Molecules, which are composed of even smaller parts called atoms, are found in cells.
Why do molecules and cells differ in size?A cell is larger. Molecules, which make up the building blocks of cells, are composed of elements and their constituent atoms. The building block of everything is a molecule. Because a biological cell is composed of molecules, it cannot be bigger than a molecule.
What size cells make up the human body's largest and smallest parts?The biggest cell in the human body is the ovum (female gamete). Every month, a single cell is expelled from the ovary. Each ovum has a diameter of 0.1 mm. The sperm is the tiniest cell in the human body (male gamete).
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which explanation is the reason that the bacterium escherichia coli would be the probable causative agent in a client with cystitis?
Binomial fusion would be the probable causative agent in a client with cystitis
Binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction used by prokaryotes, such as bacteria, to divide.
The E. coli begins to divide when the parent cell elongates, which is reproduced by the creation of the septum, producing genetically identical daughter cells. The cellular component is evenly divided into the daughter cell after the septum is formed, and the genome is transferred to each side of the cell.
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What tool do geneticists use to determine the mathematical probability of the potential combinations of genotypes that can occur in offspring, given the genotypes of the parents?.
To anticipate all potential allele combinations from a genetic cross, a punnett square is a graphic (recombination). The phenotypes of the kids may be inferred from the genotypes using this figure.
The specific alleles of the female parent are crossed with the specific genotype alleles of the same genes in the male parent to create a punnet square. The outcome will show the potential genotypes and phenotypes of children. This punnet squarecan be used to represent both the carriers and the affected offspring for a certain genetic illness.
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drag the labels to the correct locations on the flowchart to identify the steps of inhalation and exhalation.
The lungs expand as a result of the diaphragm and rib muscles contracting during inhalation. Air enters the nose or mouth, travels through the trachea and bronchi, and then exits into the alveoli.
The lungs' volume decreases as a result of the diaphragm and rib muscles relaxing during exhalation. Air leaves the alveoli and travels up the bronchi, trachea, and bronchi before leaving through the mouth or nose.
Which of the following statements most accurately sums up ventilation?Gas exchange is the process of bringing oxygen from the outside world into the body and releasing carbon dioxide from the body back into the outside world.
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If a hair i located and ha a diameter of 110 micron and the medulla ha a diameter of 27 micron what i the medullary index
If a hair is located and ha a diameter of 110 micron and the medulla ha a diameter of 27 micron what is the medullary index is 0.490.
Recall that the medullary index of hair is calculated via way of means of locating the ratio of the medulla's diameter to the whole hair's diameter:
Medullary Index = whole hair's width / whole hair’s width medulla’s width.From our records, the width of the hair is a 110 microns and the width of the medulla is 27 microns.We then plug in our records into the medullary index components and decrease to lowest terms:= 27 / 110= 13.5 / 55 =0.490 We then divide to get the medullary index: approx 0.490.Recall that the medullary index for human beings is third or much less at the same time as the medullary index for animals is 0.50 or greater.Read more about hair:
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A student investigated the effect of root space on plant growth. The student grew two groups of plants of the same variety. Both groups received the same amount of water and sunlight and grew in the same type of soil. The plants in group a were grown in cube-shaped containers that were 3 centimeters deep. The plants in group b were grown in cube-shaped containers that were 10 centimeters deep. The table shows the student's observations week plant group a (average height, cm) plant group b (average height, cm) 1 2 3 2 3 6 3 5 8 4 7 10 5 8 14 6 10 18 what was the effect of root space on plant growth based on the student's investigation? use the data from the table to support your answer. Explain how you would know whether this effect was likely due to environmental or genetic factors.
Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
What happens in interphase?In interphase, proteins and enzymes are created first to copy the cell's DNA, which is necessary for proper cell division, and then to permit mitosis, which is the process by which cells divide.
These procedures need a lot of cellular energy and must proceed smoothly, which necessitates patience and accuracy. Once cell division begins, the majority of cellular activity are paused, allowing the cell to successfully divide into two while disregarding other tasks.
Therefore, Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
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. as you are driving down the i-5 to disneyland, you see a cow grazing in a pasture. describe the cow's ecosystem. include a minimum of five biotic and abiotic elements. make sure to list which is abiotic and which is biotic.
The ecosystem of the car includes all the components that ensure the survival of the cow.
The ecosystem of the cow consists of the following biotic and abiotic elements:
Biotic elements - insects, grasses, ticks, crane birds, parasitesAbiotic elements - water, sunlight, temperature, humidity, soil.What is an ecosystem?An ecosystem is a system that consists of living things and non-living things and their interactions with one another.
