Option B, Due to their fewer, more dependent gametophytes, seed plants were able to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants that dominated at the end of the Carboniferous epoch.
During the alternation of the life cycle of the generation, all land plants reproduce. Both the haploid and the diploid phases of an organism are multicellular; in the order of the life cycle, the sporophyte, a multicellular diploid form, comes after the gametophyte.
In order to manufacture gametes, the gametophyte goes through mitosis (reproductive cells). In mosses, this stage of the plant's life cycle is the most obvious, but in vascular plants, it can occur in a tiny structure like a pollen particle.
A gametophyte is the fern that comes to mind when you think of Indiana Jones or a forest floor. The attractive leaves have fringes and are haploid, which means they only contain one pair of chromosomes. They undergo mitosis to create sex cells, just like other gametophyte plants.
The majority of bryophytes are in the gametophyte stage of development. The antheridia, archegonia, etc. of the gametophyte create the male and female gametes. The culmination of all these components is Gametangia.
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which arteries supply blood to the face, head and neck?
The main blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain and face are the carotid arteries.
Blood supply Whereas the left common carotid artery (LCCA) rises in the thorax from the arch of the aorta, the right common carotid artery (RCCA) derives from the brachiocephalic artery in the neck.Your brain receives its blood supply through the carotid arteries, which are significant blood channels. On either side of your neck, you have one carotid artery. Up to one-third of all strokes are brought on by carotid artery disease. A stroke happens when something prevents blood flow to your brain, injuring the brain.There are four carotid arteries, two of which are found on either side of the neck. This covers the right and left internal and external carotid arteries.Fir more information on carotid artery kindly visit to
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the walls of arteries and veins have three layers called ...
The three layers of the walls of arteries and veins are called tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
The tunica intima is the artery's or vein's innermost layer. It is made up of a thin layer of endothelial cells, which create a smooth surface that aids in blood flow. The middle layer, known as the tunica medium, contains smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres that enable the artery or vein to dilate and constrict in response to variations in blood pressure. The outermost layer, the tunica externa, is made up of connective tissue and collagen fibres that support and shield the artery or vein. These three layers work together to keep the blood vessels' shape and functionality intact.
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what layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue?
The layer called the tunica intima consists of a layer of endothelial cells lining the lumen of the vessel, as well as a subendothelial layer composed mostly of loose connective tissue.
What is Tunica intima?The tunica intima is defined as the innermost layer of a vein that consists of flat epithelial cells through which fluid flows smoothly and is surrounded by valves that ensure that the flow continues in one direction. This continuous layer of epithelial cells holds the cells and fluid within the lumen of the vessel.
The tunica intima consists of a layer of endothelial cells which lines the lumen of the vessel, as well as a subendothelial layer that is made up of mostly loose connective tissue.
Thus, tunica intima layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue.
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what strategies/behaviors could the american desert hares use to survive a period of unusually cold weather?
The following tactics/behaviors might be used by American desert hares to endure a period of exceptionally cold weather: In order to defend themselves from the cold and wind, desert hares might find refuge in rocky outcroppings.
At times of particularly cold weather, desert hares may alter their behaviour and become more active during the daytime when it is a little warmer. Normally, they are most active at night.
To preserve heat, desert hares will roll up into a ball and hide their noses behind their tails. Increased food consumption may be necessary for hares in colder climates to maintain body temperature. They might have to go food-foraging during the day or look for nutrient-rich meals.
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Proteins play several important roles in the body. What is NOT one of these?a. maintaining acid-base balanceb. serving as antibodiesc. providing an unlimited supply of energyd. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balancee. regulating gene expression
Maintaining acid-base balance is not a important role of proteins in the body.
What are the functions of proteins?Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Proteins have multiple functions, including: acting as enzymes and hormones, maintaining proper fluid and acid-base balance, providing nutrient transport, making antibodies, enabling wound healing and tissue regeneration.
Protein has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance.
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how is blood routed through the digestive system?
