Extracellular digestion is found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens, chordates, and vertebrates.
Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that feed in a heterotrophic manner. They primarily function as decomposers or parasites. Fungi extracellular digestion: Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of food molecules outside of the cell, either with enzymes or mechanically.
Food enters the gastrovascular cavity through the mouth and is digested intracellularly, or within the cytoplasm of the cells lining this cavity. Extracellular digestion is used by humans, as well as other organisms with complex digestive systems.
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What is definition of zygote in biology?
In biology, a zygote is a single cell that is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell. The zygote is the first cell of a new individual and contains all the genetic information necessary for the development of an organism.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions, called mitosis, and develops into a multicellular embryo. As the embryo develops, cells differentiate and become specialized for specific functions, forming various tissues and organs. The zygote is diploid, meaning it contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. The chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes, which determine an individual's physical and biological traits. The zygote is a crucial stage in sexual reproduction, as it combines genetic material from both parents and gives rise to a new individual. In some organisms, such as plants, the zygote can remain dormant for a period of time before developing into a new organism.
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if the cells are breaking down lipids, which organelle is responsible for that ?
The organelle responsible for breaking down lipids is the lysosome. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers [1], including lipids.
Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, which are used to break down macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These enzymes are capable of breaking down large molecules into small molecules, which can then be used by the cell as a source of energy or for other purposes. The enzymes within lysosomes are also capable of breaking down and recycling worn-out organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
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Erwin Chargaff determined that the number of ____ like guanine and adenine always equal the number of ____ like cytosine and thymine.
Erwin Chargaff discovered that the quantity of pyrimidines, such as cytosine and thymine, and purines, such as guanine and adenine, are always equal.
According to Chargaff's rules, DNA from every cell of any organism should have a ratio of 1:1 of purine and purine bases. More specifically, the amounts of guanine and adenine should be equal to nucleotides and thymine, respectively. This phrase alludes to the work of Columbia University biochemist Erwin Chargaff. DNA always includes equal amounts of guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine, according to Chargaff's analysis of the ratios of the four types of base units in the late 1940s. Moreover, there should be a 1:1 molar ratio ratio between the purine & pyrimidine bases (A+G=T+C). The nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, & guanine are all present in DNA. Both adenine and thymine always bind with cytosine, and vice versa. As some nucleotides are always found in pairs, their percentages in the DNA will be equal.
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dna technology is used to find cures for genetic diseases such as huntington's disease. which of these best explains the use of dna technology in curing genetic diseases with gene therapy?
Dna technology is used to find cures for genetic diseases such as Huntington's disease. it moves the faulty gene and replaced it with a working gene best explains the use of dna technology in curing genetic diseases with gene therapy.
What is the term for DNA technology?Recombinant DNA Technology refers to the process of creating artificial DNA by combining diverse genetic components (DNA) from different sources. Genetic engineering is another term for recombinant DNA technology.
What is the DNA technology process?Recombinant DNA technology begins with the selection of the desired gene for injection into the host, followed by the selection of the ideal vector into which the gene must be integrated, and thus the formation of recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA must subsequently be injected into the host.
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Full Question : dna technology is used to find cures for genetic diseases such as huntington's disease. which of these best explains the use of dna technology in curing genetic diseases with gene therapy?
it moves the faulty gene and replaced it with a working genedesired traits in offspringartificial selectionWhich of these glycolytic reactions is catalyzed by a kinase? Choose one or more: A. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate — 3-phosphoglycerate B. fructose 6-phosphate - fructose 1,6-bisphosphate C. 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate D. dihydroxyacetone phosphate-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate E. glucose glucose 6-phosphate F. glucose 6-phosphate - fructose 6-phosphate F. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate — 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 0
A kinase facilitates these glycolytic reactions:
A. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate — 3-phosphoglycerate C. 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate F. glucose 6-phosphate - fructose 6-phosphateThe enzyme involved in the final stage of glycolysis is called pyruvate kinase. One molecule of pyruvate and one molecule of ATP are produced as a result of the catalyzed transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
The enzyme pyruvate kinase is utilized throughout the process of glycolysis. The role of pyruvate kinase is to catalyze the final phase of glycolysis, producing pyruvate and the second ATP of glycolysis. By converting the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, it is able to catalyze this process.
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Correct Question:
Which of these glycolytic reactions is catalyzed by a kinase? Choose one or more:
A. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate — 3-phosphoglycerate
B. fructose 6-phosphate - fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C. 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate
D. dihydroxyacetone phosphate-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
E. glucose glucose 6-phosphate
F. glucose 6-phosphate - fructose 6-phosphate
G. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate — 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Why a virus can only infect specific cells and organisms?
