what is extraction as practiced in the organic chemistry laboratory?

The solvent ideal for the use in the recrystallization is the one in which   product will be the very soluble at the high temperatures but the only slightly soluble at the room temperature or lower.

The Recrystallization process is the technique that is used to purify the solid compounds. The Solids tend to be the more soluble in the hot liquids than in the cold liquids. During the process of the recrystallization, an impure solid compound will be dissolved in the hot liquid until the solution become saturated, and then the liquid is allowed to be cool.

The ideal solvent for crystallization of the particular compound is one in which product will be the very soluble at the high temperatures .  The primary consideration is that  solvent should be unreactive.

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SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus) can help protect from smoke inhalation, which can be caused by inhaling heated gases.

When a fire occurs, the heat of the flames can cause the release of toxic gases and particles, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and soot, which can cause respiratory problems and even death if inhaled in high concentrations.

SCBA provides a supply of clean air to firefighters and other emergency responders, allowing them to breathe safely in hazardous environments. It is an essential tool for firefighters and other rescue workers who must enter burning buildings or other dangerous situations to perform their duties.

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Part A: 0.100 M Fe(NO3)3 and 15.000-4 M NaSCN. Part B: 0.002 M M and 0.002 M M4. Additional Materials: Volumetric flasks, beakers, pipettes, thermometer, and other items as needed.

A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature. It is usually made of a metal or glass tube that contains a liquid, such as mercury, alcohol, or colored water. As the temperature of the environment increases, the liquid expands and rises up the tube. The temperature is read from the scale calibrated on the side of the tube. Thermometers may also be digital and use an electronic sensor to measure temperature.

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The pH of milk of magnesia (Mg(OH)2) is approximately 10.5. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

What is Milk of Magnesia?

Milk of magnesia is a liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide, which is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion, heartburn, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Magnesium hydroxide works by reacting with the hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form magnesium chloride and water, which raises the pH of the stomach and reduces the acidity. Milk of magnesia can also be used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it helps to draw water into the colon and soften the stool.

Its pH can be calculated based on the dissociation of the magnesium hydroxide in water:

Mg(OH)2 + H2O ⇌ Mg2+ + 2OH-

The hydroxide ion concentration, [OH-], is related to the pH by the equation:

pH = 14 - pOH

where pOH = -log[OH-].

The dissociation constant (Kw) of water is 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25°C, and the concentration of the hydroxide ions in milk of magnesia is dependent on the solubility of magnesium hydroxide in water.

At 25°C, the solubility product (Ksp) of Mg(OH)2 is 1.8 x 10^-11. The concentration of hydroxide ions in milk of magnesia can be calculated using the Ksp:

Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]^2

Since magnesium hydroxide is a weak base, the concentration of hydroxide ions will be less than the concentration of magnesium ions in the solution.

Therefore, the pH of milk of magnesia will be greater than 7, and is typically around 10.5.

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Water has a molar mass of 18 g/mol while sodium hydroxide has a molar mass of 40 g/mol. As a result, to make 80 g of sodium hydroxide, 18 g of water is needed. Hence, 36 grams of water are required to make 160 grams of NaOH.

Both Na and O are out of balance, thus the balanced equation using the hit-and-miss method is 4Na+O22Na2O.

Due to the molar mass of 61.98 g mol-1, the structure of Na2O is a little complex. The oxidization is composed of a single oxygen atom, which is bonded to two sodium atoms via a few ionic connections. The molecule's structure is similar to that of an antifluorite crystal, so the Na atoms coordinate 4 O2 atoms.

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The amount of hydrogen gas that  is produced from 50g of Mg and 75g Hcl is: 2.08 grams of hydrogen gas is produced from 50 grams of Mg and 75 grams of HCl.

To determine how much hydrogen gas is produced from 50g of Mg and 75g of HCl, we need to use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation:

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

First, let's calculate the number of moles of Mg and HCl:

Number of moles of Mg = 50 g / 24.31 g/mol = 2.06 mol

Number of moles of HCl = 75 g / 36.46 g/mol = 2.06 mol

The mole ratio of Mg to H2 is 1:1, so the number of moles of H2 produced is also 2.06 mol.

Finally, we can use the molar mass of hydrogen (1.008 g/mol) to convert the moles of H2 to grams:

Mass of H2 produced = 2.06 mol × 1 mol/1 mol × 1.008 g/mol = 2.08 g

Therefore, 2.08 grams of hydrogen gas is produced from 50 grams of Mg and 75 grams of HCl.

