The morphospecies idea is based on character state analysis and identifies the smallest monophyletic group. Option A is Correct.
The smallest monophyletic group with a shared ancestor is called a species (de Queiroz and Donoghue 1990). According to the cladistic or phylogenetic definition of species, a species is the smallest lineage that is defined by a particular set of genetic or physical features. The notion is applicable in palaeontology, when only fossil data is accessible, as no claim is made regarding reproductive isolation.
The progeny of a single common ancestor make up the whole monophyletic lineage. Species are categorized as basal monophyletic lineages, the smallest lineages represented in Linnaean classifications, because monophyletic lineages may be found at all levels of the Linnaean hierarchy. Option A is Correct.
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Correct Question:
The species concept based on analysis of character states that indicate the smallest
monophyletic group is ________.
A) the morphospecies concept
B) the phylogenetic species concept
C) the biological species concept
D) the ecological species concept
Microfilaments and microtubules are cytoskeletal elements that also function in cell shape and cell movements. a. true
b. false
The statement "Microfilaments and microtubules are cytoskeletal elements that also function in cell shape and cell movements" is true.Microfilaments,
also known as actin filaments, are thin, flexible protein fibers that are involved in maintaining cell shape and facilitating cell movement.
They are essential for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, cell division, and cell migration.Microtubules, on the other hand, are long, rigid tubular structures that are involved in maintaining cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division. They are also essential for the formation of cilia and flagella, which are used by cells for movement.
Both microfilaments and microtubules are important components of the cytoskeleton, which provides structural support to the cell and facilitates various cellular processes. Therefore, it is true that microfilaments and microtubules function in cell shape and cell movements.
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the end result of glycolysis, which breaks down a 6 carbon glucose molecule, gives how many molecules of pyruvate?
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
During glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, yielding a net of two ATP and two NADH molecules. The process involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert glucose into a series of intermediates, which are then converted into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a versatile molecule that can be further metabolized under aerobic conditions in the mitochondria, or under anaerobic conditions in the cytoplasm, to produce energy for the cell. Overall, glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that plays a critical role in energy production and cellular function.
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Why if a human looks through an l-filter (near-infrared) it appears dark? A. l-filters transmit radio waves which are detectable by the human eye. B. I-filters transmit infrared light which is outside the range of normal human vision. C. l-filters transmit X-rays which are detectable by the human eye. D. l-filters transmit Gamma-rays which are detectable by the human eye.
When a human looks through an l-filter (near-infrared), it appears dark because (b) l-filters transmit infrared light, which is outside the range of normal human vision.
Our eyes are sensitive to visible light, which includes wavelengths from approximately 400 to 700 nanometers while infrared light has longer wavelengths ranging from about 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter.
Infrared light has longer wavelengths and is not visible to the human eye. Therefore, when we look through an l-filter, we do not see any light, resulting in a dark appearance. The correct answer is B. l-filters transmit infrared light which is outside the range of normal human vision.
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which statements characterize central canals of osteons?multiple select question.they contain nervesthey are a cylindrical channelthey contain osteocytesthey contain blood vesselsthey are also called lacunae
The statements that characterize central canals of osteons are they contain nerves; they are a cylindrical channel; and they contain blood vessels. Thus, the correct options are A, B, and D.
The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix. Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae. Central canals do not contain osteocytes, and they are not called lacunae. Osteocytes are found in lacunae, which are small cavities within the bone matrix, while central canals are part of the osteon's structure.
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having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle then develops into:
As an adult ovum is expelled, the ovarian follicle transforms into a corpus luteum. Option C is Correct.
Once your ovaries release an egg, your corpus luteum develops and lasts only long enough to nourish a growing baby in your uterus. Understanding the stages of your menstrual cycle is helpful in understanding what your corpus luteum performs.
In the third phase, your corpus luteum becomes particularly significant (luteal phase). Progesterone, a steroid hormone important for the decidualization of the endometrium (its development) and maintenance, is secreted by the corpus luteum. Furthermore, relaxin, a hormone that softens the pubic symphysis and aids in parturition, is produced by this process. Option C is Correct.
