The usual diameter of tobacco smoke particles is between 150 and 250 nm however, due to the high concentration (1012 particles per cigarette) and hygroscopicity of the smoke droplets, this particle diameter may vary quickly by condensation and coagulation.
What is the name of cigarette smoke?Mainstream smoke is the smoke that a smoker inhales and subsequently exhales from their lungs (MS). The smoke that emanates straight from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe is referred to as sidestream smoke (SS).
Even a small amount of tobacco smoke in the air might be dangerous (1-4). At least 250 of the more than 7,000 compounds included in tobacco smoke, such as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia, are known to be toxic (1, 2, 5). At least 69 of the 250 known toxic compounds in tobacco smoke can result in cancer.
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another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.
Another term for bone tissue is osseous connective tissue.
in general , Osseous connective tissue, is also bone tissue which is connective tissue that makes skeletal system of the vertebrates. They are composed of cells, fibers and extracellular matrix that makes bone hard.
Bone tissue has various important functions, that includes giving support and protection to the body, they are also muscle attachment junction, and mediate mineral homeostasis. The cells of bone tissue also contains osteoblasts, that helps in production and secretion of organic matrix of bone, and osteoclasts helps to reabsorb bone tissue .
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Why scientists concluded that the instructions for species characteristics were carried in dna
Answer:
Explanation: Deoxyribonucleic acid is said to contain instructions for species characteristics because it carries the information that characterizes an individual.
DNA is made up of Nitrogenous bases that are unique codes specified by an individual and no two people have the same DNA.
Genes are genetic information or instruction that specify an individual. it is located in the chromosome in the nucleus. DNA contains a gene that helps to make molecules called proteins. It is the basis of all inheritance and the expression of the gene is what produces the phenotype that is visible.
Several lines of evidence from various fields of biology and genetics have led scientists to the conclusion that the instructions for species characteristics are carried in DNA.
To begin with, it has been discovered that the offspring of living organisms resemble their parents in many ways. This is true for traits like eye color, hair color, height, and many others. This observation implies that some kind of information or instructions must be passed down from generation to generation.
Second, research into inheritance patterns in plants and animals has revealed that certain traits are passed down in a predictable manner from generation to generation. This resulted in the development of Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance in the nineteenth century, which established that genetic traits are carried on discrete units known as genes.
Third, using advanced microscopic techniques, scientists discovered that the nucleus of a cell, which contains the genetic material, is made up of thread-like structures known as chromosomes. Further research revealed that chromosomes were made of a chemical substance known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
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which member of kingdom protista is the closest relative to the land plants? A) dinoflagellates B) diatoms amoeba spp. C) rhodophytes D) chlorophytes
The member of Kingdom Protista that is the closest relative to the land plants is:
D) Chlorophytes
Chlorophytes, also known as green algae, are thought to be the most closely related to land plants. This is due to the fact that they share many characteristics with terrestrial plants, such as the presence of chlorophyll a and b, the ability to perform photosynthesis, and the use of cellulose as a structural component of their cell walls.
In fact, some green algae species are so similar to land plants that they are referred to as "proto-plants" at times. It is thought that land plants evolved from a type of green algae, possibly via endosymbiosis, a process in which one organism is taken up by another and they evolve together to form a new organism.
While other Kingdom Protista members, such as dinoflagellates, diatoms, and rhodophytes, perform photosynthesis, they are not as closely related to land plants as chlorophytes.
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what peptides are expected to be produced when α-melanotropin (sertyrsermetgluhispheargtrpglylysproval) is cleaved by part a trypsin
The following peptides are anticipated to be generated when trypsin cleaves α-melanotropin:
Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg
Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val
Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys
Pro-Val
When trypsin cleaves α-melanotropin, it cuts peptide bonds after the basic amino acid residues arginine (Arg or R) and lysine (Lys or K), unless they are followed by proline (Pro or P).
