what opinion did the people who first applied the term gothic to high medieval architecture hold regarding that architecture

Invasion can impact the U.S. in various ways. As we know that the United States doesn't depend on Russia for major imports.

However, financial experts say that turbulent international politics "could cause increases in global energy prices or exacerbate global supply shortages." The stock market has already seen economic consequences. Although the United States imports very little Russian oil, if changes in oil prices change in one part of the world, it will affect the prices in all other regions. The invasion can affect the U.S. in several ways.

If international politics get affected by it, then there are chances of increases in global energy prices or exacerbate global supply shortages, and this could have a direct impact on the U.S. financial market. Even though the United States imports very little Russian oil, if changes in oil prices change in one part of the world, it will affect the prices in all other regions.

This could have an adverse impact on the U.S. economy and global trade. However, we need to be cautious while predicting outcomes. It is challenging to say what effect the invasion can have on international politics, global trade, and economic stability.

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The central idea of the Newsela article "Opinion: From Embarrassed about Bicultural Identity to Celebrating It" is the significance of embracing one's bicultural identity.

Embracing one's bicultural identity is the central idea of the Newsela article "Opinion: From Embarrassed about Bicultural Identity to Celebrating It." This article highlights the challenges that people face while reconciling their dual identities and the impact of such an identity on one's life experiences. The author shares his experience of struggling to reconcile his two distinct cultures while growing up in the United States.

He shares how he was embarrassed about his bicultural identity and tried to hide it but later realized the significance of celebrating it. He urges people to embrace their bicultural identity as it helps them to gain a broader perspective on the world, makes them more open-minded and empathetic, and enables them to bridge the gap between different cultures.

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When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, there were more than 12 million workers who were employed by industry, compared to only 1 million in 1860. Roosevelt, a Democrat, took office as the Great Depression was deepening.

He was elected for four consecutive terms and served from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt implemented a range of measures to address the economic and social challenges facing the country, which included increasing government spending, implementing policies to support labor unions and collective bargaining, and creating social welfare programs.

Roosevelt's administration established the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in 1933, which aimed to reduce unemployment and increase industrial production.

The NIRA created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which set minimum wages, maximum working hours, and other industry standards. This was intended to stabilize industrial production and employment levels, and to increase workers' purchasing power.

The Great Depression had a significant impact on industrial employment in the United States. By the time Roosevelt was elected in 1932, the country was experiencing high levels of unemployment, particularly in the industrial sector. The number of workers employed in industry had grown significantly in the years leading up to the Depression, but this growth was followed by a sharp decline.

In 1920, there were around 20 million workers in industry; by 1932, this figure had fallen to around 12 million. By the time the NIRA was introduced, the number of industrial workers had fallen further, to around 10 million. In this context, Roosevelt's policies were aimed at stabilizing employment levels and increasing industrial production.

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When archaeologists find unique styles in architecture, pottery, textiles, and other artifacts distributed uniformly over a wide area, they call this a cultural horizon.

A cultural horizon refers to a specific period in history where a distinctive set of cultural traits and practices are shared across a broad geographical region. It represents a widespread cultural influence or interaction that resulted in the dissemination of similar artistic styles, technological advancements, and material culture.

Archaeologists identify a cultural horizon based on the presence of common characteristics and shared material culture among different sites or regions.

This phenomenon suggests a level of cultural integration and interaction, indicating the existence of communication networks, trade routes, or cultural diffusion. The identification of a cultural horizon helps archaeologists understand the extent of cultural contact and exchange during a specific time period, contributing to our knowledge of ancient civilizations and their interconnectedness.

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The Mississippian period was a significant cultural, economic, and demographic period of the Native American culture that occurred between AD 1000 and AD 1600.

The agriculture advanced that occurred during the Mississippian period is the development of corn agriculture.

The Mississippian culture was a mound-building civilization that lived in the Mississippi River Valley region of the United States.

Rice expansion: It is the production of rice on a large scale that led to the expansion of agriculture in ancient China and Southeast Asia.

The cultivation of rice began about 5000 years ago in the valleys of the Yangtze River in China, the Red River in Vietnam, and the "Ayeyarwady River" in Myanmar.