Blood is an essential component of the digestive system, as it provides the nutrients and oxygen necessary for the digestive organs to function properly. The digestive system receives blood from two main sources: the systemic circulation and the splanchnic circulation.
The systemic circulation includes the heart and the arteries and veins that supply blood to the body's organs and tissues, including the digestive system. The digestive organs receive blood from the celiac artery, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery, which are branches of the aorta. The veins that drain blood from the digestive system include the hepatic portal vein, which carries blood from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine to the liver, and the superior and inferior mesenteric veins, which drain blood from the large intestine.
The splanchnic circulation refers to the blood vessels that supply the digestive organs directly. These vessels include the gastric arteries that supply blood to the stomach, the pancreaticoduodenal arteries that supply blood to the pancreas and duodenum, and the splenic artery that supplies blood to the spleen. The splanchnic circulation also includes the hepatic artery, which supplies blood to the liver, and the portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver.
In summary, blood is routed through the digestive system via a complex network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that provide oxygen and nutrients to the digestive organs and carry away waste products. The hepatic portal vein plays a crucial role in the digestive system by transporting nutrients from the small intestine to the liver, where they are processed and distributed to the rest of the body.
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Which type of breath sounds should a nurse anticipate on auscultation of the right lower lobe in a client with right lower lobe pneumonia?
a) Diminished
b) Vesicular
c) Bronchial
d) Bronchovesicular
The correct option is C ; Bronchial , The major bronchi are typically covered by bronchial sounds. Your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen to your lungs.
When you breathe in, your lungs may generate crackling, bubbling, or rumbling noises if you have pneumonia. A person may make "tubular sounds," sometimes known as bronchial sounds, when breathing.
The intensity and pitch of bronchial sounds are in the midrange and are loud and unpleasant. The lower lobes take up the entire posterior chest below the level of the third intercostal gaps. As a result, the nurse can hear lower lobe lung sounds using a stethoscope best in the posterior chest.
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scientists hypothesize that photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed by other, larger cells and eventually evolved to become the organelles we now call
Scientists hypothesize that photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed by other, larger cells and eventually evolved to become the organelles we now call chloroplasts. This hypothesis is known as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of chloroplasts.
According to this theory, around 1.5 billion years ago, a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, but instead of digesting it, the two cells entered into a mutually beneficial relationship. The photosynthetic prokaryote provided the eukaryotic cell with a source of energy in the form of sugars produced through photosynthesis, while the eukaryotic cell provided the prokaryote with protection and a supply of nutrients.
Over time, the two cells became more integrated, with the photosynthetic prokaryote evolving into a specialized organelle within the eukaryotic cell that we now call a chloroplast. This integration was facilitated by the transfer of genes from the prokaryote to the eukaryotic host, a process known as endosymbiotic gene transfer.
The endosymbiotic theory is supported by several lines of evidence, including similarities in the structure and function of chloroplasts and modern-day photosynthetic bacteria, as well as the presence of chloroplasts in some protists and plants that are closely related to photosynthetic bacteria.
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How many muscles of mastication are there?
There are four muscles of mastication which happen to emerge from the skull.
The muscles of mastication are basically defined as a group of muscles which perform the function of performing the chewing movement of the mandible present at the temporomandibular or the TMJ joint. They also happen to enhance the process of eating, assist in the grinding of food, and also are helpful for the approximation of the teeth.
The 4 main muscles of mastication basically happen to originate from the surface of the skull present in out body and then they attach to the rami of the mandible which is present at the TMJ. The movements that are performed by these muscles are elevation, protrusion, depression, retraction, as well as the side to side movement.
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what is the definition of biosphere in biology
The regions of Earth with life comprise the biosphere. The biosphere stretches from the deepest tree roots to the shadowy depths of ocean trenches, to lush rainforests and lofty mountaintops. Earth is modeled after spheres by scientists.
The regions of Earth with life comprise the biosphere. The biosphere stretches from the deepest tree roots to the shadowy depths of ocean trenches, to lush rainforests and lofty mountaintops.
