
The utility function for Jojo can be found by using the minimum cost method to buy cookies. Therefore, the answer is A. U(q1,q2)=min{3q1,q2}.Utility function is the representation of the preferences of an individual for different consumption choices.
The utility function shows how well the consumer feels about every possible market basket. Utility is the level of satisfaction an individual or an economy derives from the consumption of goods and services.The given information shows that the ideal cookies for Jojo are three parts of cookie dough to one part of chocolate chips. Also, the cookie dough costs $2 per pound, and chocolate chips cost $4 per pound. This means that if he purchases q1 pounds of dough and q2 pounds of chips, the total cost (C) is:C = 2q1 + 4q2To maximize his utility, Jojo will purchase the highest possible value of C (the lowest cost) such that the ratio of dough to chips (q1/q2) is 3:1. This is expressed as:q1/q2 = 3/1q1 = 3q2Minimizing C subject to the above condition gives the following equation:2q1 + 4q2 → min3q2 + 4q2 → min 5q2Therefore, q2 = C/5 is the amount of chips Jojo will buy. Since the dough to chips ratio is 3:1, the amount of dough he will buy is q1 = 3q2.Substituting q1 and q2 in the utility function:U(q1, q2) = min{3q2, q2} = min{3, 1}q2 = q2The utility function for Jojo is: U(q1, q2) = min{3q1, q2}.
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Joe's Mart policy is to have 20% of the next month's sales on hand at the end of the current month. Projected sales for August, September, and October are 25,0 units, 20,000 units, and 30,000 units, respectively. How many units must be purchased in September? 16,000 17,000 22,000. 26,000 28,000
The units that need to be purchased in September will be : Units needed = 24,000 - 7,000 = 17,000. Thus, the units required to be purchased in September are 17,000 units. The answer to the given question is option B) 17,000.
The units of inventory required for the month of September are 17,000 units. The explanation is as follows:In order to calculate the number of units required for the month of September, the formula for calculating the inventory of next month has to be used, which is given by the following: Inventory required for the next month = Expected sales of next month * Percentage of inventory needed at the end of the current month.
Dividing the expected sales for September by the percentage of inventory needed at the end of August, we get the number of units required for the month of September as follows: September inventory = (20,000 * 0.20) + 20,000September inventory = 4,000 + 20,000September inventory = 24,000 units However, 4,000 units are already present in the inventory. Therefore, the units that need to be purchased in September will be : Units needed = 24,000 - 7,000 = 17,000Thus, the units required to be purchased in September are 17,000 units. The answer to the given question is option B) 17,000.
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Described below are certain transactions of Wildhorse Corporation. The company uses the periodic inventory system. 1. On February 2, the corporation purchased goods from Martin Company for $63,300 subject to cash discount terms of 2/10, n/30. Purchases and accounts payable are recorded by the corporation at net amounts after cash discounts. The invoice was paid on February 26. 2. On April 1, the corporation bought a truck for $52,000 from General Motors Company, paying $3,000 in cash and signing a one-year, 10% note for the balance of the purchase price. 3. On May 1, the corporation borrowed $82,900 from Chicago National Bank by signing a $92,500 zero-interest-bearing note due one year from May 1. 4. On August 1, the board of directors declared a $280,000 cash dividend that was payable on September 10 to stockholders of record on August 31. indent manually. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem.) Debit Cred Wildhorse Corporation's year-end is December 31. Assuming that no adjusting entries relative to the transactions above have been recorded, prepare any adjusting journal entries concerning interest that are necessary to present fair financial statements at December 31. Assume straight-line amortization of discounts. (If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter O for the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem.)
The adjusting entry for the interest adjustment is made on December 31, which results in a debit to interest expense of $2,656, a credit to discount on note payable of $708, and a credit to interest payable of $1,948.