The living part of an ecosystem is called the biotic components whereas the non-living components are called the abiotic components.
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What is the yield of ATP when each of the following substrates is completely oxidized to CO2 by a mammalian cell homogenate? Assume that glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are fully active.
(a) Pyruvate
(b) Lactate
(c) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
(d) Phosphoenolpyruvate
(e) Galactose
(f) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(a) 12.5; (b) 14; (c) 32; (d) 13.5; (e) 30 (f) 16
(a) Pyruvate (a) 12.5
(b) Lactate (b) 14
(c) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (c) 32
(d) Phosphoenolpyruvate (d) 13.5
(e) Galactose (e) 30
(f) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (f) 16
(a)Pyruvate : Abstract. Pyruvate, a byproduct of glycolysis, is essential for cell metabolism. It is synthesized in the cytosol and oxidized in the mitochondria, where it fuels the citric acid cycle and increases oxidative phosphorylation.
(b) Lactate : This test determines the concentration of lactic acid, also known as lactate, in your blood. Lactic acid is a substance produced by muscle tissue and red blood cells, which transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Lactic acid levels in the blood are normally low.
(c) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate :Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as Harden-Young ester, is a phosphorylated fructose sugar on carbons 1 and 6. This compound is found in cells in the -D form. The majority of glucose and fructose enter the cell and are converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
(d) Phosphoenolpyruvate's : In glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate serves as the second source of ATP. The phosphate group transfer from PEP to ADP, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, is also highly exergonic and thus virtually irreversible under these conditions.
(e) Galactose: Galactose (, galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), also known as Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is approximately as sweet as glucose and approximately 65% as sweet as sucrose. It is an aldohexose and a glucose C-4 epimer. Lactose is formed when a galactose molecule is linked to a glucose molecule.
(f) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of lipids and glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been studied for the treatment of large-cell lymphoma and diffuse lymphoma.
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the fact that south and central american indians are nearly 100% type o for the abo blood system is best explained as being the result of:
The south and central American Indians are nearly 100% type o for the abo blood system because of founder principle and genetic drift.
Founder principle is a principle in genetics where a part of population is isolated from the original population and forms a new one which has no resemblance to original.
Genetic drift is change in frequency of an existing gene variant in population with random chance.
When migrants with O blood group came into the population with other blood group the original population with other blood group may have become minority and was suppressed by this new population which begin to grow.
Natural selection can also come into act with a situation like this.
Also, it is also concluded in some paper that the main genetic pool of founding population of America can also be same which is the reason for south and central american indians being type O.
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when a given trait is the result of multigene action, one of the genes may mask the expression of one or all other genes. this phenomenon is termed
When a given trait is the result of multigene action, one of the genes may mask the expression of one or all other genes. this phenomenon is termed as epistasis.
One gene may mask the expression of one or more other genes in a phenomenon called epistasis. Epistasis occurs when the phenotype of a particular gene is determined by the presence or absence of one or more other genes. For example, the gene for black hair color may be epistatic to the gene for brown hair color. This means that the black hair color gene masks the expression of the brown hair color gene, and that a person with two black hair color genes will have black hair, regardless of whether they have one or two brown hair color genes.
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What can genetic engineering be used for?.
For instance, transferring a gene from one species to an organism from a different species via genetic engineering may result in the desired characteristic. Genetic engineering has been used in both science and business to produce cancer treatments, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and animals, among other things.
The phrase "genetic engineering" is typically used to describe recombinant DNA technology techniques that were developed as a result of fundamental studies in microbial genetics.
Human insulin, human growth hormone, and the hepatitis B vaccination are examples of goods produced using genetic engineering techniques. Other genetically engineered species including disease-resistant plants have also been created using these techniques.
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What is one reason we have stripes of alternating magnetism on the ocean floor?
Answer:
According to the internet: "The patterns reflect the creation and spreading of oceanic crust along the mid-oceanic ridges. Basalt forming at the ridge crest picks up the existing magnetic polarity. Divergence then moves the swath of fresh crust away from the ridge. As long as the magnetic field remains constant, the polarity “stripe” widens."
Explanation:
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Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of which of the following macromolecules?
a. DNA only
b. DNA and phospholipids
c. DNA and proteins
d. DNA and RNA
Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins macromolecules. So, the correct option is (C).
What is Chromatin?
Chromatin is defined as the mixture of DNA and proteins that make up the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms.