Trypsin is projected to cleave the peptide at the following locations based on the sequence of -melanotropin (Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val):
Following the arginine residue at position 8 (Arg8), two peptides are formed:
Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg (1-8) (1-8)
Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val (9-13) (9-13)
Following the lysine residue at position 11 (Lys11), two peptides are formed:
Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys (1-11) (1-11)
Pro-Val (12-13) (12-13)
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what of the following is the most powerful form of microscopy? Choose the answer
a. dark-field b. electron c. fluorescence d. light e. phase contrast
Option c is Correct. Among all types of microscopy, fluorescence is the most effective. A multitude of uses have resulted from this characteristic.
Fluorescence is a property that some compounds have that allows them to emit visible light after absorbing radiation that is otherwise invisible, like ultraviolet light. A cryogenic electron microscope called Titan Krios, which allows samples to be examined at the atomic level, has just been introduced by the Institut Pasteur. Knowing more about the structure of living things will be feasible thanks to this cutting-edge instrument.
Typical electron microscopes, which were first developed in the 1930s, have a magnification range of up to 10,000,000x and can look closely at a variety of biological and inorganic objects, including metals, crystal formations, cells, and microbes. The ability to see details comes from electrons' shorter wavelength than visible light.
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what meninges will closest to the bone of the vertebrate?
The dura mater is the outer, strong, thick membrane layer that is located just below your skull and spinal column.
Which meningeal layer is located near to the bone?The cerebral dura mater, the topmost layer of the meninges, is formed of dense, asymmetric connective tissue. It has two layers, with the periosteal cranial dura serving as the outermost layer. The inner table of the cranial vault bones are covered, acting as the periosteal layer of the skull.
Which meninge is the one that is situated closest to the spinal cord?The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges, three-layered membranes. The thin inner layer is known as the pia mater. The middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure filled with fluid that protects the brain.
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what is one way that growing tourism directly affects the health of the marine life within the mediterranean ecosystem?
There is an increase in overfishing as a result of tourists' desire to try local cuisine, particularly seafood dishes in coastal locations.
What kind of landform is there in areas that may be vulnerable to earthquakes brought on by plate tectonic forces?Mountains created by plate collisions, faults and rifts, visibly folded rock strata (often seen where a fault's margins are exposed), and jagged fractures in exposed cliffs are all landforms that are frequently linked to earthquake zones.
Where does the most significant river system in Europe originate?It is possible to travel by water in the majority of Europe, either along the large beaches of the peninsulas and islands or along the numerous rivers. The Rhine and the Danube, two major rivers, separate Europe.
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How many chromosomes does a blackberry have?
Blackberry belongs to the subgenus Rubus, is tetraploid (2n=4x=28) and has a haploid number of 14.
A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins.
Sex chromosomes and autosomes are the two primary types of chromosomes found in many organisms with distinct sexes. All features are inherited under the direction of autosomes, with the exception of those that are sex-related and are governed by the sex chromosomes.
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In what year did camillo golgi find golgi bodies and what did he use and how did he use it? I need the answer quickly!!!!!!!!
Answer:
Camillo Golgi was an Italian scientist who discovered Golgi bodies in 1873. He used them as a landmark to describe cellular structure in the brain. They're composed of stacks of membranes, each one containing a set of proteins called Golgi apparatus proteins. This stack can extend from 1 to 10 micrometers thick
Answer: He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan fevers caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malaria respectively. In 1886, he discovered that malarial fever (paroxysm) was produced by the asexual stage in the human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle).
The three tunics of a blood vessel wall are the tunica intima, tunica ______, and tunica externa.
The three tunics of a blood vessel wall are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
What are blood vessels?The tubular organs that carry blood throughout the body are called blood vessels. They are an essential component of the circulatory system, which is in charge of supplying the body's tissues and organs with oxygen, nutrition, and hormones. Blood vessels can be divided into three categories: capillaries, veins, and arteries. Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart whereas arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues. The interchange of substances between the blood and the body's tissues, including nutrients, gases, and waste materials, is made possible by capillaries, which are tiny, thin-walled tubes that connect arteries and veins. The body has a vast network of blood arteries, and they are essential to preserving general health and well-being.