Only specific species of hosts and subsets of those hosts' cells are susceptible to virus infection. The virus can only bind to the host cell surface if a certain surface molecule known as the viral receptor.
Viruses can be thought of as obligate intracellular parasites. In order to infect other cells and ultimately other people, the virus needs to adhere to a living cell, enter the cell, make its proteins and replicate its genome, and then find a means to leave the cell. Only specific species of hosts and subsets of those hosts' cells are susceptible to virus infection. The virus must be producing the materials it requires in the cell, such as the enzymes for which the virus genome lacks the necessary genes.
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in the traditionally accepted model of upr initiation, What activates the UPR?
The UPR is not engaged under normal circumstances, but it can become active in response to specific stimuli, like as hypoxia or altered glycosylation, because of a buildup of unfolded proteins.
The unfolded protein response is triggered by ER stress (UPR). Although the UPR works to reduce ER stress, it can potentially result in cell death if it is sustained. In the ER membrane, there are at least three ER stress sensors: IRE1, PERK, and ATF6.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle that performs a variety of vital tasks for cellular growth, homeostasis, and stress resistance. Unfolded protein response (UPR), a well-known signalling cascade, is triggered in response to cellular stress. Three ER transmembrane proteins, Activator model, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and Inositol Requiring 1 (IRE1), start the UPR.
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what condition is an example of dominant-recessive inheritance?
The condition is an illustration of dominant-recessive inheritance is - "CYSTIC FIBROSIS"
Explain about the dominant-recessive inheritance?A dominant allele, which can descend from just one parent, causes a dominant phenotype in those who possess one copy of the gene.
A person needs two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, in order for it to result in a recessive phenotype.One parent's autosomal dominant features are passed to their offspring. Both parents pass on autosomal recessive features to their offspring. In contrast to the sex chromosomes, autosomal pertains to the 22 numerical chromosomes (X and Y).CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
A genetic disorder, cystic fibrosis. It is brought on by a defective gene that affects how salt and water enter and exit cells. This can lead to the build-up of thick, thick mucus in the body's tubes and passages, notably the lungs and digestive system, along with recurrent infections.To know more about the dominant-recessive inheritance, here
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review your model of protein targeting. proteins such as insulin travel to the plasma membrane and are secreted from the cell. on its way to the plasma membrane, insulin must travel through what organelle?
The model of protein targeting describes the process by which proteins are directed to specific organelles or compartments within the cell. Insulin, a protein hormone, is targeted to the plasma membrane for secretion from the cell.
To reach the plasma membrane, insulin must travel through the Golgi apparatus, a complex organelle responsible for processing and sorting proteins. Insulin is initially synthesized on ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From there, it is transported to the Golgi apparatus, where it undergoes further processing and sorting. The Golgi is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins, including insulin, into vesicles that will eventually fuse with the plasma membrane for secretion. Once insulin reaches the plasma membrane, it is released from the cell and can enter the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels in the body.
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What is the Texas state tree?
Plant: Pecan Tree. 1919 saw its designation as the state tree. The pecan tree, which is native to Texas and well-liked as a yard tree and provides the only nut that is farmed there for commercial purposes, is widespread in the wild.
Former governor James Stephen Hogg asked that his tomb be marked by a pecan tree before he passed away in 1906. This led to an increase in popularity for the local tree. 1919 saw its designation as the state tree. The pecan tree, which is native to Texas and well-liked as a yard tree and provides the only nut that is farmed there for commercial purposes, is widespread in the wild. For usage in pies, candies, and other delights, millions of pounds of the soft-shelled, sweet-meat nuts are gathered each year.
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The cytoplasmic membrane could best be described as
A) an impermeable barrier.
B) a passive conduit for intracellular transport.
C) a highly selective permeability barrier.
D) a rigid structure that protects the cell.
The cytoplasmic membrane is best described as C) a highly selective permeability barrier.
What is the role of the plasma membrane?The main role of the plasma membrane in the cell is to move substances in and out of the cell in order to reach an equilibrium state which is known as homeostasis and serves to perform metabolic functions.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the role of the plasma membrane is to allow the passage of substance across the cell and thus act as a selectively permeable barrier.
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an organism has a diploid chromosome number 2n = 24. in the cells of this organism, how many tetrads will form during mitosis?
No tetrads will form during mitosis in the cells of an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24.