Journal entries in the order presented in the problem :Debit Credit1. Feb 2: Purchases $63,300 Accounts Payable (net) $61,974 Cash $60,7352. Apr 1: Truck $52,000 Cash $3,000 Notes Payable $49,0003. May 1: Cash $82,900 Discount on Note Payable $9,600 Note Payable $92,5004. Aug 1: Dividends $280,000 Dividends Payable $280,000Interest adjustment: On May 1, Wildhorse Corporation borrowed $82,900 from Chicago National Bank by signing a $92,500 zero-interest-bearing note due one year from May 1.
This indicates that the corporation obtained a $9,600 discount, which must be recognized as interest expense over the note's life. To calculate the annual interest rate, we use the following formula:
Annual interest rate = Discount ÷ Proceeds × 360 ÷ n= $9,600 ÷ $92,500 × 360 ÷ 365 = 9.10%The annual interest rate is 9.10%, and the interest expense for the entire year is $7,968 ($92,500 × 9.10%).
We will make an adjusting entry for four months of interest expense, which will be $2,656 ($7,968 × 4 ÷ 12).Debit Credit Interest Expense $2,656 Discount on Note Payable $708 Interest Payable $1,948.
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9.
Question Content Area
Activity-Based Costing: Factory Overhead Costs
The total factory overhead for Bardot Marine Company is budgeted for the year at $889,800, divided into four activities: fabrication, $432,000; assembly, $150,000; setup, $166,050; and inspection, $141,750. Bardot Marine manufactures two types of boats: speedboats and bass boats. The activity-base usage quantities for each product by each activity are as follows:
Fabrication Assembly Setup Inspection
Speedboat 6,750 dlh 18,750 dlh 49 setups 84 inspections
Bass boat 20,250 6,250 356 591 27,000 dlh 25,000 dlh 405 setups 675 inspections
Each product is budgeted for 7,500 units of production for the year.
a. Determine the activity rates for each activity.
Fabrication $fill in the blank 1 per direct labor hour
Assembly $fill in the blank 2 per direct labor hour
Setup $fill in the blank 3 per setup
Inspection $fill in the blank 4 per inspection
b. Determine the activity-based factory overhead per unit for each product. Round to the nearest whole dollar.
Speedboat $fill in the blank 5 per unit
Bass boat $fill in the blank 6 per unit
Activity Rates for each activity for Bardot Marine Company can be computed as:Activity Rates= Total cost / Quantity of activity= Cost driver × Quantity of activityb.
Calculation of activity rates for Bardot Marine Company Activity Rate=Total Cost / Quantity of Activity [tex]Fabrication = $432,000/ (6,750+20,250)[/tex] dlh = $12 per direct labor hourAssembly = [tex]$150,000/ (18,750+6,250)[/tex] dlh = $6 per direct labor hourSet up = [tex]$166,050 / (49+356) setups = $394[/tex] per setupInspection = [tex]$141,750 / (84+675)[/tex] inspections = $160 per inspection.
Activity Rates for each activity is Fabrication 12 per direct labor hour, Assembly $6 per direct labor hour, Setup $394 per setup and Inspection $160 per inspection.Now, the calculation of activity-based factory overhead per unit for each product is given below.
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Discussion question – IAS38 & IFRS15 (ACC304 Accounting Theory)
On 1 January 2022, ABC has given XYZ a license with endless dates to sell a flu product in Southeast Asia. ABC has kept the right to sell the flu product in the rest of the world. The Southeast Asia’s market relative value compared to the rest of the world is 15%. The production process used to make the flu product is not specialized and several other entities could also produce it for XYZ. XYZ will buy flu products directly from ABC at a cost plus 45%. The product has been sold for a few years.
On 1 January 2022, XYZ made an advance payment of RM7.5 million and will make an additional payment of RM1.5 million when Southeast Asia sales exceed RM17.5 million. ABC had capitalized development costs for flu as an intangible asset at a carrying amount of RM15 million.
You are required to:
(a) propose how to account for the transaction above in accordance with relevant IASs/IFRSs/MFRSs.
Format:
1.Brief relevant discussion on: Key definition, Recognition, Measurement & Disclosure/Presentation of IAS38& IFRS15.