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What are chemicals secreted by glands that can impact emotions?
There are many chemicals that is secreted by glands namely dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and endorphins.
In general , the Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that work as primarily in the brain that works on mood and sleep. Low levels of serotonin can lead to depression and anxiety. Dopamine is also a neurotransmitter is also associated with pleasure and motivation. Low levels of dopamine is also associated with depression and other mood disorders.
Also , Oxytocin are also produced in the hypothalamus get released from pituitary gland. It works on social bonding and forms emotions like trust, love, and empathy. Endorphins gives body response to pain or stress. They also have positive impact on mood and can help to reduce anxiety and depression.
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damaged cells and worn out, old cells are ______ by new cells. damaged tissues are ______ by the production of new cells. a. repaired; replaced b. replaced; repaired
Damaged cells and worn out, old cells are replaced by new cells. damaged tissues are repaired by the production of new cells . Option b)
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of stress changes that a cell experiences as a result of both external and internal environmental changes. This can be caused by physical, chemical, infectious, biological, dietary, or immunological factors, among other things.
What occurs when cells are harmed?Toxic damage to cells can result in individual cell death, and if enough cells are destroyed, the result might be tissue or organ failure, ultimately leading to the organism's death. It is practically impossible to describe cellular toxicity and biochemical toxicity separately.
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what are muscles in the abdomen called
The muscles present in our abdomen are known as core muscles and include the following muscles: pyramidalis, external obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus, and transversus abdominis.
The abdominal muscles are basically the muscles which happen to form the abdominal walls. An abdominal wall is basically composed of skin, fascia, as well as muscle and happen to encase the abdominal cavity and also viscera. The abdominal muscles perform a number of important functions, which range from holding our organs in place to providing support to our body during movement.
There are basically five main muscles which are present in our abdomen and they are pyramidalis, external obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus, as well as the transversus abdominis.
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another class of antiviral drugs are called protease inhibitor. Explain how this type of drug would work.
The body's protease enzyme is crucial for HIV replication.Drugs called protease inhibitors stop the activity of protease enzymes.
How does a protease inhibitor function and what is it?Protease inhibitors are drugs that prevent the polyprotein from being broken down into functional proteins.Blocking or suppressing protease stops this crucial stage of viral replication because protease, a protein-based enzyme, usually splits the polyprotein to functional proteins.
What varieties of protease inhibitors are there?According to the method used at the active site of the proteases they block, protease inhibitors are further divided into five groups: metalloprotease inhibitors, serine, threonine, cysteine, and aspartyl inhibitors.Several protease types can be affected by some protease inhibitors.
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When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
1. During ER stress
2. During the synthesis of ATP
3. During severe hypoxic state
4. During the process of prohormone
It can be affected during ER stress (1) and severe hypoxic states (3).
What is ribosomal protein synthesis?Ribosomal protein synthesis is the process by which ribosomes, the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, synthesize their own constituent proteins using instructions encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
During ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) can be activated, which may lead to a decrease in global protein synthesis, including ribosomal protein synthesis. This is because the UPR is designed to reduce the load of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where ribosomes are located, in order to alleviate ER stress.
During severe hypoxic states, there may be a decrease in ribosomal protein synthesis due to reduced oxygen availability, which can impact the function of ribosomes and their ability to synthesize proteins.
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nonvascular plants are generally low to the ground because they __________.
a. Cannot transport nutrients
b. Unable to transfer water
c. Unable to produced spores
d. Cannot transport bryophyta
Nonvascular plants are generally low to the ground because they b. Unable to transfer water
Nonvascular plants, also known as bryophytes, are generally low to the Ground for several reasons, one of which is their inability to transfer water very far.
Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, lack a Specialized system for transporting water and nutrients throughout their Bodies. Instead, they rely on simple diffusion to move water and Nutrients from cell to cell.