Tetrads, or groups of four chromatids, are formed during meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material in a process known as crossing over. During mitosis, however, the chromosomes condense and line up at the equator of the cell, then separate into two identical sets of chromosomes that are distributed to the daughter cells. Therefore, tetrads do not form during mitosis, but rather during meiosis I. In an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24, there would be 12 pairs of homologous chromosomes that could form tetrads during meiosis.
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What are the 5 parts of the nose?
The human nose is composed of several different parts, each with its own function. The five main parts of the nose are Nasal Bones, Nasal Cavity, Septum, Sinuses and Turbinate's:
Nasal Bones: These are the two small bones that make up the bridge of the nose. They are located at the top of the nose and provide structural support.
Nasal Cavity: This is the large, hollow space inside the nose that air flows through. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membranes that help to filter and warm the air as it enters the body.
Septum: The septum is the wall of cartilage that divides the nasal cavity into two separate chambers.
Turbinate's: These are small, bony structures inside the nasal cavity that help to increase the surface area of the mucous membranes. This helps to filter and humidify the air as it passes through the nose.
Sinuses: The sinuses are hollow spaces located in the bones of the face that connect to the nasal cavity. They help to lighten the skull and provide resonance to the voice.
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What are the characteristics of the Goodell sign?
Select all that apply.
1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Decreased friability
4. Decreased vascularity
5. Softening of the cervical ti
Answer:
5. Softening of the cervical tissue
Explanation:
The Goodell sign refers to a probable sign of pregnancy, characterized by softening of the cervix. A positive Goodell sign occurs due to increased blood flow noticed in the cervix during the first 4 to 8 weeks of pregnancy, which can also give the vaginal part of the cervix a bluish appearance
what is contained within the epidural space in the vertebral column?
The occipital, sigmoid, and basilar sinuses in the skull's superior region are connected to the massive internal vertebral venous plexus, which includes the epidural veins.
The epidural space houses blood arteries, connective tissue, spinal nerves, fat, and the dural sac. Lymphatics, veins, and fat can all be found in the epidural area.
The region containing fat and tiny blood vessels known as the epidural space is located between the dura mater (a membrane) and the spinal wall. The area is just next to the dural sac, which encloses the nerve roots and is stuffed with cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphatic and connective tissue, fat, veins, and arteries make up the epidural space.
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Match the signs of development with the appropriate trimester. Fingerprints have developed. The fetus can hear and see. The heart beats for the first time. Nerve cells have developed. The sex can be determined. Fat begins to develop. The fetus starts to move.
Answer:lo
Explanation:jj
Answer:
the attachment
Explanation:
explain why the resting membrane potential is not equal to the k equilibrium potential.
The resting potential of a membrane is not equal to the K equilibrium potential as the membrane is depolarized and therefore it is going to have a more positive value than the K equilibrium potential.
What basically generates the resting membrane potential is the potassium ions which leak from the inside of a particular cell to the outside through leaky potassium channels and therefore generates a negative charge in the inside as compared to the outside. At rest, the membrane is impermeable to sodium ions and this is because all of the sodium ion channels are closed.
In a normal cell, the permeability of sodium ions is about 5% of the potassium ion permeability whereas the respective equilibrium potentials are +60 mV for sodium ( which is represented as ENa) and −90 mV for potassium (represented as EK). Thus, we can say that the membrane potential will not equal to EK but rather have a more positive value.
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as pressure increases in lymphatic capillaries, fluid is allowed to regurgitate back into the tissues, true or false?
True. The lymphatic capillaries are very thin-walled vessels that transport lymph (a clear fluid containing immune cells and waste products) from the interstitial spaces of tissues back into the bloodstream. The capillaries have one-way valves that prevent the backflow of lymph, but they can be overwhelmed by high pressure within the capillaries.
What happens If the pressure in the lymphatic capillaries increases?If the pressure in the lymphatic capillaries increases, due to increased volume or decreased drainage capacity, the one-way valves may not be able to close completely, and fluid can regurgitate back into the tissues. This can result in the accumulation of interstitial fluid and edema (swelling), which can cause discomfort and impair tissue function.
The regurgitation of fluid back into the tissues can also occur if the lymphatic vessels are damaged or removed, such as during surgery, radiation therapy, or infection. In such cases, the lymphatic system may be unable to drain fluid effectively, leading to chronic edema and tissue damage.
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What are the bonds in a glucose molecule?
The difference is that the EN of C, H, and O aren't strong enough to cause one atom to give up its electrons, preventing the formation of a genuine ionic connection. As a result, glucose 's bonds are completely covalent.