2. Propose how ABC can account for the above transaction in accordance with the above IASs.
ABC can account for this transaction by recognizing the RM7.5 million received on January 1, 2022, as revenue under IFRS 15.
Intangible assets are distinct, non-monetary resources that are controlled by an organization and have no physical form, such as patents, trademarks, and goodwill.IAS 38 specifies how intangible assets are recognized, measured, displayed, and disclosed in financial statements.IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers. IFRS 15 is an accounting standard that governs the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of revenue from contracts with customers. It offers a single, universal revenue model that replaces the disparate standards and interpretations that existed previously.IFRS 15 identifies a five-step model to revenue recognition. The five steps are:Step 1: Identifying the contract Step 2: Identifying the performance obligations Step 3: Determining the transaction price Step 4: Allocating the transaction price Step 5: Recognizing revenue.
The payment received by ABC from XYZ is for the license of the product. According to IFRS 15, the license should be treated as a performance obligation because it allows XYZ to sell the product in Southeast Asia. Because the license gives XYZ the right to sell the product in Southeast Asia, it is a contractual agreement that meets the criteria for a performance obligation.In accordance with IAS 38, a recognized intangible asset is identifiable and controlled by an entity, with the capacity to produce future economic benefits.ABC must recognize a license as an intangible asset since the payment is for a license, which is a type of intangible asset. Because ABC retains ownership of the product, it may continue to sell it in other parts of the world.ABC will account for this as a sale of intangible assets in accordance with IAS 38. The carrying value of RM15 million of the intangible asset is less than the amount of the payment received, so ABC will recognize the sale as a gain. The RM7.5 million received on January 1, 2022, will be recorded as revenue. As a result, the gain will be recognized in full since there is no uncertainty or contingency.
In conclusion, ABC can account for this transaction by recognizing the RM7.5 million received on January 1, 2022, as revenue under IFRS 15. The license should be treated as a performance obligation under IFRS 15 since it allows XYZ to sell the product in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, ABC will recognize the sale as a gain in accordance with IAS 38 since the carrying value of the intangible asset is less than the amount of the payment received.
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Use the NPV method to determine whether McKnight Products should invest in the following projects Project A costs $270,000 and offers seven annual net cash inflows of $63,000 McKnight Products requires an annual retum of 12% on projects like A Project 8 costs $390,000 and offers ten annual net cash inflows of $73,000 McKnight Products demands an annual return of 10% on investments of this nature
(Click the icon to view the present value table)
(Click the icon to view the future value table)
Requirement What is the NPV of each project? What is the maximum acceptable price to pay for each project?
(Click the icon to view the present value anneity table) (Click the icon to view the future value annuity table.)
*
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Help me solve this.
Calculate the NPV of each project (Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar. Use parentheses or a minus sign for negative net present values)
$ 17,517
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The NPV of Project Ais
The NPV of Project Bis
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NPV stands for Net Present Value, and it is a popular approach for determining whether a project or an investment is profitable.
To evaluate whether McKnight Products should invest in the following projects, the NPV method will be used. The projects and their associated data are provided below. Project A: This project costs[tex]$270,000[/tex] and has seven annual net cash inflows of [tex]$63,000.[/tex]
McKnight Products expects an annual return of 12% on projects like this one. Project B: This project costs 390,000 and offers ten annual net cash inflows of 73,000. McKnight Products requires an annual return of 10% on projects like this one. To determine the NPV of each project, we'll need to use the following formalin = Present Value of Cash Inflows - Present Value of Cash Outflows
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Question 3: (Interest Rate Risk, 15 points) a) (5 points) Calculate the Macaulay's duration of a bond issued at the par (Par=$1000) with a coupon rate of 6.5% and a remaining time to maturity of 4 years. b) (5 points) If interest rate suddenly increases by 0.5%, what will be the change of bond price (in $ ) according to duration? c) (5 points) Is this prediction accurate? Use a graph to demonstrate your intuition. Below is the executive summary for duration measures. 1. We have three different duration measures.
a) Macaulay's duration - 4.06 years
b) Change in price = -$20.56
c) The above prediction is not accurate.