This means that they need to stay close to the ground where they can Absorb water and nutrients directly from the soil or other moist surfaces.
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What is the major organs and structures of the integumentary system?
The major organ of the body that physically separates the internal environment it protects and maintains from the exterior environment is the integumentary system. The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, related glands, hair, and nails are all a part of the integumentary system.
The largest organ in the body is the skin. The integumentary system is made up of the skin and its byproducts, including the hair, nails, perspiration, and oil glands. Protection is one of the skin's primary roles. It shields the body from environmental dangers like temperature, toxins, and pathogens.
The hair, skin, nails, and exocrine organs are the integumentary system's organs (e.g. sudoriferous, sebaceous, ceruminous glands). In addition to other functions, these organs play a critical role in the protection of many bodily parts.
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the electron transport chain is considered an aerobic pathway, meaning it requires ____________.
The electron transport chain is considered an aerobic pathway, meaning it requires oxygen.
In general , Oxygen works as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, they also accept electrons at the end of the chain to form water.
Hence, during scarcity of oxygen the electron transport chain will not function properly. Also, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, the electron transport chain will only operate under aerobic conditions in presence of oxygen . On the other hand in absence of oxygen, the electron transport chain will not pass electrons to the final acceptor, leading to a buildup of electrons and a alter the ATP production.
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What are the parts of an arm?
There are three parts of the arm which are hand, the forearm as well as the upper arm.
The arms are basically the upper limbs of the body which are involves in performing a number of motor functions. They're one of the most frequently used parts of the body.
The upper arm happen to include the shoulder and also the area which is present between the shoulder as well as the elbow joint. The forearm can be defined as the area which is located between the elbow joint as well our wrist. The radius and the ulna are the two major bones present in our forearm. The hand basically consists of our wrist as well as our palm.
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Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to:
Answer:
Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to: Generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology and Evaluate trends in health and disease within a population.
Explanation:
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a white powdery solid called lye. It is toxic and highly corrosive but also used to make soap. Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, is also a white powdery solid. Sodium bicarbonate is also known as baking powder and has many uses around the home.
How many more oxygen atoms are represented in the formula for sodium bicarbonate than in the formula for sodium hydroxide?
Responses
A 11
B 22
C 33
D 44
Sodium hydroxide, sometimes known as NaOH, is an ionic substance. Sodium hydroxide has a molecular weight of 40 g/mol of sodium hydroxide's (NaOH) structure, properties, preparation, uses, health risks
Describe one health.
A sustainable balance and optimization of the health of the people, animals, and ecosystems are the goals of the comprehensive, unifying approach known as "One Health." It acknowledges the interdependence and intimate connections between the health of people, both domesticated and wild animals, plants, and the larger environment (including ecosystems).
What does human health entail?
Human health is the degree to which a person can continue to manage his or her surroundings on a physical, social, mental, and social level. There are a number of other definitions that could apply.
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WILL GIVE BRAINLY
the unconformity shown in the diagram was created by
Answer:
Lots...
Explanation:
It's caused by
Period of erosion, pause in sediment accumulation followed by the deposition of sediments anew.
phospholipids in the cell membrane could be separated experimentally according to their differences in: charge. mass. solubility. a. i only b. iii only c. i and ii only d. i, ii, and iii
phospholipids in the cell membrane could be separated experimentally according to their differences in: charge, mass
Why is there a difference only in charge and mass?Amphipathic molecules with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail make up phospholipids. They arrange themselves in a bilayer in the cell membrane, with their hydrophilic heads towards the aqueous environment and their hydrophobic tails facing one another. It is not possible to effectively separate phospholipids because of the small changes in charge and mass between them. Nevertheless, phospholipids can be separated using a method known as thin-layer chromatography in accordance with changes in their solubility (TLC). TLC divides molecules based on how differently they can interact with stationary and mobile phases. In TLC, distinct components in a mixture are interacted with using a stationary phase coated on a plate, and they are moved along the stationary phase using a mobile phase.