The bulk of compounds that we come into contact with in daily life are formed in a completely different way than the formation of bonds through the transfer of electrons. The atoms are joined by covalent bonds. When electrons are shared, a covalent bond is created. A molecule is a collection of atoms that are covalently connected. These molecules include carbon dioxide, glucose, and DNA. The number of atoms in the molecules might range from 2 to a million. Each glucose molecule has 24 covalent bonds, whether they are in linear or cyclic form.
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What are three assumptions of science as a way of knowing about the world? O A. Natural causality, observable regularity, explanations are falsifiable O B. Natural causality, reliability, confidence OC. Infallibility, supernatural causality, falsifiability OD. Supernatural causality, observable regularity, data analysis
The three presumptions that underpin science as a method of comprehending the world are infallibility, supernatural causality, and falsifiability.
What are the three guiding principles of science as a means of acquiring knowledge of the entire world?Natural causes are assumed to be consistent, deducible from data found in the natural world, and capable of explaining natural events. These assumptions form the foundation of science.All scientists operate under the same two basic premise. The first is determinism, which asserts that all events in the cosmos, including action, are good or in order. There is a second supposition, which is that this legality may be established.For more information on global knowledge kindly visit to
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Complete question is:
What are three assumptions of science as a way of knowing about the world?
O A. Natural causality, observable regularity, explanations are falsifiable
O B. Natural causality, reliability, confidence
OC. Infallibility, supernatural causality, falsifiability
OD. Supernatural causality, observable regularity, data analysis
what was the most common genetic material in the 1940s?
Numerous researchers of the day really thought it was protein since there are 20 distinct amino acids for building a protein polymer, while DNA polymers are made of just four nucleotide bases.
In 1943, American Oswald Avery demonstrated that DNA conveys hereditary data. He even recommended DNA could really be the quality. A great many people at the time figured the quality would be protein, not nucleic corrosive, however by the last part of the 1940s, DNA was generally acknowledged as a hereditary particle.
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA (not proteins) can change the properties of cells, explaining the synthetic idea of qualities. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty distinguished DNA as the "changing guideline" while concentrating on Streptococcus pneumoniae, microscopic organisms that can cause pneumonia.
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this lab includes an experiment that tests the effect of ________ on the development of axillary buds.A) auxinB) Protoplast.C) Cell suspension.
Option A is Correct. An experiment in this lab examines the impact of auxin on the growth of axillary buds. The cell plating method developed by Bergmann is used to cultivate the protoplasts on the plate.
The protoplasts are set in place for cell division and future expansion at this point. The agar method is effective in preventing clumps from forming in the cultures. Protoplast culture is the method used to create whole plants from a culture of cells lacking a cell wall.
Since its discovery more than a century ago, this method has been employed extensively in agricultural improvement and plant breeding initiatives. The plants created by tissue culture will be somaclones, or genetically identical to the parent plant from which they were developed.
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What is blood vessels called connect arterioles to venules ?
Capillaries are the blood arteries that carry blood from arterioles to venules.
What is arterioles?The circulatory system's arterioles, which are little blood arteries, are in charge of transferring oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries, which are even smaller blood vessels.
The tiniest blood veins in the body, capillaries frequently have a diameter smaller than the width of a single blood cell. They are in charge of transferring nutrients, gases, and waste materials from the blood to the tissues of the body.
Little blood veins called arterioles and venules transport oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the capillaries, respectively, and deoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart. The capillaries connect the arterioles and venules to create a network of microscopic vessels that facilitate material transfer between the blood and the tissues. The capillary walls, which are delicate and permeable to tiny molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose, allow for this exchange to take place.
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What is one of the ways to identify an organism belonging to the domain Eukarya?
The correct answer is option d. "possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea".
One characteristic that defines an eukaryotic organism is that it posses membrane bound organelles. This differs from bacterias and archaeas, which have their organelles embedded into the cytoplasm. On the other hand, one thing that is common for all living organisms is that their genetic material is comprised of DNA.
Therefore, an organism belonging to the Domain Eukarya possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea.
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Full Question: An organism belonging to the Domain Eukarya…. (Choose the most complete answer.)
a. lacks a nucleus AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea
b. lacks a nucleus
c. possess membrane bound organelles and that's pretty much it!
d. possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea
e. uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea; none of the other options are a better fit.
which traits are autapomorphic from your tree?
On the gene trees, there were autapomorphic morphological characteristics like the mink's lack of a sagittal crest.
An autapomorphy, also known as a derived trait in phylogenetics, is a distinctive characteristic that is specific to a particular taxon. In other words, it is unique to one taxon and not present in any outgroup taxa or other taxa, not even those that are most closely related to the primary taxon (which may be a species, family or in general any clade).
