Lactase persistence is a genetic mutation that allows people to digest lactose, the sugar in milk, into adulthood. The mutations that lead to lactase persistence are found in different populations worldwide, including in African and European populations.
The lactase persistence mutations found in African and European populations are similar in that they both involve changes in the regulatory region of the LCT gene, which controls the production of lactase enzymes.
However, the specific type of mutation and location of the mutation differs. The lactase persistence mutation found in African populations is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located 13,910 base pairs upstream of the LCT gene.
In contrast, the mutation found in European populations is a 14,710 base pair insertion located within the same regulatory region. Additionally, the frequency of lactase persistence and the distribution of lactase persistence genotypes differ between African and European populations.
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The dorsal pigment pattern of frogs can be either "leopard" or "mottled." The trait is controlled by an autosomal gene. Males and females are selected from pure-breeding populations and a pair of reciprocal crosses is performed. The cross results are shown: Cross 1: P: male leopard x female mottled F1: all mottled F2: 70 mottled, 22 leopard
Cross 2: P male mottled x female leopard F1: all mottled F2: 50 mottled x 18 leopard
compare and contrast the results of the reciprocal crosses in the context of autosomal gene inheritance.
The results of the reciprocal crosses suggest that the "leopard" and "mottled" dorsal pigment patterns in frogs are likely controlled by a single autosomal gene with incomplete dominance.
In Cross 1, the male parent with the "leopard" trait was crossed with a female parent with the "mottled" trait. The F1 offspring all exhibited the "mottled" trait, suggesting that the "mottled" trait is dominant over the "leopard" trait.
In the F2 generation, there were 70 individuals with the "mottled" trait and 22 individuals with the "leopard" trait, consistent with a ratio of approximately 3:1, which is expected for a single autosomal gene with incomplete dominance.
In Cross 2, the male parent with the "mottled" trait was crossed with a female parent with the "leopard" trait. The F1 offspring all exhibited the "mottled" trait again, suggesting that the "mottled" trait is dominant over the "leopard" trait.
However, the ratio of "mottled" to "leopard" individuals in the F2 generation was different, with only 50 individuals with the "mottled" trait and 18 individuals with the "leopard" trait. This difference in the F2 ratio between the two crosses could be due to a variety of factors, such as random chance, genetic background, or environmental influences.
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the clear fluid found in whole blood in which the cells are suspended is called
The clear fluid found in whole blood in which the cells are suspended is called plasma however, when the clotting factors are removed, it is now called serum.
Plasma is the frequently forgotten part of blood. White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are essential to body characteristics. However, plasma also plays a key function. This fluid consists of the blood components during the frame.
The serum consists of all proteins not utilized in blood clotting; all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; and any exogenous substances (e.g., capsules or microorganisms).
Serum does now not incorporate white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, or clotting elements.
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Full Question: The clear fluid found in whole blood in which the cells are suspended is called ______; however, when the clotting factors are removed, it is now called ______.
what is the autosomal recessive pedigree
When a kid receives one copy of a mutant (changed) gene from each parent, autosomal recessive inheritance may develop. in order to convey a genetic disease or characteristic from the parent to the kid.
When a characteristic or ailment is brought on by a recessive gene found on an autosome, a genetic family tree known as an autosomal recessive pedigree can be used to demonstrate how it is inherited (one of the non-sex chromosomes).
The feature or condition in an autosomal recessive pedigree often only manifests in those who have two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent). Carriers are people who only have one copy of the mutant gene.
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When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example ofA) temporal summation. B) spatial summation.C) tetanus.D) the refractory state.E) an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.
Option B).Spatial summation is the process by which several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential.
In this process, the effects of different synapses are added together based on their spatial location on the b, leading to the initiation of an action potential.Temporal summation (A) is the process by which EPSPs generated at the same synapse arrive in rapid succession, leading to the initiation of an action potential. Tetanus (C) is a sustained contraction of a muscle caused by a rapid series of action potentials in the motor neurons. The refractory state (D) refers to a period of time after the initiation of an action potential during which the neuron is less responsive to additional stimuli. An action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization (E) is not a recognized physiological process.The axon hillock is the region of a neuron where action potentials are generated. EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) are graded potentials that result from the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, they can summate, or add together, to reach the threshold for an action potential. Spatial summation is the process by which the effects of different synapses are added together based on their spatial location on the neuron. EPSPs that occur closer to the axon hillock will have a greater effect on the neuron's membrane potential than EPSPs that occur further away. If the combined effect of the EPSPs exceeds the threshold for an action potential, an action potential will be initiated and propagated down the axon.
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which structures would be found in a bacterium, but not in a human cell?
