Answer:
B
Explanation:
The learned behavior would have been shaped by the environment therefore C is your answer.
name given to elements that are usually brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity is
Non-metals are elements that often acquire electrons during chemical processes to generate anions. These substances are electronegative ones.
What are some poor conductors?As they are ineffective electrical conductors, glass and plastic are examples of insulators. They are used to stop electricity from entering parts of our body that are dangerous or useless. We can handle cables safely because of their plastic coating.
Does Copper make for a poor conductor?The fact that copper is widely used in all types of electrical wiring might indicate that metal is an excellent conductor of electricity. Copper contains a lot of free electrons that can conduct electricity, which is why metal is an excellent conductor of electricity.
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how does the material type affect the descent of the parachute?
The type of material has two effects on the parachute. The lighter the parachute, the slower it will descend. The heavier the parachute, the faster it will fall.
The parachute is slowed down by air resistance due to the material's big surface area. More air resistance and a slower parachute descent result from a larger surface area.
Since, the material affects how the parachute descended, it is essential that it be windproof, flexible, and light-weight. It must be able to resist environmental factors like high-altitude winds. While it takes longer to descend with lighter materials, it takes less time to descent with heavier ones. The material is basically chosen to be lighter or less heavy for this purpose.
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When you remove the lid from a food container that has been left in a freezer for several months, you discover a large collection of ice crystals on the underside of the lid. Explain what has happened.
When you remove the lid from a food container that has been left in a freezer for several months, the cold air inside the container causes the moisture inside the container to freeze onto the underside of the lid.
Food container that has been left in a freezer for several months we discover a large collection of ice crystals on the underside of the lid this is due to the formation of a layer of ice crystals as the water vapor in the container condenses and freezes onto the cold surface of the lid. This process is known as sublimation and is why you find a layer of ice crystals on the underside of the lid.
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what is 3rd law of motion?
The third law of motion, also known as the law of action-reaction, states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This implies that there are always two forces acting on the two interacting objects. The first object is subject to a force of similar magnitude to the second object. Force pairs—equal and opposing action-reaction force pairs—always exist in pairs.
For example, when a person jumps up into the air, the ground exerts an equal force in the opposite direction, pushing the person back up into the air. This law can also be applied to a rocket engine, where the exhaust gases being expelled out of the engine cause a reaction force that propels the rocket forward.
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what is the altitude of the north celestial pole for an observer standing on the north pole of the earth?
90 degrees is the altitude of the north celestial pole for an observer standing on the north pole of the earth.
A north celestial point that corresponds to Earth's North Pole. Because this point is always directly above Earth's pole, the point of light close to this now, Polaris, is always due north from a viewer's perspective.
From the Earth's surface, all celestial bodies, from the Sun to the stars, appear to rotate around on this point once per day. The observer is carried around the Earth's poles by that the planet's rotation, which causes this illusion.
The Pole Star's declination (its angular distance from Celestial Equator) is solved by definition at +90°. However, its airspeed (the angle it makes the with horizon) is not constant and varies depending on the situation.
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a test rocket is fired straight up from rest with a net acceleration of 20.0 m/s2. after 4.00 seconds the motor turns off, but the rocket continues to coast upward with no appreciable air resistance. what maximum elevation does the rocket reach?
The speed at which an object's velocity changes in relation to time is referred to as acceleration. The rocket has a maximum altitude of 486.5 meters.
Acceleration:
The speed at which an object's velocity changes in relation to time is referred to as acceleration. Vector quantities are accelerations. Assuming that it accelerates for four seconds and has a net upward acceleration of twenty meters per second². Consequently, during the acceleration phase, the rocket's highest altitude is
y = y₀ + ut + ½ at²
y = 0 + (0)(4) + ½ (20) (4)²
y = 160
Currently, the rocket's speed during the acceleration phase is,
v = at + u
v = (20) (4) + 0
v = 80
Therefore , after the rocket's motor is switched off, the highest point it can reach is,
v² = v₀² + 2a (y − y₀)
(0)² = (80)² + 2(-9.8) (y − 160)
Using the provided equation to find y,
y ≈ 486.5
Hence, the rocket may go as high as 486.5 meters.