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The volume of 0.900% w/v saline solution that can be prepared from 0.300 L of a 3.00% w/v saline solution available in stock is 1.00 L.

To prepare a 0.900% w/v saline solution from a 3.00% w/v stock solution, we need to use the dilution formula:

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

where C₁ is the concentration of the stock solution, V₁ is the volume of the stock solution, C₂ is the concentration of the diluted solution, and V₂ is the volume of the diluted solution.

Plugging in the given values, we get:

(3.00%)(0.300 L) = (0.900%)(V₂)

Solving for V₂, we get:

V₂ = (3.00%)(0.300 L) / (0.900%)

V₂ = 1.00 L

Therefore, the volume of the 0.900% w/v saline solution that can be prepared from the 0.300 L of the 3.00% w/v stock solution is 1.00 L.

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Therefore, the number of water molecules (X) in the formula is approximately 2.42 × 10²⁴. Therefore, both compounds contain the same percentage of oxygen. The percent of anhydrous compound in the beaker is 53.8%.

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. It is the smallest unit of a compound that has the chemical properties of that compound. Molecules can be made up of atoms of the same element or different elements.

Here,

Question 1:

If KB5O8·XH2O contains 24.6% of water and its formula weight is 293.15 g/mol, we can calculate the molecular weight of the water and use that to determine the value of X. The molecular weight of water is 18.015 g/mol (rounded to the hundredths place).

The mass of water in the compound is:

24.6% of 293.15 g/mol = 72.1989 g/mol

The number of moles of water is:

72.1989 g/mol ÷ 18.015 g/mol = 4.0061 mol

The number of water molecules is:

4.0061 mol × Avogadro's number = 2.42 × 10²⁴ molecules

Therefore, the number of water molecules (X) in the formula is approximately 2.42 × 10²⁴.

Question 2:

To calculate the percent of oxygen in ammonium nitrite and ammonium carbonate, we need to determine the molecular formulas of each compound.

The molecular formula of ammonium nitrite is NH4NO2, and its molecular weight is approximately 64.06 g/mol. The percent of oxygen in ammonium nitrite is:

(2 × 16.00 g/mol ÷ 64.06 g/mol) × 100% = 50.0%

The molecular formula of ammonium carbonate is (NH4)2CO3, and its molecular weight is approximately 96.09 g/mol. The percent of oxygen in ammonium carbonate is:

(3 × 16.00 g/mol ÷ 96.09 g/mol) × 100% = 50.0%

Therefore, both compounds contain the same percentage of oxygen.

Question 3:

To calculate the percent of anhydrous compound in the beaker, we need to determine the mass of water that was lost during heating.

The mass of the hydrate (including water) is:

134.92 g – 128.89 g = 6.03 g

The mass of the anhydrous compound is:

132.14 g – 128.89 g = 3.25 g

The mass of water lost during heating is:

6.03 g – 3.25 g = 2.78 g

The percent of anhydrous compound in the beaker is:

(3.25 g ÷ 6.03 g) × 100% = 53.8%

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The acid associated with each conjugate base is HI for I⁻, H₂SO₄ for SO₄²⁻, HF for F⁻, H₂O for OH⁻, and HCl for Cl⁻.

In an acid-base reaction, an acid donates a proton (H⁺) to a base, which accepts the proton to form a conjugate acid-base pair. The conjugate base is formed when the acid donates a proton and loses its positive charge. Each conjugate base is associated with its parent acid, which is the acid that donates a proton to form the conjugate base.

I- is the conjugate base of HI (hydroiodic acid), SO₄²⁻ is the conjugate base of H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid), F⁻ is the conjugate base of HF (hydrofluoric acid), OH⁻ is the conjugate base of H₂O (water), and Cl⁻ is the conjugate base of HCl (hydrochloric acid).

Therefore, HI is the acid associated with I⁻, H₂SO₄ is the acid associated with SO₄²⁻, HF is the acid associated with F⁻, H₂O is the acid associated with OH⁻, and HCl is the acid associated with Cl⁻.

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Answer:

a. 87.33 g

b. 2.30 g

Explanation:

1 mole of LiCl has 42.394 g

=> 2.060 x 42.394 = 87.33164 g or 87.33 g

1 mole of C2H2 has 26.04 g

=> 0.0885 x 26.04 = 2.30454 g or 2.30 g

This can be explained by the ideal gas law, which states that pressure is proportional to the number of gas molecules within a container at a constant temperature. Therefore, as more gas molecules are produced during the reaction, the pressure within the container will increase.