Autapomorphy can be seen in the flight feathers that birds have as a defining characteristic and in the ability to speak in humans.
The morphological (body form), biochemical, behavioral, or molecular characteristics of species or other groupings can be used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Building a tree requires planning. While creating a tree, species are grouped together based on similar derived features (characteristics that differ from those of the group's progenitor).
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Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?
a. ecological
b. behavioral
c. cognitive
d. ethological
Option d is Correct. The importance of biology and evolution in development is most heavily emphasized by ethological theory.
The broad theoretical viewpoint of developmental systems theory (DST) on biological development, inheritance, and evolution. The common effects of genes, environment, and epigenetic factors on developmental processes are emphasized.
The laws of conduct and the cognitive theory both have an impact on a child's development (conditioning, with classical conditioning, as well as operant conditioning, and reinforcement.) Development is observable behavior that may be acquired via interaction with the environment; the behavioral and social cognitive theories place an emphasis on continuity in development and contend that it does not take place in stages.
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the axon hillock is the location of large quantity of voltage-gated channels. (True or False)
True ,The axon hillock is the location of large quantity of voltage-gated channels.
An action potential propagates down an axon, away from the cell body, because voltage-gated channels are mostly present on the axon hillock and axon.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are highly concentrated in the axon hillock and are activated upon reaching the threshold potential of the membrane.
An opening of chemically gated channels happens in response to a neurotransmitter binding. Changes in electrical charge (potential) across the plasma membrane cause voltage-gated channels to open.
The transition from the cell body to the axon is where the axon hillock is situated. For the purpose of communicating with many target cells, axons can branch.
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where does glomerular filtrate reach highest concentration
Before the ascending loop and once more before it is expelled as urine, glomerular filtrate is most concentrated close to the bottom of the Henle loop.
The bottom of the Henle loop is where the osmolarities of the filtrate and the surrounding interstitial fluid are at their maximum. The filtrate enters the water-impermeable loop of Henle's thin ascending limb as it moves forward. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the volume of filtrate produced each unit of time.
Normal values are 110 ml per minute, 160 l per day, and 20% RPF. 55 nl per minute are filtered by each nephron. Rate factors are as follows: GFR = Kf (ultrafiltration coefficient) x Pu (net ultrafiltration pressure). The proximal tubule reabsorbs around 90% of the Na+ that has been filtered through the glomerulus.
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the heart naturally slows when responding to a) acetylcholine. b) epinephrine. c) endorphin. d) nitric oxide. e) gaba.
Option a is Correct. The response of the heart to acetylcholine is a normal slowing. Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, is released by the parasympathetic nerve (vagus nerve) to slow heart rate.
Acetylcholine. This excitatory neurotransmitter performs a variety of tasks in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS [brain and spinal cord]) (nerves that branch from the CNS). ACh diffuses through the postsynaptic or postjunctional membrane and binds to specific receptors there.
A membrane channel that is selectively permeable to both Na+ and K+ changes shape upon binding of ACh to its receptors. Synaptic vesicular exocytosis is the traditional way through which neurotransmitters are released from neurons. The presynaptic terminal contains vesicles where neurotransmitters are kept. They briefly join the cell after stimulation.
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describe the process of transpiration, from
the time H20 enters a plant through the
roots to when H20 leaves a plant.
it's like a humidifier
it's like a water going up a pipe in building
& drying on the roof
Water enters the plant
through the roots by
osmosis
osmosis is sort of like
1. water going thru a strainer on a really small or microscopic level
2. from a wet area to a dry area
in transpiration
water goes from the soil which is wet
to a dry area the roots
root's dryness acts like a water magnet
water goes up the stem &
into the leaves through
xylem vessels
xylem are like veins & arteries of plants
xylem are long, hollow tubes that send
water & minerals
from the roots
up to the rest of the plant
when water gets the leaves,
it evaporates & turns into water vapor.
this is called
"evapotranspiration"
a combination
transpiration & evaporation
water vapor diffuses out of the leaves
through small openings called
STOMATA
STOMATA are tiny holes under the leaves
movement of water
out of the stomata
creates a negative pressure gradient
or a water magnet like effect
that pulls more water up
from the roots
through the xylem vessels
The water that leaves the plant through transpiration helps to regulate the temperature of the plant, transport nutrients and minerals, and provide the necessary moisture for photosynthesis.
The process of transpiration is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind, as well as by the physiology of the plant itself.
So, in summary, transpiration is a crucial process in the life of a plant as it helps it to obtain and circulate water and nutrients throughout the plant, while also regulating its internal temperature.
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