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A chair has four narrow legs holding it up. The same model of chair is next to it,
but the legs have been removed so that the entire base of the chair rests on the floor
Which is true, assuming the chairs have the same mass?
Assuming that the chairs have the same mass, the chair with the legs removed will have a lower center of mass compared to the chair with the legs that is present in Option A.
What is the center of mass?The chair with the legs removed will have a lower center of mass compared to the chair with the legs because the center of mass of an object is the point where the weight of the object can be considered to act, whereas in the chair with the legs, the center of mass is located at the point where the legs meet the seat and In the chair with the legs removed, the entire base of the chair rests on the floor, so the center of mass is located at the geometric center of the chair's base.
Hence, the chair with the legs removed will have a lower center of mass compared to the chair with the legs that is present in Option A.
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The question is incomplete, complete question is below
A chair has four narrow legs holding it up. The same model of chair is next to it,
but the legs have been removed so that the entire base of the chair rests on the floor
Which is true, assuming the chairs have the same mass?
A)chair with the legs removed will have a lower center of mass compared to the chair with the legs
B) chair with the legs removed will have a HIGHER center of mass compared to the chair with the legs
when voltage-gated na channels open in the axon of a typical resting neuron:
When voltage-gated Na channels open in the axon of a typical resting neuron there is depolarisation of the axon and generation of an upstroke in the action potential.
Voltage-gated sodium channels are transmembrane proteins that are responsible for the rapid depolarization that undergoes the upstroke of action potentials in neurons and is important in the nerve impulse conduction. Because of their crucial role in electrogenesis, the factors that decrease the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels can have various effects on the axonal conduction. Indeed, various clinically useful drugs that inhibit neuronal excitability such as local anesthetics and anticonvulsants, act by suppressing the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels. Some biological toxins, such as tetrodotoxin directly block sodium currents by binding in the pore of the channel and preventing the flow of sodium ions through the pore. Lidocaine and several other clinically relevant drugs primarily reduce sodium channel activity by enhancing the “inactivation” process of these channels.
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the dose equivalent limits for radiation workers is based on the radiation received from what sources
The dose equivalent limits for radiation workers are based on the radiation received from the two external and internal sources of radiation.
The dose equivalent limits for radiation workers are established by different national and international regulatory agencies, such as the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
The limits are outlined to minimize the risk of radiation-induced health effects, such as cancer, while allowing for necessary exposure in various situations, such as in medical treatments or in nuclear power plants.
External sources of radiation contain radiation that comes from outside the body, such as from gamma rays or x-rays.
Internal sources of radiation, on the other hand, come from radioactive materials that are taken into the body through ingestion or inhalation.
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what color indicates the lowest surface temperature for a star?
Red color Indicates the lowest surface temperature for a star. Astronomers are able to measure the temperature of a star's surface by comparing the spectrum of the star to that of a black body.
Surface Temperatures:
Surface temperature is the temperature of the surface. More specifically, it may refer to: surface air temperature, the temperature of the air near the earth's surface. Sea surface temperature, temperature of water near the surface of the ocean.
A star's temperature refers to its surface, which determines its color. The coolest stars are red, while the hottest are blue. Astronomers divide stars into different types based on their temperature. These types are O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, with O stars being the hottest and M stars the coolest. Each of these types is further divided into a subdivision from 0 to 9 to distinguish subtle differences in each star's spectral pattern, depending on the star's temperature.
Our Sun is a G-type star, a yellow star with a surface temperature of about 6,000°C or 11,000°F. Type A stars are hotter, whiter, and maintain a temperature of around 10,000°C or 18,000°F. The hottest B-type and O-type stars are blue, while the coolest M-type stars are red, with surface temperatures around 3,000°C or 5,400°F.
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Give another example of a topic or object that continually experiences potential and kinetic energy.
Answer:
Explanation:
A body that has speed and is positioned is above the ground has both kinetic and potential energy.
flying birda coiled springa man climbing hillIn the Makin' Waves Exploration, for a LONGITUDINAL WAVE type: how does the red line move: Left to right, or up and down?
In the longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium have to and fro motion about their mean motion which is along the direction of wave motion. So, the correct option is A.