Agriculture: Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and animals for human consumption.

People began to settle down and develop agricultural practices around 10,000 years ago when they started domesticating crops and animals for food and other resources.

The Mississippian period was a significant cultural, economic, and demographic period of the Native American culture that occurred between AD 1000 and AD 1600.

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The person who implemented reforms in response to the growing European trade and power in Asia and Africa was Emperor Meiji of Japan.

During 19th century, Japan faced the challenges of Western imperialism and recognized the need to modernize and strengthen the country to avoid colonization. Japan initiated a series of reforms known as the Meiji Restoration.

The reforms aimed to modernize Japan's political, economic and social system through the introduction of Western technology and institutions. The government implemented various policies such as industrialization, military modernization, educational reform, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

These changes helped Japan to strengthen the nation and become a  power by successfully meeting European trade challenges. It played an important role in Japan's rise as a modern power in Asia. 

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The Clean Water Act has undergone several amendments since its enactment in 1972. Below are two specific provisions of this legislation that would likely apply to the quality of the stream water:

1. The Clean Water Act mandates that every person must secure a permit to release pollutants into any navigable water body. The permit will specify the type of pollutants allowed, the quantity, and how to dispose of them.

2. The Clean Water Act allows the Environmental Protection Agency to set water quality standards. States are then required to enforce these standards to ensure that the water bodies within their boundaries meet the criteria.

To comply with these standards, industries are required to use the best technology available to reduce the amount of pollutants they release into the environment.

In summary, the Clean Water Act has helped to improve the quality of stream water in the United States. The legislation requires industries to take responsibility for the pollution they generate and ensures that every American has access to clean water.

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The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that took place in the 16th century in Europe.

It was characterized by a division within the Roman Catholic Church that led to the creation of various Protestant denominations. This movement was influenced by the methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism, which played a significant role in its emergence and development. Let's see how the methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism contributed to the Protestant Reformation: Methods of Renaissance humanism: Renaissance humanism promoted the use of reason and intellectual inquiry as a way of understanding the world.

Humanists believed that through the study of classical texts, people could learn about the world and themselves. This method of inquiry challenged the authority of the Church and led to the questioning of traditional teachings and practices. This questioning played a crucial role in the emergence of the Protestant Reformation. Ideals of Renaissance humanism: Renaissance humanism emphasized the value of the individual and human dignity. This emphasis on individualism challenged the traditional authority of the Church, which had long held a monopoly on the interpretation of religious texts and the governance of society.

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Washington engaged General Howe twice, at Brandywine Creek and Germantown, hoping to prevent the British from occupying the rebel capital at Philadelphia.

At the Battle of Brandywine Creek, fought on September 11, 1777, Washington aimed to halt Howe's advancement toward Philadelphia. Howe's British forces outflanked the American troops, resulting in a tactical victory for the British. Despite the loss, Washington demonstrated his resilience and leadership skills by skillfully organizing a retreat, minimizing casualties and preserving the Continental Army.

On October 4, 1777, he launched an attack on the British forces stationed at Germantown, a town just outside Philadelphia. Washington intended to surprise and overwhelm the British, but the battle ultimately ended in a stalemate. Despite the setback, the battle showcased Washington's determination and tactical acumen.

Both battles highlighted Washington's determination to prevent the British from occupying Philadelphia, the seat of the rebel government. By engaging General Howe's forces, Washington aimed to disrupt British control and maintain the morale of the Revolutionary Army and the civilian population.

Although Washington did not achieve outright victories at Brandywine Creek and Germantown, these battles demonstrated his ability to adapt his strategies and tactics in the face of challenges. The battles also allowed him to gather valuable intelligence about the enemy's capabilities and intentions.

Overall, Washington's engagements at Brandywine Creek and Germantown symbolized his commitment to defending the American cause and showcased his leadership and resilience as the commander of the Continental Army.