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Correct Question:
Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle develops into a(n):
A: atretic follicle
B: thecal follicle
C: corpus luteum
D: functional scar
Helppp please answer as soon as u can
In the given experiment, the variables are as follows:
control variable: the plant with no fertilizer addedindependent variable: the fertilizerdependent variable - the height of the plantsWhat is the control variable in the experiment with the plants?Control: In an experiment, the control is the group or condition that is used as a standard of comparison. It is kept constant and receives no treatment or manipulation.
Independent variable: The independent variable is the factor that is deliberately manipulated or changed in an experiment. It is the variable that is being tested to see how it affects the dependent variable.
In the case of the experiment with fertilizers on plants, the independent variable could be the type or amount of fertilizer used.
Dependent variable: The dependent variable is the factor that is measured or observed in an experiment. It is the variable that is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.
In the case of the experiment with fertilizers on plants, the dependent variable could be the height of the plants, as it is expected to be influenced by the type and amount of fertilizer used.
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the following events take place before and during mitosis. place them in the order in which they occur.
The proper sequence of mitosis-related events is Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Prophase is the initial phase of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope disintegrates and chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes. The chromosomes then align near the cell's equator during metaphase. (known as the metaphase plate). Sister chromatids split and are drawn to the cell's poles on opposite sides during anaphase. In telophase, the chromosomes finally reach the poles and form two new nuclei as new nuclear envelopes surround them.
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Complete question - the following events take place before and during mitosis. place them in the order in which they occur.
metaphase, prophase, telophase and anaphase
Which is NOT a reason for the intentional introduction of exotic species?
A. Control of native species
B. Control of soil erosion
C. Hunting or recreational opportunities
D. Reduction of overharvesting
E. Perceived aesthetic value
A. Control of native species is NOT a reason for the intentional introduction of exotic species. The intentional introduction of exotic species can lead to the disruption of local ecosystems and the displacement of native species, so it is not a valid reason for introducing them.
What is exotic species?Exotic species, also known as non-native or introduced species, are species of plants, animals, and other organisms that have been introduced to an area outside their native range. These species can be deliberately introduced for a variety of reasons, such as for food, fiber, or ornamental purposes. They can also come to an area unintentionally through a variety of pathways, such as hitching a ride on ships or other transportation methods. Some exotic species can become invasive, meaning they outcompete native species for resources and can become problematic for the local environment. Invasive species can cause significant economic and ecological damage, so it is important to properly manage them.
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Where can you observe environmental changes that force adaptation?
Answer:
Animals can react to climate change in only three ways: They can move, adapt or die. Many animals are moving to higher elevations and latitudes to escape warming temperatures, but climate change might be happening to quickly for animals to outrun it.
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Where do various forms of posttranscriptional processing in eukaryotes take place on the mRNA?! Select all that apply. internal processing alteration of 3' end addition of amino acid sequences alteration of 5' end O O Submit Request Answer Part B Complete previous part(s) Provide Feedback
Various forms of posttranscriptional processing in eukaryotes take place on the mRNA at specific locations. These include:
Internal processing: This occurs within the mRNA molecule, where introns are removed and exons are joined together through the process of splicing.
Alteration of 3' end: This takes place at the 3' end of the mRNA, where a polyadenylation signal is recognized, and a poly(A) tail is added for stability and export from the nucleus..
Alteration of 5' end: This occurs at the 5' end of the mRNA, where a 7-methylguanosine cap is added to protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate translation initiation.
The addition of amino acid sequences is not a part of posttranscriptional processing, but rather a part of translation, which occurs later when the mRNA is used as a template for protein synthesis.
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Herrnstein and Murray argued that IQ was primarily an inherited trait and therefore that some racial/ethnic groups had naturally higher IQs than others. true or false
Durkheim inferred that society couldn't work without a serious level of homogeneity and that instruction, as a profoundly directed foundation, could give this degree of likeness. The answer is true.