Some proteins such as histones that package the enormous amount of DNA in a genome into a highly compact form that can fit into the cell nucleus. These cells have histone proteins H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, which are important for the formation of chromosome structure or condensation of DNA.
Chromatins are "unwound" condensed structures whereas chromosomes are highly packed and more condensed than chromatin. Thus, chromosomes are the major form of chromatin (or genetic material) during cell division.
Thus, Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins macromolecules. So, the correct option is (C).
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Do Individuals that are well adapted to their environment survive and produce more or fewer offspring?.
Better adapted individuals typically live longer and have more kids, whereas less well adapted individuals either pass away or have fewer offspring.
How well a person survives and reproduces in its surroundings?The ability of organisms to survive and reproduce—with a focus on "reproduce"—is a measure of their fitness. Fitness is officially defined as the average number of children that organisms with a certain genotype or phenotype produce relative to other members of the community.
Why do people who are more acclimated to their surroundings have more children?According to the theory of natural selection, features that may be passed down enable animals to adapt to their environment more effectively than other members of their own species. Compared to other methods, this promotes improved survival and reproduction.
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What is the purpose of including a pcr reaction with no added dna? isn’t this just a waste of expensive enzyme when we know that without the template, you will not get any pcr products?.
PCR reaction without a DNA template represents a negative control for your PCR reaction.
A negative control helps to rule out any false positive results during amplification. For instance consider the following cases:
1. If your reagents such as primers, buffer, taq polymerase have a got contaminated with genetic material other than the template DNA of your interest, there is a fair chance of those templates getting amplified in certain regions. These are known as non-specific amplifications. Thus negative control ensures your reagents are free from any contaminating DNA material.
2. Primers may from ' dimers' if they are not designed correctly. The co-implementary regions in forward and reverse primers may pair to again give a non- specific band. Usually primer dimers are less than 100kb. However, in certain crucial cases where the amplicons are also of similar size, the results will be wrongly interpreted.
Thus, it is very important to always have a PCR reaction having all the reagents except the DNA template.
What do you mean by PCR reaction?
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was originally developed in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 for his pioneering work.
PCR is a common tool used in medical and biological research labs. It is used in the early stages of processing DNA for sequencing?, for detecting the presence or absence of a gene to help identify pathogens? during infection, and when generating forensic DNA profiles from tiny samples of DNA.
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Some people carry a mutated allele of a particular gene that makes them resistant to hiv infection and aids. Which best describes this type of mutation?.
Some people are resistant to HIV infection because they have mutated alleles of certain genes, and this is a beneficial type of mutation.
What is Mutation?A mutation is a change in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Mutations may be as a result of errors throughout cellular division or exposure to environmental DNA-negative agents. Mutations may be harmful, beneficial, or ineffective. There are 3 kinds of DNA mutations:
Base substitutionDeletionInsertionMutations can be harmful, beneficial, or ineffective. A beneficial mutation is a type of mutation that positively affects an organism. These mutations are rare but important. The benefits that beneficial mutations bring to an organism are passed on from generation to generation, increasing the chances of survival of offspring.
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What type of gene mutation is cystic fibrosis deletion?.
Mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause CF. On 70% of CF chromosomes, a three-nucleotide deletion (delta F 508) causing the loss of a phenylalanine residue in the tenth exon of the CFTR gene has been found.
What is the best way to explain cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that causes a protein in the body to malfunction. Cystic fibrosis patients have a faulty protein that affects the body's cells, tissues, and glands that produce mucus and sweat.
What organ is responsible for cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that runs in families. It is caused by a faulty gene that causes the body to produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus. This mucus accumulates in the lungs' and pancreas' breathing passages.
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A cientit i an examining a role of an element found in fat and carbohydrate of living thing. Thi element make up 65% of human body ma which tatement decribe the element he i tudying
A client is investigating the function of oxygen, an element that makes up 65% of the human body and is found in fat and carbohydrates.
What is the role of oxygen in human body?Due to its importance in sustaining life on Earth, oxygen is the most vital element for all living things. According to some estimates, oxygen is required for 90% of our biochemical and metabolic processes. We breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide as we breathe. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all of the body's cells. The nose has mechanisms that clean and filter the air before it reaches your lungs, hence it is also strongly advised that you breathe through your nose. For a life full of vigor, an adequate supply of oxygen is necessary. One can utilize oxygen cylinders to increase the level of oxygen in the event that it falls.For more information on role of oxygen kindly visit to
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microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) use a similar process and proteins to regulate gene expression. Which of the following is more commonly associated with the miRNA pathway?A. The protein Drosha is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
B. The protein AGO is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
C. The protein complex RISC is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
D. In animals, the miRNA pathway usually leads to mRNA degradation, and in the siRNA pathway, the mRNA is not degraded.
E. The protein Dicer is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
The protein Drosha is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
What is miRNA pathway?Together, the available data suggest that miRNAs and siRNAs work with a group of effector proteins to regulate gene expression by impairing translation and hastening mRNA decay, and that each of these regulatory processes is subject to a variety of different mechanisms.