What are Longitudinal waves?Longitudinal waves are defined as those waves in which the displacement of the medium is in the same or opposite direction to the wave propagation and the vibration of the medium is parallel or along the direction of wave travel.
Mechanical longitudinal waves are also known as compression or compression waves as they produce compression and rarefaction when passing through a material. In a longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium move about with their average speed which is in the direction of wave motion.
Hence the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is :
In a longitudinal wave, the medium moves
left to rightup and downin circlesWhen the net force of opposite forces is zero, the forces area. Unbalancedb. not equalc. balancedd. not even
When the net force of opposite forces is zero, the forces are balanced. Hence the correct option is (c).
A net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object, taking into account their magnitudes and directions. If the net force acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain in its current state of motion (either at rest or moving with a constant velocity). This is known as the principle of inertia. When two forces of equal magnitude but opposite direction act on an object, they are said to be balanced forces. The forces cancel each other out, resulting in a net force of zero. In this case, the object will not accelerate in any direction and will remain in its state of motion. Therefore, when the net force of opposite forces is zero, the forces are balanced. This means that the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and they cancel each other out. It is important to note that balanced forces do not necessarily mean that the forces are not equal; rather, it means that their effects on the object are equal and opposite.
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as part of an experiment, a student wraps a wire in an electric circuit around an iron core, producing a magnetic field. which phrase best describes the resulting apparatus?
A magnet, Magnetic fuel strengths grow with increasing currents. They both have magnetic north and south poles. The wire coil will create a current.
What does the Greek word for electricity mean?The Greek word "elektron" is where the word "electricity" derives from. Amber, a golden or reddish-brown gemstone used in jewelry, is the definition of the phrase electron. Light things, such as straw and feathers, could be lifted when amber was rubbed because it acquired an electrical charge.
What does the word "electric" mean in the simplest terms?The movement of electrical energy or charge is referred to as electricity. It is a product of combustion, which means as we obtain it through the conversion of primary energy sources like coal, fossil fuels, oil, and nuclear power.
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electrical conductors installed in rigid metal conduit encased in concrete are considered ? .
Electrical conductors installed in rigid metal conduit encased in concrete are considered to be accessible.
What are electrical conduits ?Enclosed conductors in electrical conduit are very well protected against impacts, moisture, and chemical vapors. Comparing the ease of design and construction to several runs of cables or the price of specialized composite wire, various numbers, sizes, and types of conductors can be pushed into a conduit.
Building wiring systems may undergo regular modifications. Electrical conduit can be used for frequent wiring upgrades because it allows for the easy removal of old conductors and the installation of new ones with little disruption along the conduit's course.
Some conduit types may be directly encased in concrete. This is frequently utilized in commercial buildings to enable the installation of electrical and communication outlets in the center of sizable open spaces. Hence, they are considered to be accessible.
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suppose you are driving a 500-kg zamboni when it suddenly breaks down, forcing you to get out and push. you apply a force of 85 n on the machine, which experiences a constant frictional force of 5 n. how long (in seconds) will it take to push the zamboni the remaining 40 m?
The net force acting on the Zamboni is:
F_net = F_applied - F_friction
where F_applied is the force you apply, and F_friction is the frictional force. Substituting the given values, we get:
F_net = 85 N - 5 N = 80 N
The acceleration of the Zamboni is given by:
a = F_net / m
where m is the mass of the Zamboni. Substituting the given values, we get:
a = 80 N / 500 kg = 0.16 m/s^2
The distance the Zamboni moves is given by:
d = 40 m
The equation for motion with constant acceleration is:
d = 1/2 * a * t^2
where t is the time taken to move the distance d. Rearranging this equation, we get:
t = sqrt(2 * d / a)
Substituting the given values, we get:
t = sqrt(2 * 40 m / 0.16 m/s^2) = 10 s
Therefore, it will take 10 seconds to push the Zamboni the remaining 40 meters.
What is force?
Force is a physical quantity that describes the influence that can change the motion of an object.To know more about force, click the link given below:
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An object has two forces acting on it. One force with a magnitude of 10 N acts in a northerly direction. The other force with a magnitude of 10 N acts in an easterly direction. What is the magnitude of the net force acting on this object? A) More than 20 N B) 0 NC) Less than 20 N but not zero D) 20 N
Option A, The magnitude of the net force acting on the object is more than 20 N.