The hidden curriculum as a concept is rooted in Education and Sociology (1922) and Moral Education (1925) by Emile Durkheim.
As indicated by the utilitarian point of view, instruction mingles youngsters and sets them up for their possible entry into the bigger society as grown-ups. Education perpetuates social inequality, according to the conflict perspective.
Conflict theorists do not believe that equal opportunity in public schools reduces social inequality. Instead, they believe that differences in class, gender, race, and ethnicity perpetuate social inequalities that are exacerbated by the educational system.
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using the measure of androgyny developed by sandra bem in the 1970’s, what did current research find related to perceptions of gender traits?
Over the past 30 years, both male and female characteristics have not changed. Sandra Bem is credited with developing and introducing the androgyny concept.
One of the most often used instruments in gender role research is the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). M-F scales are used to assess the personality attribute of masculinity and femininity. Dr. Bem claimed that cultural prejudices serve as the foundation for gender roles. These gender stereotypes for men and women were regarded by her as normal in society.In order to define and evaluate the idea of psychological androgyny in the United States, we go back to Bem's initial formulations. That's not to imply that gender is devoid of inherent characteristics.
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in humans there may be three times as many proteins as genes. if each gene encodes a protein, how can there be more proteins than genes?
In humans, there are approximately 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes, but the estimated number of proteins is around 100,000-500,000. This disparity is due to a process called alternative splicing and post-translational modifications.
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1. Analyze Graphs How long does cyclin production last during a typical cell cycle in embryonic clam cells?In embryonic clam cells, cyclin production lasts around 20 to 25 minutes.2. Apply Scientific Reasoning During which part of the cell cycle does cyclin production begin? How quickly is cyclin destroyed?During the G1 phase, cyclin production begins. After nearly 20 to 25 minutes of cyclin production, the cyclin is destroyed in about 7 to 8 minutes following the M phase.3. Form a Hypothesis Suppose that the regulators that control cyclin production are no longer produced. Hypothesize two possible outcomes.If the regulators that control cyclin production are no longer produced, cyclins will either continue to be produced causing the cells to continually divide forming a tumour or cyclin production will cease resulting in cell death and the death of the embryo.
In embryonic clam cells, cyclin production lasts around 20 to 25 minutes.
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. In embryonic clam cells, the production of cyclins is a rapid and tightly regulated process that occurs in a short time frame. Studies have shown that cyclin production in these cells lasts for around 20 to 25 minutes, after which cyclin levels decline rapidly. This short duration of cyclin production allows for precise regulation of the cell cycle and ensures that cells divide at the correct time and in the correct manner.
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--The complete question is, How long does cyclin production last during a typical cell cycle in embryonic clam cells?--
a fossil with bilophodont molars is most likely an old world monkey. True or False
The given statement "a fossil with bilophodont molars is most likely an Old World monkey" is true, because Bilophodont molars are characterized by having two distinct ridges on the chewing surface, which is a common dental feature among Old World monkeys, also known as cercopithecoids.
The bilophodont pattern allows for efficient processing of plant materials, specifically leaves and seeds, which comprise a significant portion of their diet. This adaptation sets them apart from New World monkeys, who typically have flatter molar surfaces for crushing fruits and other softer foods.
Fossils with bilophodont molars can provide important insights into primate evolution and the ecological roles these animals played in their environments. By examining these dental features, researchers can draw conclusions about the diet and habits of extinct Old World monkeys, helping to piece together a more comprehensive understanding of primate evolution and their place in Earth's history.
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TRUE OR FALSE the cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon.
The cecum is actually located at the beginning of the large intestine or colon, at the point where the small intestine (ileum) connects to the large intestine. The descending colon is located lower in the abdomen, on the left side, and extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon.
The cecum is a pouch-like structure that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, in the region known as the right iliac fossa. The ileum, which is the final part of the small intestine, connects to the cecum at a point called the ileocecal valve.