While siRNAs and miRNAs are both short duplex RNA molecules that target messenger RNA (mRNA) to silence genes at the post-transcriptional level, they differ in their modes of action and clinical uses.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are endogenously encoded and can prevent the translation of mRNAs with partially complementary target sequences. They are produced by processing short RNA hairpins.
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why is it essential to sequence many clones from multiple cdna libraries from different tissue types to annotate a genome?
It is essential to sequence many clones from multiple cDNA libraries from different tissue types to annotate a genome because different genes are transcribed in different tissues and some genes are rarely transcribed in any tissue.
A cDNA library is a group of cloned DNA sequences which are complementary to the mRNA that turned into extracted from an organism or tissue.
cDNA libraries are useful for isolating genes that encode specific mRNAs. cDNA libraries are powerful and useful tools in the field of biotechnology. It aids in the expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes and assists in prokaryotic transcription processes. used to isolate DNA sequences that encode mRNA.
A genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found within a cell. The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cell's nucleus and her one small chromosome located in the cell's mitochondria. The genome contains all the information an individual needs to develop and function.
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population abundance and density are related to geographic range and adult body size. why and what are the conservation applications?
According to the given statement Geographic range increases as abundance increases.
Why is population density significant?Large populations of a species spanning numerous locations will be more likely to keep their broad distributions as well as high abundance. Additional children are produced by larger populations, increasing the likelihood that the species will colonize more areas and broaden its range.
What factors affect population density?Immigration, emigration, as well as genetic exchange, are examples of processes affecting metapopulations that have an impact on abundance. Because it takes into account so many crucial aspects of a species, including individual features, population controls, as well as metapopulation dynamics, the study dynamics abundance is fascinating.
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How do you use frameshift mutation in a sentence?.
Frameshift mutations inside the CFTR genes reason cystic fibrosis (one includes the insertion of two nucleotides, and the opposite entails the deletion of 1 nucleotide).
A frameshift mutation in a gene refers back to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that aren't multiples of three. that is essential because a mobile reads a gene's code in agencies of three bases while creating a protein.
A frameshift mutation is produced both by insertion or deletion of 1 or greater new bases. due to the fact the analyzing frame starts on the start website, any mRNA constructed from a mutated DNA sequence may be studied out of the body after the factor of the insertion or deletion, yielding a nonsense protein.
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Which part of the microscope allows you to adjust the placement of the slide over the light source?.
IRIS DIAPHRAGM CONTROL this part of the microscope allows you to adjust the placement of the slide over the light source.
How is the light on a microscope adjusted?Result for an image Which area of the microscope enables you to change how the slide is positioned in relation to the light source?
On the side of the compound microscope body is where the rheostat control for the microscope is located. Usually, it will be a knob that may be moved clockwise to intensify the light or counterclockwise to dim it.
The condenser, which is positioned beneath the stage, focuses the light to produce strong, even illumination in the area surrounding the object being seen. Critical illumination is the process of focusing the light source's image via the condenser directly onto the plane of the specimen.
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What is an example of a physical contaminant?.
The most common examples of physical contamination are metal, glass, plastic, rubber, wood, stone and bone.
Physical contamination occurs when a physical object enters food during some stage of the production or preparation process. Physical objects in food can pose a choking hazard and often introduce chemical contaminants as well.
Physical contaminants are also known as physical hazards or foreign objects. Examples are shrew teeth in harvested products and wire pieces in meat products. Glass shards, metal shards, bone shards, and pits can all cause serious damage if ingested.
Chemical pollutants are chemicals that are toxic to plants and animals in waterways. The term "chemical contamination" is used to refer to situations where chemicals are present where they shouldn't be or are present in higher than normal concentrations.
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an ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer in one woodlot and 20 per square kilometer in another woodlot. what was the ecologist comparing?
The ecologist was comparing the ecological density.
What is ecological density?
It is defined as the population or biomass per unit of habitat area. The population actually settles in the volume or area that is available.
What is biomass?
It is defined as the population or biomass per unit of habitat area. The population actually settles in the volume or area that is available.
