The reaction shown represents the phase change from liquid (l) to gas (g) for ammonia ([tex]NH_{3}[/tex]). Ammonia is a compound that can exist in both liquid and gaseous states under different temperature and pressure conditions.
When ammonia is in its liquid state, it consists of ammonia molecules densely packed together, with intermolecular forces holding them relatively close.
However, when the temperature and/or pressure conditions change, the intermolecular forces weaken, allowing the ammonia molecules to overcome them and transition into the gaseous state (NH3(g)).
The phase change from liquid to gas occurs when the average kinetic energy of the ammonia molecules increases. This can be achieved by increasing the temperature or reducing the pressure.
As the kinetic energy of the molecules rises, they gain enough energy to break free from the liquid phase and form a gas, resulting in the conversion of ammonia from a liquid to a gas.
During this phase change, the individual ammonia molecules become more separated and move more freely in the gas phase. The gas molecules can occupy a larger volume and exert pressure on their surroundings.
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The reaction; NH3(l) → NH3(g) can be said to be a phase change.
Is the reaction a phase change?Phase change is represented by the procedure mentioned, NH3(l) NH3(g). It represents, specifically, the phase change from liquid ammonia (NH3) to gaseous ammonia. Vaporization or evaporation are the terms used to describe this type of phase shift.
The ammonia molecules obtain sufficient energy during the phase change to overcome intermolecular interactions and escape from the liquid phase, becoming a gas. When the temperature and pressure are ideal for changing from a liquid to a gas, the transition takes place.
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which of the following options correctly describe the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with the cyanide ion? select all that apply.
The reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with the cyanide ion is correctly described as **nucleophilic addition** and leads to the formation of **cyanohydrins**.
In this reaction, the cyanide ion (CN⁻) acts as a nucleophile, meaning it donates a pair of electrons to the electrophilic carbon atom in the carbonyl group (C=O) of an aldehyde or ketone. This results in the addition of the cyanide group to the carbon and a hydroxyl group (OH) to the oxygen, forming a cyanohydrin compound. Nucleophilic addition reactions are characteristic of carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones. The cyanohydrin products are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, as they can be further converted to other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids and amines.
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