Bacteria lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus, in contrast to eukaryotic (true) cells. A area of the cell known as the nucleoid is where the chromosome, a single continuous strand of DNA, is localized but not confined.
The presence of peptidoglycan, which is situated directly outside of the cell membrane, distinguishes the bacterial cell wall from that of all other organisms. An equal number of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) residues alternate in the polysaccharide backbone that makes up peptididoglycan.
Many eukaryotic cell structures are absent from bacteria. They lack a nucleus, for instance. They also lack organelles that are attached to membranes, such chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial cells have DNA that is distinct from eukaryotic cells.
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Correct Question:
What type of structures would be found in a bacterium, but not in a human cell?
Which groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids and belons to phylum Euglenozoa.
In general , Euglenozoa are the group of unicellular organisms those are known by the presence of flagella and a single nucleus. This phylum includes large variety of organisms, some of them survive in free-living state while others are parasite.
Hence , the parasitic members of Euglenozoa comprises of Trypanosoma brucei, that is responsible for causing African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in humans and animals, also the Leishmania species, which cause leishmaniasis, is a disease that impact on skin and many internal organs.
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what part of the nucleotide determines the genetic code to build a protein?
The sequence of nitrogenous bases within the nucleotide determines the genetic code to build a protein.
Specifically, the sequence of the four different nitrogenous bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - in a DNA nucleotide determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is specified by a codon, which is a three-nucleotide sequence in the DNA.
The order of the codons in the DNA determines the order in which the amino acids are assembled during protein synthesis. Therefore, the sequence of the nitrogenous bases within the nucleotides plays a critical role in determining the genetic code for building a protein.
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How does gas exchange occur in plants?
Answer:
Diffusion via stomata
Explanation:
Gaseous exchange occurs through it
The stripes in skeletal muscle are due to the presence of Multiple Choice a. multiple nuclei per cell. b. actin and myosin filaments intercalated disks. c. the branching of cells, d. tendons connecting the muscle to bone.
The stripes in skeletal muscle are due to the presence of actin and myosin filaments intercalated disks. Therefore, the correct option is B.
What are skeletal muscles?Skeletal muscles are the voluntary muscles of the body that helps the body to move and provides support to the body. They are typically attached by the tendons to the bones of the skeletal system.
The skeletal muscle fibers have stripes which are called striations, which are formed due to the myofibrils. The basic unit of striated (striped) muscle is a sarcomere comprised of actin (light bands) and myosin (dark bands) filaments. Therefore, the correct option is B.
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What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
Answer: Sugar, starch, and fiber
Explanation: Sugars. They are also called simple carbohydrates because they are in the most basic form. ... Starches. They are complex carbohydrates, which are made of lots of simple sugars strung together. ... Fiber. It is also a complex carbohydrate.
what are facial muscles
The facial muscles are a group of about 20 flat skeletal muscles Originating mainly from the bones of the skull and inserting onto the skin Of the face, which produce facial expressions.
The facial muscles, also called craniofacial muscles or mimetic muscles. These are positioned around facial openings (mouth, eye, nose and ear) or stretch across the skull and neck. Thus, these muscles are categorized Into several groups;
Muscles of the mouth (buccolabial group)
Muscles of the nose (nasal group)
Muscles of the cranium and neck (epicranial group)
Muscles of the external ear (auricular group)
Muscles of the eyelid (orbital group)
All of the facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and Vascularized by the facial artery.
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Please help me fast ………
Answer: B
Explanation:
dna ligases are important enzymes that are essential for dna replication and repair in all organisms. based on the graphs shown here and your knowledge of human enzymes, at what temperature and ph is human dna ligase likely to have maximal efficiency?
The enzyme is just a thermostable DNA ligase since it exhibits its best nick-joining activity at 65–70 °C and maintains its DNA ligation ability even after being heated at 100 °C for two hours.
What causes the ligation reaction carried out in a cool environment?The ligation reaction was performed at a temperature that compromises between the ideal temperatures of bringing the DNA end together (1°C) or the enzymatic reaction (25°C), as the DNA ligase enzyme reaches its peak activity at this temperature.
Can a ligation be kept at room temperature?Ligations can be performed overnight and perhaps even for a couple of days if you're extremely busy at room temperature and even cooler (think 12-16°C). A ligation can also be kept in the refrigerator and taken out later for continue ligating as room temp for however long is required.
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is glucose a monosaccharide
Yes, glucose is a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, which cannot be broken down into simpler sugars.