What is the population?
Population refers to the number of individual species living in a specific area.
What is species?
It refers to a group of closely related organisms that can mate and transfer the genetic information.
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Can cold-blooded animals control their body temperature?.
Animals with cold blood cannot produce body heat, but they can control it by altering their surroundings.
Reptiles like alligators frequently sleep in the sun and warm up. On the other side, they cool off by swimming, hiding behind a rock for protection, or burrowing into the earth.
They are unable to endure high temperatures. Reptiles, fish, and other cold-blooded creatures are examples. Animals with warm blood are those that can control and maintain a consistent body temperature.
There is no distinction between warm-blooded & cold-blooded creatures in terms of pain or suffering.
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In the experiment by jacob, monod, and pardee, it was demonstrated that bacteria with a mutant lacl gene that were transformed with a plasmid encoding a functional lacl gene and lac operon were restored to normal repression of the lac operon in the absence of lactose. If their data showed that merozygote strains not receiving lactose still produced β-galactosidase, what might their conclusions have been?.
The conclusion that has been shown are:
b. The lacl gene is a trans-acting repressor.
c. The lacl gene exhibits a trans effect.
e. The lacl allele is a trans-acting inducer.
What is the mutant gene?A genetic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that results in something different. It causes a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of that gene.
Human evolution, or the process of change across generations, requires genetic variances. A random genetic mutation arises in a single individual.
Therefore, the correct options are B, C, and E.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
The lacl gene is a cis-acting element.
The lacl gene is a trans-acting repressor
The lacl gene exhibits a trans effect.
The lacl allele (wild type) is dominant to the lac (mutant) allele.
The lacl allele is a trans-acting inducer
marcie and dylan are having difficulty trying to conceive. their physician indicated that the reason for their difficulty is dylan's low sperm count. what may be causing his low sperm count?
Dylan's spending too much time in a hot tub, may be the reason for low sperm count.
In anisogamous modes of sexual reproduction, the male reproductive cell, or gamete, is called the sperm. Red algae and some fungi generate spermatia, which are immobile sperm cells, whereas animals create spermatozoa, which are flagellated, motile sperm cells.
Low sperm count can hamper reproduction, and it is attributed to many factors including hot water baths, tight underpants, etc.
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What is the main message in Orwell's Animal Farm?.
Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian Revolution. The main message of the book is that revolution often leads to a change in power, but the new leaders are often no better than the old ones. The book also promotes equality and democracy, and criticizes totalitarianism.
Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegorical tale that speaks to the human condition. The story centers on a group of animals who live in a farm known as Animal Farm. The animals are forced to follow the orders of the leader, Napoleon, and live in a state of constant fear. However, the animals are eventually able to overthrow Napoleon and return to their own way of life. The main message in Orwell's Animal Farm is that humans are not truly free unless they are able to live in a state of harmony with nature.
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TRUE/FALSE. week 12 case study lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydroyzing triglycerides this is important for digestion and pormoting absorption of fats inth e intesetines
True. Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing triglycerides. This is important for digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines.
Lipase is a type of enzyme that breaks down fats, such as triglycerides, into glycerol and fatty acids. This process is essential for the proper digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines.
The breakdown of triglycerides begins with lipase. Lipase is produced by the pancreas and is secreted into the small intestine. Once it is secreted, it binds to the triglyceride molecules, breaking them down into glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol and fatty acids are then absorbed into the bloodstream, where they can be used as energy or stored for future use
In conclusion, the statement that lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing triglycerides is true. This is important for digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines. Without the presence of lipase, fats would not be able to be broken down and properly absorbed. Therefore, it is essential for lipase to be present in order for the proper digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines.
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In selecting recombinant bacteria, cells are chosen that are resistant to a specific antibiotic. How are the bacteria made resistant?.
The antibiotic resistance gene is encoded on the donor insert.
Some plants that have undergone genetic modification have genes that render them resistant to specific drugs. In order to distinguish GM plants and cells from non-GM ones, scientists frequently introduce these resistance genes during genetic modification.
Once a bacteria has acquired a resistance gene and incorporated it into its DNA, the bacterium can dominate other bacteria and convey the resistance gene to all of its offspring. Bacteria reproduce quickly, which amplifies resistance.
F In Human-Associated Commensal Escherichia coli, Plasmids Are the Main Carriers of Genes Associated with Antibiotic Resistance.
Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms can be divided into four primary groups: (1) decreasing medication uptake; (2) altering drug targets; (3) rendering drugs inactive; and (4) active drug efflux.
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