What is Gas Law?

Gas laws are a set of fundamental principles that describe the behavior of gases under different conditions of temperature, pressure, and volume. The most commonly studied gas laws are Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, and the combined gas law. Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Charles's law states that at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

Gay-Lussac's law states that at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. The combined gas law combines these three laws to relate pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. Gas laws are important in understanding the behavior of gases in many real-world applications, such as in chemical reactions, combustion engines, and weather forecasting.

The pressure inside the container will increase as the reaction occurs. This is because the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas, which is a gas that occupies space within the container. As the amount of gas within the container increases, the pressure inside the container will also increase if the temperature is held constant.

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The electron configuration of the fluorine is :

1s² 2s² 2p⁵

The atomic number of the fluorine is 9. The fluorine is the non metallic and it is pale yellow - green element with the pungent odor. The electronic configuration of the fluorine is as follows :

The electron configuration of the fluorine = 1s² 2s² 2p⁵

The noble gas electronic configuration of fluorine = [He] 2s² 2p⁵.

The fluorine contains the 9 protons, 10 neutrons and the 9 electrons. The fluorine belongs to the group 17 and the it  belongs to the period 2 in the periodic table and it is belongs to the halogen group.

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NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is a strong base.

Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak based on their ability to donate or accept protons (H+ ions) in solution. A strong acid or base completely dissociates in water to produce a high concentration of H+ or OH- ions, while a weak acid or base only partially dissociates. NaOH is a strong base because it completely dissociates in water to form Na+ and OH- ions.

The resulting solution is highly alkaline with a pH greater than 7. NaOH is commonly used in many industrial and laboratory applications as a strong base.

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Answer:

In 1831, when Darwin was just 22 years old, he set sail on a scientific expedition on a ship called the HMS Beagle. He was the naturalist on the voyage. As a naturalist, it was his job to observe and collect specimens of plants, animals, rocks, and fossils wherever the expedition went ashore.

When nickel chloride or sodium hydroxide combine, sodium chloride and a precipitate of nickel hydroxide with a green hue are produced. Although sodium chloride is a colorless aqueous solution.

Powder that is golden-yellow is nickel chloride. It is employed in the production of ink and electroplating. Since nickel chloride is subject to OSHA regulation and is mentioned by the ACGIH, DOT, NIOSH, DEP, and EPA, it is listed on the Hazardous Substances List.

A nickel and chloride combination with a 1:2 ratio of nickel to chloride (in the +2 oxidized state). The chemical element NiCl2 stands for nickel(II) chloride, sometimes known as nickel chloride.

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To determine the number of moles in 34.5 grams of NaBrO3, we need to divide the given mass by the molar mass of NaBrO3. There are 0.229 moles of NaBrO3 in 34.5 grams of NaBrO3.

The molar mass of NaBrO3 can be calculated by summing the atomic masses of one sodium (Na) atom, one bromine (Br) atom, and three oxygen (O) atoms, each multiplied by their respective subscripts in the chemical formula.

The atomic masses of Na, Br, and O are:

   Na: 22.99 g/mol

   Br: 79.90 g/mol

   O: 16.00 g/mol

The chemical formula of NaBrO3 indicates that it contains one Na atom, one Br atom, and three O atoms. Therefore, the molar mass of NaBrO3 is:

molar mass = (1 x Na atomic mass) + (1 x Br atomic mass) + (3 x O atomic mass)

molar mass = (1 x 22.99 g/mol) + (1 x 79.90 g/mol) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol)

molar mass = 150.89 g/mol

Now we can use the molar mass to convert the mass of NaBrO3 to moles:

moles = mass / molar mass

moles = 34.5 g / 150.89 g/mol

moles = 0.229 mol.

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Answer:

Temperature has a significant effect on the reaction rate of enzymes. At low temperatures, the reaction rate is typically slower as the enzymes and substrate molecules move more slowly, reducing the likelihood of successful collisions between them. As the temperature increases, the reaction rate generally increases as well, due to increased enzyme activity and the higher likelihood of successful collisions.

However, at high temperatures, the reaction rate can decrease rapidly as the enzyme's structure becomes denatured or permanently altered, resulting in a loss of enzyme activity. Enzymes have an optimal temperature range, typically between 37°C to 40°C (or 98.6°F to 104°F) for human enzymes, beyond which they become less efficient or inactive.