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The KKK was a racist organization that used fear and violence against black Americans, immigrants, Jews, and Catholics. Their increase in power and influence in the 1920s occurred largely due to the following two things:

1. The increase in urbanization and industrialization in the United States During the 1920s, there was an increase in urbanization and industrialization in the United States. As more individuals moved into cities in search of jobs, they experienced an unfamiliar and rapidly changing environment. The KKK capitalized on this by framing immigrants, Catholics, and Jews as a threat to the American way of life and culture.

2. The release of the film "Birth of a Nation"The release of the film "Birth of a Nation" in 1915 also contributed to the increase in power and influence of the KKK in the 1920s. The film glorified the KKK's actions in protecting white women from black men and demonized African Americans as a whole. This helped to normalize and legitimize the KKK's racist beliefs and actions among a broader audience.

Catholics are followers of the Catholic Church, which is the largest Christian denomination with over a billion members worldwide. Catholicism is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ as recorded in the Bible, with a particular emphasis on the authority of the Pope, who is considered the successor of Saint Peter, the first Bishop of Rome.

Catholic beliefs include the existence of one God who is three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), the divinity of Jesus Christ, salvation through faith and good works, and the importance of sacraments as channels of God's grace. The seven sacraments recognized by Catholics are Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist (also known as Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper), Reconciliation (Confession), Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders (ordination of priests and bishops), and Matrimony.

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The stock market crash which sparked the Great Depression occurred on October 24th, 1929. The day became known as Black Thursday.

Many investors had begun to speculate on the stock market during the 1920s, and this led to the stock prices being significantly overvalued. The over-speculation led to a bubble that eventually burst, leading to a significant drop in stock prices.The drop in stock prices created a panic among investors, and this led to a massive sell-off of stocks. The sell-off led to further declines in stock prices, leading to a vicious cycle of selling.

The market's downward spiral continued for several days, culminating in Black Tuesday on October 29th, when over 16 million shares were sold, and the stock market lost billions of dollars. The stock market crash of 1929 is considered one of the most significant financial events in history, and it triggered the Great Depression, which lasted for over a decade.

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This passage would most likely be describing A) women in Athens.

The passage reflects the views and expectations of women's roles and behavior in ancient Athens, as expressed by Aristotle. In Athens, women were expected to primarily focus on their roles as wives and mothers, managing the household affairs and obeying their husbands. The passage emphasizes the importance of a wife's domestic duties, control over the household, and obedience to her husband's wishes. It also touches upon the limited involvement of women in public affairs and their lack of influence over arranging marriages for their children. These ideas align with the cultural norms and social expectations for women in ancient Athens.

According to the passage, a good wife in Athens was expected to be the mistress of her home, responsible for managing all aspects within it. This included having control over who entered the household, with the requirement of obtaining her husband's knowledge and approval. The passage also emphasizes the importance of financial prudence, restricting expenditures to those approved by the husband and within the limits set by law

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Answer:

Jazz

Explanation:

Jazz developed from a blending of West African music with Euro-American vernacular traditions

In the early 1960s, Congress failed to pass a healthcare reform initiative, signaling a major setback for the potential advances in healthcare policy.

At the time, the proposed law would have created a national health insurance system, which was met with widespread opposition and considered too liberal by some. However, four years later a new version of the healthcare reform law would be passed, known today as the Medicare and Medicaid Act of 1965.

This law set in motion a huge restructuring of the healthcare system in the United States, providing a public safety net for those who were unable to obtain health insurance through other sources. Despite the fact that the administration of Medicare and Medicaid has come under fire in recent years, the law still stands as a testament to the positive impact that healthcare reform can have on a society.

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The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian heir, caused a series of events that ultimately resulted in the First World War. World leaders failed to prevent a regional conflict between Austro-Hungary and Serbia from becoming a general European war.

Here is an argument that evaluates the extent to which world leaders failed to prevent the war. World leaders failed to prevent a regional conflict from becoming a general European war due to the alliance system, the complex nature of international relations, and the failure to understand the implications of going to war in the modern era.

The system of alliances in Europe made a regional conflict between Austro-Hungary and Serbia a threat to the entire continent. Germany and Austria-Hungary were allies, and so were France and Russia. Britain was not part of the Alliance system, but its entente with France made it a probable ally of the latter.