Glucose is a six-carbon sugar (hexose) with the molecular formula C6H12O6, and it is the most common monosaccharide found in nature. Glucose is an important source of energy for living organisms, and it is a primary component of many carbohydrates, including starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
It is also a primary fuel for the brain and the central nervous system. Other examples of monosaccharides include fructose and galactose. They are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods, as well as in dairy products and some types of meat.
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genetic drift definition
Genetic drift will refers to the random fluctuations in the frequency of the alleles (different forms of a gene) in a population over time, due to chance events.
These fluctuations can result in the loss of some alleles as well as the fixation of the others, which can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of the population.
Genetic drift is a stochastic process and can have a greater effect on the small populations, where chance events can have a more significant impact. It is one of the mechanisms of evolution and can contribute to the divergence of populations over time.
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DNA fragments are negatively charged and travel to the positively-charged electrode in capillary electrophoresis. TrueorFalse
True. In capillary electrophoresis, negatively charged DNA fragments move towards the positively charged electrode.
Due to their negative charge, DNA fragments gravitate towards to the positive electrode. Smaller DNA fragments migrate through the gel more quickly than larger ones because they all have the same charge per mass. DNA has a positive charge and is drawn to an agarose gel that has a negative charge. Negatively charged molecules like DNA and RNA will be drawn to the positively charged top of the gel. The negative charged fragments are pushed into the capillaries by a high-voltage charge delivered to the buffered decoding procedure. Because larger pieces move through the matrix more slowly than smaller fragments, the Plasmid dna are sorted based on size.
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how many carbon atoms are in each rubp molecule
Answer:
5 carbon atoms
RuBP has 5 carbon atoms.
Explanation:
g thinking about a bacterial growth curve, suppose that when a culture enters the stationary phase, all the dead cells remain intact. what will happen to the relationship between od and cfu/ml?
G is thinking about a bacterial growth curve, in a bacterial growth curve, the relationship between optical density (OD) and colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) changes over time as the bacterial population grows, as in option B.
What is a bacterial growth curve?At the early stages of growth (lag phase), the bacterial population is small and there are relatively few viable cells, but as the population enters the exponential phase, the number of viable cells increases rapidly, leading to a proportional increase in both OD and CFU/mL, but at the stationary phase, the growth rate slows down.
Hence, the relationship between optical density (OD) and colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) changes over time as the bacterial population grows, as in option B.
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The question is incomplete, complete question is below
g thinking about a bacterial growth curve, suppose that when a culture enters the stationary phase, all the dead cells remain intact. what will happen to the relationship between od and cfu/ml?
A)they don't affect
B)OD and CFU/mL changes with bacterial growth
Question 2 of 10
The diagram summarizes the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.
(e-
Enzyme complexes
H+
NADH
FADH₂
Enzyme complex
Electron transport chain
OA. The inner membrane
OB. The matrix
Based on the diagram, in which part of a mitochondrion does electron
transport happen?
Intermembrane space
C. The enzyme complexes
D. The intermembrane space
Matrix
In The inner membrane of a mitochondrion does electron transport happen.
Define electron transport chain .
An electron transport chain is a collection of protein complexes and other molecules that couple protons (H+ ions) across a membrane with the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occur concurrently). The ETC receives its electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the cooperation of four big multisubunit enzyme complexes and two mobile electron carriers. The electron transport pathway contains a large number of membrane-bound enzymes.
The electron transport chain uses the energy produced by the reactions between oxygen and reduced substances like cytochrome c and (indirectly) NADH and FADH2 to pump protons into the intermembrane region, creating the electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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guard cells straighten our when water pressure
Guard cells help to maintain homeostasis. The guard cells straighten out when water pressure decrease.
Guard cells are the plant cells in the epidermis of leaves and other organs are used to control gas exchange.
The shape of the protective cells changes due to the change in the amount of water in them. Guard cells work of regulating the opening and closing of the stomata.As water flows into the guard cells, it swells and causes the stomata to open.Stomata are the primary control mechanism plants use to reduce water loss, and they are able to do so quickly. During photosynthesis it allowed the movement of CO₂ and released O₂ in the atmosphere. The closure of stomata during the night prevents water loss through pores. When the guard cells lose water, they shrink and sag and straighten, causing the stomata to close. The protective cells straighten when the water pressure drops.
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Complete question :
Guard cells straighten out when water pressure __________.
how does the brain control anxiety
Answer:
The brain's limbic system, comprised of the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and thalamus, is responsible for the majority of emotional processing.
Explanation:
Would you want to visit a genetic counselor to determine if you or your future child had a genetic disorder? Why or why not?
Answer:
help you better understand your test results and treatment options, help you deal with emotional concerns, and refer you to other healthcare providers and advocacy and support groups.