a) Macaulay's duration of a bond issued at the par (Par=$1000) with a coupon rate of 6.5% and a remaining time to maturity of 4 years can be calculated using the following formula:
Macaulay's duration = (PV of Cash Flow * Time period) / Bond price
Where,
PV of cash flow = $32.5 ($65 semi-annual coupon rate * 0.5)
Bond price = $1000
Therefore,
Macaulay's duration
= (32.5*1 + 32.5*2 + 32.5*3 + 32.5*4 + 1032.5*4) / 1000
= 4.06 years
b) To calculate the change in bond price due to a change in interest rate, we can use the following formula:
Change in price = - Macaulay's duration * Change in yield * (Price / (1 + Yield))
Where,
Change in yield = 0.5%
= 0.005
Price = $1000
Therefore, Change in price = - 4.06 * 0.005 * (1000 / (1 + 0.065/2))
= -$20.56
c) The above prediction is not accurate. The actual change in the bond price will depend on the convexity of the bond. Convexity measures the curvature of the price-yield relationship and determines the accuracy of the duration-based approximation.
When the yield curve is not flat, convexity can be used along with duration to better estimate the change in bond price. Here is a graph that demonstrates the intuition:Image credit: Created using Excel.
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Suppose we are in a labor market when it is in equilibrium. Now suppose the government imposes a payroll tax on firms. Graph how this policy impacts the labor market.
In a labor market that is in equilibrium, the supply of labor matches the demand for labor, meaning that the quantity of labor supplied is equal to the quantity of labor demanded.
When the government imposes a payroll tax on firms, it can have an impact on the equilibrium in the labor market. Payroll tax is a tax levied on employers and employees, where the employer deducts the tax from the employee’s salary and remits it to the government.A payroll tax can shift the supply and demand curves for labor and hence affect the equilibrium wage and quantity of labor. This is illustrated in the graph below:
[Graph for labor market equilibrium with payroll tax]As shown in the graph above, before the tax is imposed, the market is in equilibrium at the wage rate W1 and the quantity of labor L1. The supply of labor is represented by the upward sloping curve S and the demand for labor is represented by the downward sloping curve D. The equilibrium occurs where the two curves intersect.
When the government imposes a payroll tax on firms, the cost of hiring workers increases for firms. Consequently, firms are willing to hire fewer workers at each wage level. The payroll tax has the effect of increasing the cost of labor, and hence shifts the supply curve to the left from S to S1. This occurs because the amount of labor supplied at each wage level is now less than before the tax. The new equilibrium occurs where the supply and demand curves intersect at point E1, where the wage rate is higher at W2, but the quantity of labor employed is lower at L2.
Therefore, the imposition of a payroll tax on firms has resulted in an increase in the wage rate, but a decrease in the quantity of labor hired in the market. The burden of the tax falls on both workers and firms, with workers facing reduced wages and firms facing reduced profitability. This can have implications for economic growth, productivity, and job creation.
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In what order would you perform the Actions below to change Spreadsheet 1 into Spreadsheet 2? e Price 15 Milk L6 Juice $1.99 %2.49 $5.99 54.99 2 or. Prke S3.00 $150 $1.99 4.99 3 Coffee 5399 150 $1.99 54.00 1S Mik G Juice 55.99 Сару . SELECT ONLY ONE D, B, E, A, C C, E, A, B, D E, C, B, D, A D, C, A, B, E D, C, E, B, A
Previous question
To change Spreadsheet 1 into Spreadsheet 2, the correct order of actions is C, E, A, B, D.
The first action is to move the prices to the corresponding cells, which means placing the values in the correct order. This corresponds to action C, which moves the prices to their respective cells in Spreadsheet 2.
The next action is to arrange the items in alphabetical order. This corresponds to action E, which sorts the items in alphabetical order in Spreadsheet 2.
After that, the third action is to align the items and prices in their respective columns. This corresponds to action A, which aligns the items and prices properly in Spreadsheet 2.