Therefore, temperature must be carefully controlled when conducting experiments with enzymes. At temperatures close to the optimal range, enzyme activity is highest and the reaction rate is fastest. However, at temperatures outside this range, the reaction rate can slow down or the enzyme can become denatured, leading to a loss of activity.

The gas that would deviate the least from ideal gas behavior is Ne (neon).

Examining the circumstances that cause gas to depart from optimal behavior, such as high pressure and low temperature, can reveal this. Due to its moderate intermolecular interactions and low polarizability as a noble gas with relatively low atomic weight, neon is less likely to depart from ideal gas behavior in these circumstances.

However, because of their stronger intermolecular interactions and higher polarizability, N (nitrogen), CO2, F2, and Kr (krypton) are all more prone to stray from the behavior of an ideal gas at high pressures and low temperatures.

The compressibility factor, Z, is a mathematical concept that can be used to describe the magnitude of departure from ideal behavior. For an ideal gas, Z should be near 1 at low pressures and high temperatures, but Z deviates from 1 as pressure and temperature decrease. Neon acts more optimally than the other gases listed since it has a low Z value in a variety of situations.

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The complete question is -

Which gas among Ne (neon), N (nitrogen), CO2 (carbon dioxide), F2 (fluorine), and Kr (krypton) would deviate the least from ideal gas behavior, and why?

After the glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle , the pyruvate is oxidized. The correct option is C.

The glycolysis is the process in which the glucose is partially broken down by the cells in the enzyme reactions that do not need the oxygen. Glycolysis is one of the method that cells use to produce the energy.

During the glycolysis, glucose is split in to the two molecules of the pyruvate, and the small amount of the ATP and the NADH is produced. After the glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules are transported in the mitochondria, the pyruvate is oxidized where they undergo the series of the reactions before entering the citric acid cycle. therefore option C is correct.

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The mass of 45 L of neon gas at STP is 40.7 grams.

At STP (standard temperature and pressure), the temperature is 0°C or 273.15 K and the pressure is 1 atm. The molar volume of an ideal gas at STP is 22.4 L/mol.

Neon gas has a molar mass of approximately 20.18 g/mol. To find the number of moles of neon gas in 45 L at STP, we can use the following equation:

n = V / Vm

where

n = 45 L / 22.4 L/mol = 2.0089 mol

To convert moles to grams, we can use the molar mass of neon gas:

m = n * M

where m is the mass, n is the number of moles, and M is the molar mass.

m = 2.0089 mol * 20.18 g/mol = 40.7 g

Therefore, the mass of 45 L of neon gas at STP is 40.7 grams.

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A zero order reaction's rate constant is measured in molL1s1. The unit of the rate constant is the same as the unit of reaction rate for zero order reactions.

As a result, in the no reaction, the velocity is dependent of the reactant concentration and the units proportional rate and rate constant, which are mol/L/time, are equivalent.

A zero order process is a chemical process where the reaction rate is unaffected by the the amount of the reactants; that is, the rate is unaffected whether the reactant concentration rises or falls.

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The molar mass of cocl2 also known as Phosgene is 129.91 g/mol. the molar mass (M) of a chemical compound is defined as the ratio between the mass and the amount of substance  of any sample of said compound

The molar mass of CoCl2 (cobalt chloride) can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of its constituent elements:

Co: 58.93 g/mol Cl: 35.45 g/mol (there are two chlorine atoms in CoCl2)

So the molar mass of CoCl2 is:

Molar mass = 58.93 g/mol + 2(35.45 g/mol) = 129.91 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of CoCl2 is 129.91 g/mol.

In chemistry, the molar mass (M) of a chemical compound is defined as the ratio between the mass and the amount of substance (measured in moles) of any sample of said compound. The molar mass is a bulk, not molecular, property of a substance. The molar mass is an average of many instances of the compound, which often vary in mass due to the presence of isotopes.

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C. The composition of a mixture of two components that generates the lowest possible melting point.

At the temperature of 400 K, the compound CH₄ (g) behaves more like an ideal gas than CCl₄ (g).

CH₄ behaves more like an ideal gas compared to CCL₄ because the intermolecular forces between CH₄ (g) molecules are weaker than those between CCl₄ (g) molecules.  Ideal gases are characterized by weak intermolecular forces, allowing the gas molecules to move freely and independently of each other. The weaker the intermolecular forces, the more the gas behaves like an ideal gas.