The leaders were aware that if one country declared war, the rest would have to follow. Therefore, the alliance system helped turn a regional conflict into a general European war. Secondly, the nature of international relations during the time was also a significant factor. International relations were complex, with competing powers and interests that made it challenging for the leaders to prevent a general war.

The leaders were more focused on their individual interests, and this made it difficult for them to find common ground. The leaders' failure to reach a common ground and resolve their differences was the primary reason why the war started.

Finally, the leaders failed to understand the implications of going to war in the modern era. They were not aware of the consequences of their actions, such as the number of casualties and the impact it would have on the economy. The First World War had devastating consequences, and it changed the world forever.

In conclusion, the world leaders failed to prevent a regional conflict between Austro-Hungary and Serbia from becoming a general European war. The alliance system, the complex nature of international relations, and the failure to understand the implications of going to war in the modern era were significant factors that led to the First World War.

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Ancient Egyptian stone funerary figures, such as Menkaure with a Woman, were carved to bear the spirit of the deceased into the eternity of the afterlife, known as the "Ka."

The "Ka" is a concept in ancient Egyptian religion that refers to the life force or spirit of an individual. It was believed that after death, the Ka continued to exist and required sustenance and provisions in the afterlife. To ensure the well-being and continuity of the Ka, various rituals and practices were performed, including the creation of funerary objects such as stone figures.

Stone funerary figures, like Menkaure with a Woman, were intricately carved and placed in tombs to accompany the deceased on their journey into the afterlife. These figures were believed to house the Ka, serving as a vessel for the spirit of the deceased. They were intended to provide companionship, protection, and assistance in the afterlife.

The depiction of Menkaure with a Woman, specifically, represents the deceased pharaoh Menkaure accompanied by a female figure, possibly a queen or a divine consort. The sculpture symbolizes the presence of companionship and support for Menkaure's Ka in the afterlife. It reflects the belief in the continuity of royal power and the significance of a strong lineage in the Egyptian funerary tradition.

The stone funerary figures played a crucial role in Egyptian religious beliefs and practices, serving as a connection between the physical and spiritual realms. They were an integral part of ensuring the well-being and perpetuity of the Ka, allowing the deceased to endure into eternity.

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The attributes associated with the Dagda suggest that he might be the Irish avatar of the Continental god known as Sucellus.

Sucellus was a Celtic god of agriculture, fertility, and abundance. He was often depicted with a club or hammer, a cauldron, and a drinking horn. The Dagda shares many of these same attributes. He is also known as the "Good God" or the "God of Plenty." He is often depicted with a club, a cauldron, and a drinking horn. He is also said to have a magical cauldron that never runs dry.

There is some evidence to suggest that the Dagda and Sucellus may have been the same god. In the Roman province of Gaul, there is a temple dedicated to Sucellus that bears the inscription "To the God Dagda." This suggests that the two gods were at least closely associated with each other.

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"The Peanut Man," explains the significant contributions made by George Washington Carver in the agricultural sector

"The Peanut Man," excerpt is an article that is found in America’s Library.

George Washington Carver made significant contributions to the agriculture industry.

To expand the variety of crops that were available to farmers, particularly those in the southern United States.

Carver had a deep passion for agriculture, and it led him to become a trailblazer in his field.

He studied different crops to determine which ones were best suited for certain climates and soil types.

He experimented with various crop rotations and even invented new uses for some crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes.

Carver was a respected scientist and teacher who shared his knowledge with others through his publications and teaching at Tuskegee University.

In conclusion, the excerpt from America’s Library’s "The Peanut Man,"  the significant contributions made by George Washington Carver in the agricultural sector.

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The formation of a bourgeois class in Korea during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries signified the emergence of a middle class engaged in commercial and entrepreneurial activities.

The bourgeoisie, composed of merchants, traders, and urban professionals, brought about significant changes in Korea. Economically, they contributed to the growth of commerce and trade, establishing new markets and networks both domestically and internationally. Socially, the bourgeois class led to the diversification of social hierarchies, as wealth and status became increasingly based on economic success rather than solely on birthright.