The fourth action is to correct the spelling of "Milk" and "Juice" in the items column. This corresponds to action B, which corrects the spelling of the items in Spreadsheet 2.
Finally, the fifth action is to adjust the formatting of the prices to include the dollar sign symbol and to properly align them. This corresponds to action D, which adjusts the formatting of the prices in Spreadsheet 2.
By following these actions in the specified order, Spreadsheet 1 can be transformed into Spreadsheet 2 with the desired arrangement and formatting.
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unemployment eligibility status claimant or exhaustee meaning
A claimant is someone who is actively seeking employment and has filed for unemployment benefits, while an exhaustee is an individual who has used up their unemployment benefits.
Unemployment eligibility status can be categorized into two terms: claimant and exhaustee.
1. Claimant: A claimant refers to an individual who is actively seeking employment and has filed a claim for unemployment benefits. To be considered a claimant, one must meet certain eligibility criteria set by the government or relevant unemployment agency. This may include factors such as being available and able to work, actively searching for employment, and meeting the required earnings threshold.
2. Exhaustee: An exhaustee is a term used to describe someone who has exhausted their unemployment benefits. This means that they have received the maximum number of weeks or amount of unemployment benefits available to them. Once an individual has exhausted their benefits, they are no longer eligible to receive further financial assistance through the unemployment program.
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Equipment acquired on January 6 at a cost of $360,550, has an estimated useful life of 12 years and an estimated resktual value of $69,910. Requlred: a. What was the annual amount of deprociation for Years f.3 using the straight-line method of depreciation? b. What was the book value of the equipment on January f of Year 4? c. Assuming that the equipment was sold on January 3 of Yoar 4 for $272,570, journalke the entry to fecord the sale. Refor fo the charf of accounts for the exact wording of the account biles. CNOW joumais do not use lines for joumal explanations. Every line on a joumat page is used for debit or credit entries. CNOW journa's will automatically indent a credi entry when a credit amount is entered. d. Assuming that the equpment had been soid on January 3 of Yoar 4 for $303,400 instoad of $272.670, journakize the ontry fo record the salie Refer to the chart of accounts for the exact wording of the account tites. CNOW journals do not use fines for joumal explanations. Every fine on a foumal page is used for debit or credit entries. CNOW jouma's will automaticalf indent a credit entry whien a crealit amount is entered. a. What was the annual amount of depreciation for Years 1−3 using the straight-line method of depreciation? b. What was the book value of the equipment on January 1 of Year 4 ?
The book value of the equipment on January 1 of Year 4 is $286,834.99.
a. Calculation of the annual amount of depreciation using the straight-line method for Year 1−3 is shown below;
Year 1 to 3 straight-line depreciation per year
= ($360,550 − $69,910) ÷ 12
= $24,571.67
Therefore, the annual amount of depreciation using the straight-line method for Year 1−3 is $24,571.67.
b. Calculation of the book value of the equipment on January 1 of Year 4 using the straight-line method of depreciation is shown below;
Straight-line depreciation per year
= ($360,550 − $69,910) ÷ 12
= $24,571.67
Year 1−3
Depreciation = $24,571.67 × 3
= $73,715.01
Book value of the equipment on January 1 of Year 4
= $360,550 − $73,715.01
= $286,834.99
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The next dividend payment by Savitz, Inc., will be $1.96 per share. The dividends are anticipated to maintain a growth rate of 4 percent forever. If the stock currently sells for $39 per share, what is the required return? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Required return 0 Hudson Corporation will pay a dividend of $2.50 per share next year. The company pledges to increase its dividend by 3 percent per year indefinitely. If you require a return of 10 percent on your investment, how much will you pay for the company's stock today? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
To calculate the required return, we need to use the dividend growth model. The formula is:
Required return = Dividend / Stock price + Growth rate
For the first question, we are given that the dividend payment by Savitz, Inc. is $1.96 per share and the dividend growth rate is 4 percent. The stock currently sells for $39 per share.