We can find the magnitude of the net force following up on the item by utilizing the Pythagorean hypothesis.
The north force and then the east force are opposite to one another, so they can be treated as the different sides of a right triangle, and the net force is the hypotenuse.
Utilizing the Pythagorean hypothesis:
net force² = (toward the north force)² + (toward the east force)²
net force² = 10² + 10²
net force² = 200
Taking the square base of the two sides:
net force = √(200) = 14.14 N
Subsequently, the extent of the net force following up on the item is more prominent than 20 N (choice A).
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a 59 kg k g person is in a head-on collision. the car's speed at impact is 16 m/s m / s . estimate the net force on the person if he or she is wearing a seat belt and if the air bag deploys.
According to Newton's second law, F = ma and F2 (= (60)(22500) (= 1350000 N. The total force needed to stop an unbuckled or air bag-using person is 135000 N.
How do airbags and seatbelts impact a car accident's force?They make it harder for cars to stop quickly after collisions (like an airbag). The passengers feel less force as a result. Because the car's distortion (crumpling) absorbs from the accident, less energy is transferred to the occupants.
What's the equation for force applied?What is the secret of using force, Newton's second laws of motion provides the definition of the force formula: An object's force is equal to its mass times its acceleration. F = m ⨉ a. To apply this formula, you must use SI units for force (newtons), mass (kilogrammes), and acceleration (metres per second squared).
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Three charges −q,+q and −q are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side a. The resultant electric force on a charge +q placed at the centroid O of the triangle is:
The required resultant electric force on a charge placed on equilateral triangle is calculated to be 3q²/2πε₀a.
The resultant electric force on a charge +q placed at the centroid O of the triangle is nothing but the net force due to all the three charges. Mathematically, it is written as F net = F₁ + F₂ + F₃
F₁, F₂, F₃ are the forces due to the charges placed on the corners of the triangle. The centroid of an equilateral triangle is nothing but the circumcentre of the equilateral triangle. The distance between any two charges on the triangle is equal.
F₁ = F₃ as the charges are equal.
F₂ is exerted by a charge +q.
Its magnitude is given as,
F₂ = (q×q)/(4πε₀)(a/√3)² = 3q²/4πε₀a
F₁ = F₃ = (q×q)/(4πε₀)(a/√3)² cos60°
F net = F₁ + F₂ + F₃ = 3q²/4πε₀a + 2× 3q²/4πε₀a × 1/2 = 3q²/4πε₀a + 3q²/4πε₀a = 6q²/4πε₀a = 3q²/2πε₀a
Thus, the resultant electric force on a charge +q is calculated to be 3q²/2πε₀a.
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What is the conversion of 17c to f ?
The conversion of 17 degrees The conversion of 17 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit is 62.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
The equation F = 9/5C + 32 relates temperature measured in degrees Celsius (C) to degrees Fahrenheit (F). The formula is used to convert temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit , and vice versa. To use the formula, you simply plug in the known temperature in Celsius (or Fahrenheit), and then solve for the unknown temperature in Fahrenheit (or Celsius).
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, you would use the formula F = 9/5C + 32, where C is the temperature in Celsius and F is the temperature in Fahrenheit. Thus, for 17 degrees Celsius, the formula would be F = 9/5(17) + 32 = 62.6 F.
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What is the conversion of 14 c to f ?
The conversion of 14 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit is 57.2 degrees Fahrenheit.
The equation F = 9/5C + 32 relates temperature measured in degrees Celsius (C) to degrees Fahrenheit (F). The formula is used to convert temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit , and vice versa. To use the formula, you simply plug in the known temperature in Celsius (or Fahrenheit), and then solve for the unknown temperature in Fahrenheit (or Celsius).
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, you would use the formula F = 9/5C + 32, where C is the temperature in Celsius and F is the temperature in Fahrenheit. Thus, for 17 degrees Celsius, the formula would be F = 9/5(14) + 32 = 57.2 F.