The descending colon, on the other hand, is located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen. It extends from the splenic flexure (located near the spleen) to the sigmoid colon, which is the S-shaped portion of the colon that connects to the rectum. The descending colon is part of the large intestine, and it is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the fecal matter that passes through it.
Therefore, the cecum and the descending colon are two separate structures located at different parts of the abdomen, and they are not connected to each other.
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pleasee help with these questions need asap
People who live close to the equator have evolved to have darker pigmentation as a natural defense against the harmful effects of UV radiation from the sun.
Why does people near the equator have a darker skin pigmentation?Melanin, the skin's coloring pigment, helps to absorb UV radiation and protects skin cells from damage, such as the development of skin cancer.
On the other side, persons with lighter skin pigmentation are more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation and have a higher risk of developing skin cancer. Their skin's diminished ability to absorb and block UV radiation is what causes this to happen.
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Coccolithophorids and diatoms both use calcium carbonate as part of their external skeletons, or shells. True or False ?
The statement "Coccolithophorids and diatoms both use calcium carbonate as part of their external skeletons, or shells" is false.
Single celled sea algae known as coccolithophores are distinguished by their Cocco spheres, which are composed of microscopic plates known as coccoliths. Calcium carbonate is used to make coccoliths, which are placed around the cell in a certain arrangement.
Contrarily, the frustules of diatoms are composed of two valves that fit together like a petri dish. The silica frustules exhibit complex shapes and patterns that might be used for taxonomic identification.
Coccolithophores and diatoms are both primary producers with considerable contributions to the worldwide fixation of carbon. These two kinds of marine microbes differ from one another in that they utilize various materials for their exterior structures.
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In most plant species, chloroplast genes show ___ inheritanceO maternalO mitochondriaO geneticO tandem
In most plant species, chloroplast genes show maternal inheritance. This means that these genes are inherited from the mother only, and not from the father. Mitochondria also show maternal inheritance.
Plant cells and certain algal cells have organelles called chloroplasts. They are in charge of photosynthesis, the process by which glucose is produced chemically from light energy. Chloroplasts include additional pigments that support photosynthesis in addition to chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs solar light energy. Thylakoid membranes that are layered into grana and stroma, which contain the enzymes needed for the light-independent processes of photosynthesis, are found inside chloroplasts. During photosynthesis, the energy from absorbed light is utilised to make ATP, which is subsequently used to fuel the formation of glucose from carbon dioxide and water. As a consequence of this process, oxygen is created.
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some organisms use a single loop circulatory system such as the one shown. how is the transport of gases in such a design different from that in the circulatory systems found in humans?
Humans have a double-loop circulatory system.
What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system, sometimes referred to as the cardiovascular system, is a network of organs and blood arteries that is in charge of distributing nutrients, oxygen, and blood throughout the body. It consists of the blood, the heart, and the arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The heart pumps blood in a single loop through the gills, where carbon dioxide is exhaled, oxygen is taken in, and then through the rest of the body before returning to the heart in a single-loop circulatory system. On the other hand, humans have a double-loop circulatory system, which pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide, then back to the heart before being pumped to the rest of the body.
In terms of gas transport, the fundamental distinction between the two systems is that in single-loop systems, blood that the body has previously depleted of oxygen is pumped directly to the gills, where it absorbs oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide before being circulated once more.
Because blood in double-loop systems is first refilled with oxygen in the lungs before being pumped to the rest of the body, the oxygen content of blood in single-loop systems is lower than that of double-loop systems.
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irb review is required any time established human embryonic stem cell (hesc) lines are used in research.
In the United States, research involving established human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines is generally subject to review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) if the research is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The NIH requires that hESC research be conducted in accordance with the NIH Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research, which establish ethical and scientific standards for the conduct of hESC research. These guidelines require that hESC research be reviewed and approved by an IRB or an equivalent ethics review committee, which must ensure that the research is scientifically valid, that the informed consent process is appropriate, and that the research is conducted in a manner that respects the dignity and welfare of human subjects. It is important to note, however, that the specific requirements for IRB review may vary depending on the institution and the nature of the research.