Substituting these values into the formula:
Required return = $1.96 / $39 + 0.04
Simplifying:
Required return = 0.0503 + 0.04
Required return = 0.0903
Converting to a percentage:
Required return = 9.03%
So, the required return for Savitz, Inc. stock is 9.03%.
For the second question, we are told that Hudson Corporation will pay a dividend of $2.50 per share next year and the dividend growth rate is 3 percent. The required return is 10 percent.
Using the formula:
Required return = Dividend / Stock price + Growth rate
We need to solve for the stock price. Rearranging the formula:
Stock price = Dividend / (Required return - Growth rate)
Substituting the given values:
Stock price = $2.50 / (0.10 - 0.03)
Stock price = $2.50 / 0.07
Stock price = $35.71
So, you would pay $35.71 for Hudson Corporation's stock today.
In conclusion, the required return for Savitz, Inc. stock is 9.03%, and you would pay $35.71 for Hudson Corporation's stock today.
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The Smiths company sells bed supplies. John Smith, the manager of the company, ordered 80 units at a time. The firm estimates that carrying cost is 40% of the $20 unit cost and the annual demand is about 300 per year. The assumptions of the basic EOQ model are thought to apply. For what value of ordering cost would its action be optimal? Q ∗
= H
2DS
8 30.5 48.6 75.7 85.3
The value of ordering cost would its action be optimal is $5 i.e H = $5.
Given that, Smiths Company sells bed supplies.
John Smith, the manager of the company, ordered 80 units at a time.
The firm estimates that the carrying cost is 40% of the $20 unit cost and the annual demand is about 300 per year.
The assumptions of the basic EOQ model are thought to apply.
We need to determine for what value of ordering cost would its action be optimal.
The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) can be calculated using the given formula:
EOQ = √2DS / H
Where, D = Annual demand
S = Ordering cost per order
H = Holding cost per unit per year
The carrying cost is 40% of the unit cost $20, thus the holding cost is H = 0.40 * $20 = $8 per unit per year.
So, the demand for a year is D = 300 units.
The values of EOQ for different values of H are calculated as follows:
Q ∗ = H / (2DS / 2)
Q ∗ = 30.5 for H = $8
Q ∗ = 48.6 for H = $5
Q ∗ = 75.7 for H = $3.50
Q ∗ = 85.3 for H = $3
Therefore, the value of ordering cost would its action be optimal is $5 i.e H = $5.
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multiple select question select all that apply which of the following statements are true about unsteady flow processes? multiple select question. unsteady-flow or transient flow involves changes within the control volume with time, such as charging or discharging problems. unsteady flow systems must be fixed in space and size. unsteady flow systems may involve boundary work. for an unsteady flow analysis, it is assumed that the state of the mass within the control volume may not change with time unlike steady flow processes, unsteady flow processes start and end over some finite time period instead of continuing indefinitely.
The following statements are true about unsteady flow processes:
Unsteady-flow or transient flow involves changes within the control volume with time, such as charging or discharging problems.
Unsteady flow systems may involve boundary work.
For an unsteady flow analysis, it is assumed that the state of the mass within the control volume may not change with time.
Unlike steady flow processes, unsteady flow processes start and end over some finite time period instead of continuing indefinitely.
Unsteady flow refers to situations where there are changes occurring within the control volume over time. This can include processes like charging or discharging, where the flow rate or conditions vary with time. Unsteady flow systems are not required to be fixed in space and size, as they can experience changes in volume and shape over time.
Unsteady flow processes may involve boundary work, which refers to work done by or on the system as a result of changes in the boundary conditions. This work can affect the energy balance of the system.
In an unsteady flow analysis, it is assumed that the state of the mass within the control volume may vary with time. This means that properties such as temperature, pressure, and velocity can change during the course of the process.
Unlike steady flow processes, which are characterized by a continuous and unchanging flow rate and conditions, unsteady flow processes have a distinct starting and ending point. They occur over a finite time period and involve time-varying conditions.
Overall, unsteady flow processes exhibit dynamic behavior and involve changes and variations within the control volume over time, making them distinct from steady flow processes.
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