CH₄ (g) is a nonpolar molecule with weak London dispersion forces between its molecules. On the other hand, CCl4(g) is also a nonpolar molecule, but it has larger and heavier atoms (chlorine) that create stronger London dispersion forces between its molecules.

Therefore, at 400 K, CH₄ (g) behaves more like an ideal gas than CCl4(g) due to its weaker intermolecular forces.

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Paint evidence helped investigatοrs sοlve the Green River Killer case because the paint data query yielded a definitive match. Thus, οptiοn C is cοrrect.

Gary Leοn Ridgway's victims were primarily sex wοrkers and οther vulnerable wοmen, including underage runaways. The press gave him his nickname after the first five victims were discοvered in the Green River befοre his identity was revealed.

He strangled his victims, usually with his hands but sοmetimes with ligatures. He wοuld strangle them and then dump their bοdies in King Cοunty's fοrested and vergrwn areas, frequently returning tο the bοdies tο have sexual encοunters with them.

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The pressure of the oxygen in the air is 0.21 atm. The partial pressure of a gas is the contribution that gas makes to the total pressure when the gas is part of a mixture.

To determine the quantum numbers of the last electron in the magnesium ion (Mg2+), we need to first determine the electronic configuration of the ion.

The question is incomplete but I have to look at the electron configuration of the magnesium ion.

Magnesium (Mg) has an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2, which means it has two electrons in the 3s orbital. When magnesium loses two electrons to form the Mg2+ ion, these electrons are removed from the 3s orbital, leaving a filled 1s orbital, filled 2s orbital, filled 2p orbital, and empty 3s orbital.

The quantum numbers of the last electron in the Mg2+ ion can be determined as follows:

Principal quantum number (n): The last electron is in the 2p orbital, so its principal quantum number is n=1.

Azimuthal quantum number (l): The azimuthal quantum number specifies the shape of the orbital and is given by the formula l = n-1. Therefore, the last electron has an azimuthal quantum number of l=1

Magnetic quantum number (m): The magnetic quantum number specifies the orientation of the orbital in space and can take integer values from -l to +l. Therefore, the last electron in the Mg2+ ion has a magnetic quantum number of m=-1, 0 or 1, since there is only one electron in the 2p orbital and it is spherically symmetric.

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The general term for hidden heat absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a change in state is latent heat.

Generally, the specific latent heat of a substance is defined as the quantity of heat energy required to change the state of a unit mass of a substance. EL= ml where EL is referred as the heat transferred, in joules, m is the mass, in kilograms, and l is the latent heat in joules per kilogram. Basically, the SI unit for specific latent heat is Jkg−1

More precisely latent heat is also defined as the energy that is absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state (phase) that occurs without changing its temperature.

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Answer :

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of proteins and other molecules embedded in a membrane, which transfer electrons from one molecule to the next. The ETC plays a key role in cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and other metabolic processes that involve the transfer of energy in living cells.

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the ETC is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Its role is to transport electrons and protons from water to NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) to form NADPH, which is a key energy carrier in photosynthesis.

In summary, the electron transport chain is a crucial component of the light reactions of photosynthesis, where it helps to generate energy-rich molecules (NADPH and ATP) that are used in the next stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle.

If heat was lost from the calorimeter while the ice was melting, the measured value of the molar heat of fusion would be lower than the true value.

This is because some of the heat that is released when the ice melts would be absorbed by the surroundings (including the calorimeter and the air), instead of being used to heat up the water in the calorimeter.

The molar heat of fusion is defined as the amount of heat required to melt one mole of a substance at its melting point, with no change in temperature. It is usually determined experimentally using a calorimeter, which is an insulated container that can measure changes in temperature and heat flow.

In the experiment to measure the molar heat of fusion of ice, a known mass of ice is added to a calorimeter containing a known mass of water at a higher temperature. The heat released by the melting ice is absorbed by the water, causing it to cool down. By measuring the change in temperature of the water, the amount of heat released by the melting ice can be calculated, and from this, the molar heat of fusion can be determined.

If some of the heat released by the melting ice is lost to the surroundings, the measured value of the heat released will be lower than the true value, and hence the calculated molar heat of fusion will also be lower than the true value. To obtain a more accurate value of the molar heat of fusion, the heat loss from the calorimeter should be minimized by insulating the calorimeter and conducting the experiment in a thermally stable environment.

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