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The figure below shows electrons moving along an electric current towards and away from the light bulb. Electrons traveling along an electric current. Arrow under electrons points right and left both towards and away from the light bulb. Does this figure show a direct or alternating current?
The figure below showing electrons moving along an electric current towards and away from the light bulb with arrows pointing right and left in both directions, indicates that the current is alternating.
What is Electric Current?
It is the rate at which electric charges move through a circuit, measured in amperes (A). Electric current is caused by the movement of electrons, which carry a negative charge, and it flows from a region of higher electric potential to a region of lower electric potential.
Electric current can be produced by a variety of sources, including batteries, generators, and power plants. The amount of current that flows through a circuit depends on the voltage, or electric potential difference, and the resistance of the circuit. Ohm's law describes the relationship between these variables: current is equal to voltage divided by resistance (I = V/R).
In an alternating current (AC), the flow of electric charge changes direction periodically, typically 50 or 60 times per second (50 or 60 Hertz). The direction of the current reverses periodically, causing the electrons to move back and forth, as shown in the figure. In a direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is always in one direction, and the electrons move in one direction only.
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What does the presence of molecular bands in the spectrum of a star indicate?A. The star has a low surface temperature.B. proportional to temperature to the fourth powerC. either more electrons that protons or more protons than electronsD. They never become giants.
The presence of molecular bands in the spectrum of a star indicate, they never become giants. Hence, the correct option is (D).
The presence of molecular bands in the spectrum of a star indicates that the star has a low surface temperature. The temperature of a star affects the amount of energy that is emitted from it, and this energy is spread out over a range of wavelengths. When the temperature is low, molecules can form in the outer regions of the star, and these molecules can absorb specific wavelengths of light, resulting in dark lines or bands in the star's spectrum. These molecular bands can be used to determine the chemical composition and temperature of the star. The relationship between temperature and the amount of radiation emitted by a star is proportional to temperature to the fourth power (known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law). The presence of molecular bands is not related to the number of electrons or protons in the star, nor does it indicate whether the star will become a giant or not.
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Which one of the following values is the smallest possible amount of free charge that has been discovered? A. 1.6 X 10-19 coulombs B. 6.63 x 10-34 coulombs C. 1.38 x 10-23 coulombs D. 5.34 x 10-20 coulombs E. 8.85 x 10-12 coulombs
Among the answer choices provided, correct option is (A) which means smallest charge is [tex]1.6 * 10^(-19)[/tex] coulombs.
Charge is a fundamental property of matter and is quantized, which means it can only exist in discrete amounts, rather than being continuous. The smallest unit of charge is the charge of an electron, which has a magnitude of [tex]1.602 * 10^(-19)[/tex] coulombs. This value is given in option (A).
Option (B) [tex]6.63 * 10^(-34)[/tex] coulombs is not a valid value for charge since it is in the range of Planck's constant, which is a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics.
Option (C) [tex]1.38 * 10^(-23)[/tex] coulombs is the value of the Boltzmann constant, which is related to the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas.
Option (D) [tex]5.34 * 10^(-20)[/tex] coulombs and option
(E) [tex]8.85 * 10^(-12)[/tex]coulombs are not valid values for the smallest unit of charge, as they are not within the range of any known physical constant or value.
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How do I convert joule to eV?
To convert joules (J) to electronvolts (eV), you can use the conversion factor: 1 eV = 1.6022 x 10^-19 J
An electronvolt (eV) is a unit of energy commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics. It is defined as the amount of energy gained by a single electron when it moves through a potential difference of one volt in a vacuum.
The electronvolt is a very small unit of energy, typically used to describe the energy of subatomic particles such as electrons, protons, and photons. For example, the rest mass of an electron is approximately 511,000 eV/c^2, where c is the speed of light.
Similarly, the energy of visible light is typically measured in electronvolts, with blue light having a higher energy (around 3 eV) than red light (around 1.8 eV).