Politically, the bourgeoisie demanded greater participation and representation in governance, challenging the traditional power structures and advocating for their interests. Culturally, their influence led to the adoption of new ideas, practices, and lifestyles, promoting intellectual curiosity and cultural exchange.

Overall, the formation of the bourgeois class in Korea during this period marked a transformative era of socioeconomic and cultural development, shaping the trajectory of the nation's history.

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The political conditions in China during the early 20th century played a significant role in the emergence of a communist state. Several factors contributed to this development:

1. Weakness of the Qing Dynasty: The Qing Dynasty, which had ruled China for over two centuries, was in decline by the early 20th century. It faced various internal and external challenges, including corruption, economic hardships, and foreign imperialism. This weakened the Central government's control and led to widespread dissatisfaction among the Chinese population.

2. Nationalist movements: The early 20th century saw the rise of nationalist movements in China, as intellectuals and revolutionaries sought to modernize the country and establish a strong, independent nation. Prominent figures like Sun Yat-sen advocated for political and social reforms, including the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of a Republican government.

3. May Fourth Movement: The May Fourth Movement of 1919, triggered by the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, further fueled nationalist sentiments and anti-imperialist fervor. This movement was led by students, intellectuals, and activists who called for social, cultural, and political changes in China. It laid the groundwork for the growth of leftist ideologies, including Communism.

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President Wilson envisioned an organization of nations known as the League of Nations, which would police the post-World War world, an organization created by the treaty that ended the First World War.

The League of Nations was Wilson's idea of a peaceful world, free of war and oppression. It was intended to be an international forum for resolving disputes between nations and preventing the escalation of conflicts into war.

It was a predecessor to the United Nations, and it was designed to promote global peace and cooperation.The League of Nations was established on January 10, 1920, and was headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

It had several goals, including the promotion of international cooperation, disarmament, and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. The League of Nations was made up of 42 member states, and it was tasked with enforcing the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties.

It was also responsible for resolving disputes between nations, and it had the power to impose economic sanctions on member states that violated its decisions.

The League of Nations was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the outbreak of World War II, and it was dissolved in 1946.

However, it paved the way for the establishment of the United Nations, which has been much more successful in promoting international cooperation and preventing conflicts between nations.

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Among the four nonprofit subsectors mentioned, the subsector that typically includes the fewest number of nonprofits is the Environmental and Animal subsector.

Compared to the other subsectors, such as Human Services, Education (excluding Higher Education), and Health Care and Mental Health (excluding hospitals), the Environmental and Animal subsector generally has a smaller number of organizations dedicated to environmental conservation, wildlife protection, and animal welfare. This is due to the specific focus and narrower scope of this subsector compared to the broader areas covered by the other subsectors.

However, it's important to note that the number of nonprofits can vary depending on factors such as geographical location, population density, and specific regional or national circumstances. The number of nonprofits within each subsector can fluctuate over time and across different regions.

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After President Nixon visits China, he adopts a policy of détente, or relaxation, towards the Soviet Union. Later that year, President Nixon and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev signs the SALT I Treaty, which said that both the United States and the Soviet Union would limit the production of nuclear weapons for the next five years.

The détente refers to the relaxation of strained relations between states. It is the easing of tensions, especially between nations, through diplomacy, communication, and negotiations.

Nixon adopted a détente policy to improve U.S.-Soviet relations, which had been strained since the end of World War II, in addition to improving relations with China after the communist revolution.

Nixon's visit to China in 1972 had a significant impact on U.S.-Soviet relations. It prompted the Soviet Union to seek greater engagement with the United States, as they were concerned about China's growing power in the region.

Nixon's visit also marked a shift in the U.S.'s foreign policy, as the U.S. had previously considered China an enemy due to its communist regime, but Nixon's visit demonstrated that the U.S. was willing to engage with China diplomatically.

The SALT I Treaty was signed in 1972 by President Nixon and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev. It aimed to limit the production of nuclear weapons and missiles by the United States and the Soviet Union. It was the first agreement to limit the production of nuclear weapons and missiles by both nations.

It also led to the creation of a hotline between the White House and the Kremlin to improve communication between the two nations.