Explanation:
Notice that when comparing our amino acid sequence to a fruit fly, we have a difference of 29 amino acids. That number jumps drastically when we compare ours to the thesis monkey, which has difference of 1. Why does this make sense?
Proteins are made up of compounds called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of living.
What names do proteins and amino acids go by?
Peptides, which are smaller subunits composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other compounds, are what are known as amino acids. Proteins, also known as polypeptides, are connected chains of amino acids that can contain tens of thousands of amino acids each.
Amino acids are the byproducts of the digestion or breakdown of proteins. A protein is made up of a long sequence of amino acids that are connected by peptide bonds. In a biological process, the amino group of one amino acid is joined to the carboxyl group of a nearby amino acid, extracting a water molecule in the process.
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which proposed representational system is the least likely to be in place in the human visual system? a. specificity coding b. distributed coding c. representation by a small number of neurons d. sparse coding
The proposed visual system is indeed the percent less likely to be used by the human eyes because of its specificity coding.
What does the human eyes have specific training for?Detecting all electromagnetic energy what surrounds us is the process of seeing. Humans can only see a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Shape, color, velocity, and depth are all sensed either by visual photoreceptors on the retina.
Where is a significant portion of the visual data handled in this place?ocular cortex Here, processing of the images coming from your retina starts. The visual cortex, which has six layers, is the first part of your brain to analyze and recognize what it sees. These layers also handle form, color, and motion as well as depth perception.
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what is it called when cells divide uncontrollably
Answer:
Metastasis
Explanation:
This is called metastasis. Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic changes
which field of biology is also an interdisciplinary science in its own right
Neurobiology field of biology is also an interdisciplinary science in its own right.
Neurobiology is a scientific subject that studies the nerve system and brain function. Neurobiology research findings improve both neuroscience and physiology. The central and peripheral nervous systems are both part of the vertebrate nervous system.
Why do we research neurobiology?The study of the nervous system enhances our understanding of our basic biology and how our bodies function. Understanding how things work in general might help throw light on what might happen when there are issues. It can assist researchers in discovering strategies to prevent or treat disorders affecting the brain, neurological system, and body.
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what is meant by the ""universality of the genetic code""?
Genetic codes can be used in every living system, in any kind of environment, at any period due to their universality, which makes them omnipresent.
Examples include the fact that the identical amino acid, methionine, is coded for by the triplet code AUG in both bacteria and humans. The code's universality is most likely the product of a frozen accident, or the negative effects of codon reassignment in the SGC, along with the deterrent effects of code modifications on horizontal gene transfer. Due to the nonrandom nature of the SGC structure, the code is highly resilient to errors in translation and mutation. The extension of the primordial code, which was prompted by the diversification of the repertory of protein amino acids, most likely resulted in this mistake minimization as a byproduct.
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Fill The Blank! seed bearing plants are grouped into two clades, namely __________ and ____________.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are the two clades of seed-bearing plants. As arbitrary classifications for seed plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms are widely utilized.
Gymnosperms don't produce blooms, whereas angiosperms do, which is how the two differ from one another. A fruit is the structure that an ovary grows into after a flowering period that houses the seeds of a flowering plant.
Flowering plants disperse their seeds through their fruits. Gymnosperms (cycads, ginkgo, pines and other conifers, and gnetophytes) and angiosperms are the two classes of seed-bearing plants (flowering plants). Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both vascular plants that reproduce through the production of seeds. Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that produce seeds, whereas angiosperms are blooming plants that do.
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Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
A. Alveoli
B. Trachea
C. Larynx
D. Nasal cavity
E. Bronchi
The conducting section of the respiratory system does not include alveoli.
What does the term "respiratory system" mean?The respiratory system is a biological system found in both plants and animals that is made up of certain organs and structures used for gas exchange. The anatomy and physiology that contribute to this vary considerably depending on the size of the creature, its habitat of habitation, and its evolutionary history.
The respiratory system is what?Your lungs, airways, and blood arteries are part of it. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that move your lungs. Together, these elements aid in the body's oxygen circulation and waste gas elimination.
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systematists have used a wide variety of traits to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. which one of the following traits produces a good estimate of phylogeny?
All traits which produces good estimate of phylogeny are Gross Morphological Traits, Molecular Traits, Biochemical Traits, Behavioral Traits.
The biologists known as systematists created a system for classifying and naming creatures.
The collective structures of an organism were described in this regard by gross morphological features. It made reference to every structure, both internal and exterior.
An organism's genetic variability was described by its biochemical and molecular features. In this instance, they argued that the trait in question is a crucial aspect of the organism.
The behavioral characteristics defined a few activities that were specifically identified to be unique to a certain kind of organism.
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