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do sharks have bones?
Sharks do have bones, but their skeletons are made up of cartilage rather than bone. Cartilage is a flexible and lightweight connective tissue that is found in various parts of the body, including the nose, ears, and joints.
In sharks, cartilage makes up most of their skeleton, including the jaws, skull, and spine. This gives their skeleton a more flexible and lighter structure, which is beneficial for their movement and swimming ability. Additionally, cartilage is less prone to damage than bone, making it better suited to the harsh underwater environment where sharks live.
While sharks do not have bones like most other vertebrates, they do have some calcified structures, such as teeth and fin spines, that are made up of calcium phosphate and other minerals.
Brainliest?
nah brody they got cartinalge
when a large number of species or higher taxonomic group disappear during a relatively short time span, a _____ extinction has occurred.
A mass extinction occurs when a significant number of species or higher taxonomic groups vanish within a relatively short period of time.
What is taxonomic ?The study of classifying living things is known as taxonomy. The identification, classification, and nomenclature of various species of organisms are addressed by this area of biology. Based on shared traits and evolutionary links, taxonomy classifies organisms in a hierarchical manner.
The aim of taxonomy is to arrange the enormous variety of living things into a sensible and simple system. In addition to helping to categorise and classify newly discovered species, taxonomy also aids in the identification of unidentified species.
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where might you find simple squamous epithelium? multiple select question. lining of upper respiratory tract lining of air sacs (alveoli) of lungs lining of lumen of blood vessels (endothelium) lining of lumen of ureters
Locations of Simple squamous epithelium are: Lining of air sacs (alveoli) of lungs and lining of lumen of blood vessels (endothelium).
Simple Squamous Epithelium:
Simple squamous epithelium is a type of squamous epithelium that is a single layer of flat, scale-like cells. Its structure allows for efficient diffusion and filtration. Simple squamous epithelium is present in the following locations:
1. Lining of air sacs (alveoli) of lungs: Simple squamous epithelium facilitates efficient gas exchange in the alveoli.
2. Lining of lumen of blood vessels (endothelium): Simple squamous epithelium provides a smooth surface for blood flow and allows diffusion of nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues.
The other options, such as lining of the upper respiratory tract has ciliated columnar epithelium and lining of lumen of ureters have specialized stratified epithelium (urothelium). So, they both don't contain simple squamous epithelium.
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the process of forming new neurons within the brain is called group of answer choices reticular formation. reuptake. neurogenesis. rem rebound.
The process of forming new neurons within the brain is called neurogenesis. Option 3 is Correct.
Neuroscientists are still unable to demonstrate the effects of neurogenesis in the adult human brain, let alone understand how it affects the brain and its activities. Yet, contemporary studies on neurogenesis and the potential function of new neurons for learning and memory in the adult brain have scientists intrigued.
Many studies have concentrated on the dentate gyrus (DG), a part of the hippocampus where mice continuously develop newborn neurons thought to aid in the formation of distinct new memories in addition to other cognitive tasks.
The four critical stages of adult neurogenesis typically involve the following: Upkeep and expansion of dormant adult neural stem cells (NSCs). specification of fate. the immature neurons' differentiation, development, and survival. insertion into the current neural network. Option 3 is Correct.
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Correct Question:
The process of forming new neurons within the brain is called group of answer choices
1. reticular formation.
2. reuptake.
3. neurogenesis.
4. rem rebound.
Dandelion and sycamore seeds are dispersed (carried away) by the wind. Explain how each one is adapted to be carried by the wind.
Dandelion and sycamore seeds are both adapted to be dispersed by the wind. The following are explanations of how each one is adapted:
Dandelion seeds: Dandelion seeds are small and light, with feathery bristles known as pappus, which help them to float easily in the wind. The pappus is attached to the seed and acts as a parachute, increasing the surface area of the seed and slowing its descent. This adaptation allows dandelion seeds to travel long distances in the wind, increasing their chances of finding a suitable environment for growth.