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In the play, the nobles speak of the citizens of Rome in a variety of ways. There is a sense of overall respect for the citizens, as many of the nobles see them as the heart of the republic.

For example, the Prince of Verona speaks fondly of the "quick-witted citizens" of his city. Others, like Capulet, emphasize the citizens' role in maintaining law and order. He says, "The citizens of Verona are of proved quality, wise, sober, and discreet."

In this way, the nobles recognize the need for a responsive and intelligent citizenry in order for Rome to thrive  and survive. Moreover, they understand that the citizens are not only essential to keeping the republic safe, but also to sustaining the freedom it affords its citizens.

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The earliest immigrant group to arrive in large numbers and alter the scope of civil rights issues consisted of African slaves. Their presence shaped the course of civil rights struggles, highlighting the fight against slavery and the quest for equal rights.

An immigrant group refers to a collective of individuals who have voluntarily migrated from their country of origin to a new country or region with the intention of settling there.

These individuals are often driven by various factors, such as seeking better economic opportunities, escaping persecution or conflict, reuniting with family, or pursuing educational or professional goals.

Immigrant groups contribute to the cultural, social, and economic fabric of their host country, bringing diverse perspectives, traditions, and skills.

They may face challenges related to integration, cultural adjustment, and access to rights and opportunities in their new society.

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During World War II, Great Britain kept Spain from actively participating in the Fascist cause by threatening to enter the war on the side of the Allied powers if Spain entered the war on the side of the Axis powers.

Britain also used diplomatic pressure to persuade Spain to remain neutral in the war, while providing aid to the Spanish Republic. As a result, Spain remained officially neutral throughout the war, although it did provide some assistance to the Axis powers.

During the war, Spain was ruled by Francisco Franco, a fascist dictator who had come to power during the Spanish Civil War. Franco had close ties with Germany and Italy and was sympathetic to the fascist cause. However, he was also wary of entering another major conflict after the devastation of the Spanish Civil War, and he was also concerned about the possibility of a British invasion of Spain.

Britain's threat of entering the war on the side of the Allies was a major factor in Franco's decision to remain neutral. Additionally, Britain provided economic and military aid to the Spanish Republic, which helped to strengthen its position and prevented Spain from becoming a base for German and Italian operations in the Mediterranean.

Overall, Britain's strategy of using diplomatic pressure and aid to keep Spain neutral was successful in preventing Spain from actively participating in the Fascist cause in World War II.

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The final velocity of the electron can be determined using the given information of acceleration and distance.

To find the final velocity, we can use the kinematic equation:

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

Where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity (which is 0 in this case as the electron starts from rest), a is the acceleration, and s is the distance traveled.

Plugging in the values, we have:

v^2 = 0 + 2(45,000 m/s^2)(95 m)

v^2 = 2(45,000 m/s^2)(95 m)

v^2 = 8,550,000 m^2/s^2

Taking the square root of both sides, we get:

v = √8,550,000 m^2/s^2

v ≈ 2,927.7 m/s

Therefore, the final velocity of the electron is approximately 2,927.7 m/s.

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In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War. Option B.

The Insular Cases were a set of landmark US Supreme Court cases that were decided between 1901 and 1922. The cases addressed the constitutional status of US territories acquired in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War of 1898. During the Spanish-American War, the US gained control of Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.

The Insular Cases established that the Constitution did not necessarily extend to US territories acquired outside the contiguous states.

As a result, the people in the territories did not have the same rights and protections as US citizens. The cases set a precedent that US territories could be subject to a different set of rules than the rest of the country.

Hence, the correct answer is option B. Held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War.

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The second Bank of the United States was essentially the same as the institution Hamilton had founded in 1791, except that it had more power than its predecessor.

The Bank of the United States was a federal financial institution that operated from 1791 to 1811. Its original charter was authorized by the U.S. Congress on February 25, 1791. The Bank's purpose was to manage the federal government's finances, exchange rates, and money supply. It also offered credit to private banks and individuals.Hamilton founded the Bank of the United States.

The second Bank of the United States was essentially the same as the institution Hamilton had founded in 1791, except that it had more power than its predecessor. It was established in 1816 and lasted until 1836.

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