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the lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is ________.
The lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is high density lipoprotein.
What is lipoprotein ?
The blood carries lipoproteins, which are spherical particles consisting of lipids and proteins, to the cells all over your body. Two lipid types that can be present in lipoproteins are triglycerides and cholesterol. These lipoproteins are essential for the small intestine's ability to absorb and transport dietary lipids, as well as for the movement of lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues and from those tissues back to the liver and gut (reverse cholesterol transport).
What is tissues ?
A tissue is a group of related structurally constructed cells that function as a single entity. A nonliving material known as the intercellular matrix fills the spaces between the cells. It could be plentiful or rare depending on the tissue.
Therefore, lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is high density lipoprotein.
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what is normal oh of blood ?
The pH of a healthy person's body ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, with an average of 7.40, when no pathological conditions exist.
To precisely regulate the pH levels of blood and other fluids, your body is always at work. The acid-base or acid-alkaline balance is another name for the pH balance of the body. For optimal health, the appropriate pH values are required. The pH range of your blood is typically 7.35 to 7.45. In other words, blood is naturally somewhat basic or alkaline. If the pH of your blood falls below 7.35 and it becomes excessively acidic, you are in acidosis. Alkalosis occurs when your blood pH rises above 7.45 and becomes excessively alkaline. Lungs and kidneys are the two primary organs that assist in maintaining blood pH equilibrium.
Blood pH is typically related to health issues that cause your body to become excessively acidic or alkaline. A number of medical emergencies and conditions may show up as changes in your blood's normal pH.
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what is massachusetts state abbreviation
The Master of Arts (MA) and Master of Science (MS) degrees are both graduate degrees that expand on your bachelor's degree knowledge.
A master's degree, which can be either an MA or an MS, offers more in-depth learning than a bachelor's degree. The primary distinction between the two degrees is that the former concentrates on the arts and humanities, whereas the latter is more focused on scientific and technical fields. Massachusetts is a territory in the northeastern United States and one of the six New England states. Massachusetts is bounded to the north by Vermont and New Hampshire, to the south by Rhode Island and Connecticut, and to the west by New York.
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"The male urethra is part of the reproductive system and what other body system?
a. Urinary
b. patella
c. cranium
d. Myocardium
"
Answer: A.urinary
Explanation:
The sequential model for allosteric enzymes was proposed by:
A. Koshland
B. Pauling
C. Pasteur
D. Monod, Wyman and Changeux E. All of these
The sequential model for allosteric enzymes was proposed by: Koshland option A
According to this paradigm for allosteric control of enzymes, multimeric protein subunits have two conformational states. Ligand binding triggers conformational changes in the multimeric protein's other subunits.
Although the subunits undergo conformational changes individually (as contrast to the MWC model), the switch of one subunit increases the likelihood of the other subunits changing by lowering the energy required for following subunits to undertake the identical conformational shift.
The binding of a ligand to one subunit in elaboration modifies the structure of the protein, making it more thermodynamically favorable for the other subunits to flip conformation to the high affinity state.
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in addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide?
In addition to the base, the other components of a nucleotide include a Sugar molecule and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for the formation of nucleic acid polymers such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential Biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
Phosphate group that holds the nucleotide in Double helix (or single helix in the case of most RNA). In DNA, the sugar Group is deoxyribose while in RNA, the sugar group is ribose
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what is muscles on a cat?
The skeletal muscles of the cat are similar to those of many other species, including humans. Some of the most well-known skeletal muscles are the triceps, biceps, gluteal muscles, deltoids, and trapezius.
The cat has a highly evolved muscle system that allows for quick and nimble movements. A cat's muscular system allows it to seize prey and flee potential predators.
Muscles can be controlled either voluntarily or involuntarily. Thought may control voluntary muscles such as those found in the arms and legs. Involuntary muscles are those that are governed by the neurological system and cannot be moved on their own. The heart, diaphragm, and intestines are examples of involuntary muscles.
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