To convert from joules to electronvolts, divide the value in joules by the conversion factor of 1.6022 x 10^-19. For example, to convert 1 joule to electronvolts:
1 J = (1/1.6022 x 10^-19) eV
1 J = 6.2415 x 10^18 eV
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A solid sphere of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down a rough incline that makes an angle θ with the horizontal. Find the magnitude of the linear acceleration a of the sphere.a. a = 5/7 gb. a = 5/3 g cos θc. a = 5/3 g sin θd. a = g sin θe. a = 5/7 g sin θf. a = 5/7 g cos θ
The correct answer is option C, a = 5/3 g sin θ. This formula takes into account the acceleration due to gravity, the angle of the incline, and the fact that the sphere is rolling without slipping.
What is Gravity?Gravity is a natural phenomenon by which all physical bodies attract each other. It is most commonly experienced as the force that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall towards the ground when dropped. It is the reason why objects stay in motion until they are either acted upon by another force or are stopped by a surface.
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what is temperature of space
Space is a vacuum, and since it contains no matter, it has no intrinsic temperature which varies from extremely hot to extremely cold.
Space is a vacuum, and since it contains no matter, it has no intrinsic temperature. However, temperature can be defined as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, and space does contain various types of energy that can affect the temperature of objects within it.
The temperature of space varies depending on the location and the conditions. For example, objects in the vicinity of the sun or other stars can experience extreme temperatures due to the intense radiation and thermal energy. In contrast, regions of space that are far away from stars or other sources of radiation can be extremely cold, approaching absolute zero (-273.15 degrees Celsius or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit).
Additionally, objects in space can experience changes in temperature due to their proximity to other objects or the presence of an atmosphere or other insulating material. For example, the International Space Station experiences a range of temperatures, from extremely hot when it is in direct sunlight to extremely cold when it is in the Earth's shadow.
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what is m/s to mach?
The conversion from meters per second (m/s) to Mach is dependent on the speed of sound, which varies with temperature and altitude.
Mach is a unit of speed that is based on the speed of sound in a given medium, usually air. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the same medium. The speed of sound, in turn, is affected by temperature and altitude, since the density and compressibility of the medium change with these factors.
Therefore, the conversion factor between m/s and Mach is not a fixed value, but rather depends on the specific conditions of the medium in which the object is traveling. A common approximation for the speed of sound at sea level and 15 degrees Celsius is 340 m/s, which corresponds to Mach 1.
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A baseball is hit so that it travels straight upward after being struck by the bat. A fan observes that it takes 2.80 s for the ball to reach its maximum height. Find its initial velocity. m/s (upward)
The initial velocity of the ball will be 27.44 m/s after being struck by the bat.
Given, We have a ball which is travelling in a straight path upward. The only force which are acting on the ball is Gravitational force due to Earth. We already know the time taken by the ball and the acceleration in this case, so we will use " v = u + at " . The acceleration due to gravity will be 9.8 m/s², Where v = final velocity, U = initial velocity, a = acceleration and t = time taken by the object. (We will consider going upward as positive direction and downward as negative direction).We know that Final velocity will be 0 at maximum height.
Now, putting the values :
⇒ v = u + a x t
⇒ 0 = u + (-9.8 m/s²) x 2.80 s
⇒ -u = -27.44 m/s
∴ u = 27.44 m/s
Therefore, the initial velocity of the ball after being struck by the bat will be 27.44 meters/second.
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point a is located 0.26 m away from a charge of -2.09 10-9 c. point b is located 0.46 m away from the charge. what is the electric potential difference vb − va between these two points?
The required electric potential difference Vb - Va is calculated to be 31.46 V.
The gravitational potential energy and the electrostatic potential energy are practically identical. In relation to the gravitational potential energy notion, we explore the electric potential energy formula. An electric charge will store the external work done on it in the form of electric potential energy or electrostatic potential energy when it is exposed to an external electric field. As a result, the external work performed by an agent in getting a charge or system of charges from infinity to the desired location without accelerating the charge is defined as the electric potential energy.
The electric potential at A due to the charge,
Va = 1/4πε₀ (Q/ra) = [- 9 × 10⁹ × (- 2.09 × 10⁻⁹)]/0.26 = 72.35 V
Electric potential at B due to the charge,
Vb = 1/4πε₀ (Q/rb)= [-9×10⁹ × (-2.09 × 10⁻⁹)]/0.46 = 40.89 V
Vb - Va = 72.35 - 40.89 = 31.46 V
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