Sycamore seeds: Sycamore seeds have a unique structure that allows them to spin as they fall, known as a "whirlybird" or "helicopter." The seed is attached to a wing-like structure, which is angled in such a way that when it falls, it spins rapidly, generating lift and slowing its descent. This adaptation allows sycamore seeds to travel farther and increases their chances of landing in a suitable environment for germination.
In summary, both dandelion and sycamore seeds have adaptations that make them light and easy to carry by the wind. Dandelion seeds have feathery bristles that act as a parachute, while sycamore seeds have a "whirlybird" structure that generates lift and slows their descent. These adaptations allow both types of seeds to be dispersed over long distances, increasing their chances of finding suitable environments for growth and reproduction.
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select all of the true statements about antigen presentation of intracellular and extracellular antigens. group of answer choices intracellular antigens are presented on mhc i proteins but extracellular antigens are presented on mhc ii proteins. intracellular antigens are inside a host cell but extracellular antigens are outside and must be brought into the host cell. a small portion of intracellular antigen is displayed on the cell surface but the entire extracellular antigen is displayed on the cell surface. cytotoxic t cells recognize intracellular antigens but helper t cells recognize extracellular antigens.
The true statements about antigen presentation of intracellular and extracellular antigens are:
- Intracellular antigens are presented on MHC I proteins but extracellular antigens are presented on MHC II proteins.
- Intracellular antigens are inside a host cell but extracellular antigens are outside and must be brought into the host cell.
- A small portion of intracellular antigen is displayed on the cell surface but the entire extracellular antigen is displayed on the cell surface.
Recognition of antigens by T cell:
The statement "Cytotoxic T cells recognize intracellular antigens but helper T cells recognize extracellular antigens" is not completely true. While cytotoxic T cells do primarily recognize intracellular antigens presented on MHC I, helper T cells can also recognize intracellular antigens presented on MHC II in certain contexts, such as during viral infections. Additionally, helper T cells can also recognize extracellular antigens presented on MHC II.
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A patient has a disorder that destroys type II alveolar cells. Which would you expect?
a) Increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
b) Decreased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
c) Increased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli
d) Decreased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli
A patient has a disorder that destroys type II alveolar cells are Increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli. Option A is the answer.
The type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant, a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation. Destruction of type II alveolar cells would result in a decrease in surfactant production and an increase in surface tension in the alveoli, making it more difficult to expand them during inhalation.
This would also increase the work of breathing, as the lungs would have to work harder to overcome the increased surface tension. This can lead to respiratory distress syndrome, a condition characterized by difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels, particularly in premature infants with immature lungs. Option A is the answer.
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the area within a gene that is not translated into protein is called a(n):
The area within a gene that is not translated into protein is called an intron. In eukaryotic genes, the DNA sequence contains both introns and exons.
Exons are the coding regions of the gene that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into proteins, while introns are non-coding regions that are transcribed into mRNA but are later spliced out before translation. The process of splicing removes the introns and joins the exons together in the correct order to form the mature mRNA that is then translated into protein.
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if a lizard species primarily exists in two extreme phenotypes, with ni lizards exhibiting the intermediate phenotype, what type of selection is occurring in that population
The type of selection occurring in the population of lizards with two extreme phenotypes and no intermediate phenotype is disruptive selection, the correct option is (c).
Disruptive selection is a type of natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes and selects against intermediate phenotypes. In this scenario, the two extreme phenotypes of the lizard species are being selected for, while the intermediate phenotype is being selected against, resulting in a bimodal distribution of the population.
This type of selection is often seen in environments where the two extreme phenotypes have an advantage over the intermediate phenotype, such as in habitats with two different types of resources or where different predator types exist, the correct option is (c).
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The complete question is:
If a lizard species primarily exists in two extreme phenotypes, with no lizards exhibiting the intermediate phenotype, what type of selection is occurring in that population?
a. directional
b. stabilizing
c. disruptive
d. sexual
e. random