Earth is modeled after spheres by scientists. The lithosphere is the layer of the Earth's solid surface. Over the lithosphere is a layer of air known as the atmosphere. The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth, including the water in the air, on the ground, and in the oceans.
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please create face muscles labelled and write it ?
Facial muscles play a critical role in creating facial expressions and performing various functions such as closing the eyelids, raising the corners of the mouth, compressing the cheek, puckering the lips, and so on.
The major facial muscles include the orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major, buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, depressor anguli oris, and frontalis.
The orbicularis oculi surrounds the eye and closes the eyelids, the zygomaticus major raises the corners of the mouth for smiling, the buccinator compresses the cheek against the teeth and lips, the orbicularis oris puckers and closes the lips, the levator labii superioris raises the upper lip and the corner of the mouth, the depressor anguli oris lowers the corner of the mouth, and the frontalis raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead.
Understanding the functions and locations of these facial muscles is essential in accurately describing facial expressions and diagnosing any facial muscle-related issues.
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What does AKC mean dog breeds?
The AKC stands for The American Kennel Club. It is a registry organization tasked with tracing the origins of canines of various breeds.
In the US, purebred dog pedigrees are kept on file by the American Kennel Club (AKC). The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, a yearly competition that predates the official founding of the AKC, the National Dog Show, and the AKC National Championship are just a few of the purebred dog events that are promoted and sanctioned by this kennel club in addition to maintaining its pedigree registry. The AKC collaborates with the Federation Sinologue International as a non-member. By 2022, 200 dog breeds will be recognized by the AKC.
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What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?
The oculomotor nerve functions to help to adjust as well as to coordinate eye position when there is movement movement.
Oculomotor nerve which is also called the third cranial nerve or represented as CN III, is basically a cranial nerve which is found to enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure. This nerve happens to contain certain fibers which enable pupillary constriction as well as the accommodation.
This nerve basically controls muscles which turn our eyeballs up, down, as well as medially. It also controls the lens, the iris, as well as the upper eyelid. It also helps in coordinating the position of the eye when there is movement.
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You have probably seen movies depicting the world after natural disasters have changed the climate, or reduced the availability of food, water, or even space to live. Work with a partner to brainstorm what could happen in one of these situations. Then write a short movie script describing what might happen in your community if these resources became very limited.
Answer: Soil erosion, Global Warming caused by the rise of greenhouse gases- Extinction of species and loss of biodiversity, Flooding, and drought could happen if disasters have changed the climate, or reduced the availability of food, water, or even space to live.
Explanation: Hope this helped
With rising worldwide surface temperatures, there is a greater chance of more droughts and stronger storms. As more water vapour evaporates into the atmosphere, it serves as fuel for the development of more intense cyclones.
What are the effects of climate change and natural catastrophes on our ecosystem and people?Climate change is indeed having an effect on health in a variety of ways, including the increased frequency of severe weather events such as heatwaves, cyclones, and floods, the disruption of food systems, rises in zoonoses and food-, water-, and vector-borne illnesses, and mental health problems.
Why is climate change a potential disaster?Climate change will thus affect disaster risks in two ways: first, by increasing the likelihood of weather and climate hazards, as well as the effects of sea-level rise; and second, by increasing the vulnerability of communities to natural hazards as a result of ecosystem degradation, water and food shortages.
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Sort the following organisms based on their predicted sensitivities to vancomycin. Mycoplasma Viruses MRSA E. Coli Clostridium difficile Fungi
The organisms sensitive to vancomycin are: MRSA and Clostridium difficile. While the organisms resistant to vancomycin are: fungi, viruses, E. coli and Mycoplasma.
Vancomycin is an antibiotic which is chemically a tricyclic glycopeptide. The antibiotic originated from the organism Streptococcus orientalis. It is used to treat the infections caused by Gram positive bacteria. It is usually administered intravenously.
MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is referred to as a superbug because it causes some difficult to treat infections in the humans. This difficulty in treatment arises due to its property of being resistant to various antibiotics. The microorganism can spread through contact.
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According to the operon model, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, the A) end-product must not be in excess. B) substrate must bind to the enzyme. C) substrate must bind to the repressor. D) repressor must bind to the operator. E) repressor must not be synthesized.
According to the operon model, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur: D) repressor must bind to the operator.
In an inducible operon, the repressor protein binds to the operator Region, which is located near the promoter of the operon, preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and initiating Transcription. The inducer molecule, which is usually the substrate of the Enzyme encoded by the operon, binds to the repressor, causing a Conformational change that prevents the repressor from binding to the operator.
This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and initiate Transcription of the genes encoding the enzyme.
Therefore, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, the Repressor must first be bound to the operator, and then the inducer must Bind to the repressor, causing it to release from the operator and Allowing transcription to occur.
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why employees for residential roofing companies often complain about their knees after a long day of shingling, and dart throwers often complain about their elbows after a tournament?
Employees of the residential roofing firms have osteoarthritis, according to the condition described in the question.
A employee is what?A individual who is hired by some other person or company to complete a task is called an employee. Employers are paid for their job by business owners in order to expand and sustain their enterprise. Workers often have a documented or implied employment agreement with entity they work for as well as a specific pay rate.
What does an employee do?Employees are those who carry out specific tasks for a business in exchange for regular compensation. Workers and employers often agree on a salary and benefits packages, such as vacation time and overtime pay.
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Complete the photosynthesis reaction by placing the compounds and energy sources into the reaction as reactants or products. one molecule will not be placed.
Photosynthesis Reactants and Photosynthesis Products:
carbon dioxide, simple sugars, water, light energy, oxygen
Sunshine splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. 2) Chlorophyll's absorption of light energy. Carbon dioxide is converted to sugars in step three.
What are the primary steps in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which is turned into energy.
Does photosynthesis have three steps?The three phases that make up photosynthesis are as follows: The taking up of sunlight Chlorophyll in the pigment absorbs sunlight. Water splitting. light energy to chemical energy, and water splitting into two hydrogen and oxygen by light energy.
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rigor mortis definition
Rigor mortis is defines as the situation on which the body becomes difficult to bend or move after death.
Rigor mortis is considered as the postmortem change that results in stiffening of the body muscles because of the chemical changes that occurs in myofibrils. Rigor mortis is known as the third stage that leads to muscles hardness and stiffness, that often occurs as the shortage of adenosine triphosphate or ATP in muscle .
Also, rigor mortis can be categorized into four important stages these are autolysis, bloat, active decay, and skeletonization. Stages are also considered as the self-digestion that occurs after death.
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which of the following processes consumes carbon A. decomposition B. Combustion C. weathering D. Photosynthesis (HELP FOR MY MID TERMS)
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
Of the given processes, the process that consumes carbon is D. Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere and used to build the glucose molecule, which is stored in the plant or used as energy. This means that photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and fixes it in the form of organic molecules in the plant.
In contrast, the other processes listed either release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere or do not involve carbon at all:
A. Decomposition - the process of breaking down organic matter into simpler components. Decomposition can release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a byproduct.
B. Combustion - the process of burning a substance, usually for energy. Combustion releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a byproduct.
C. Weathering - the process of breaking down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces. Weathering does not directly involve carbon.
Biological membranes contain bilayers containing mostly ______.a) triglyceridesb) cholesterolc) phospholipidsd) oils
Biological membranes contain bilayers containing mostly phospholipids.
Define phospholipids?Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are important components of biological membranes. They are made up of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol molecule, a phosphate group, and a polar head group. The two fatty acid chains are hydrophobic, while the polar head group is hydrophilic, meaning that it interacts with water.
This dual nature of the phospholipid molecule allows it to form a bilayer in aqueous environments, with the hydrophobic fatty acid chains oriented towards the interior and the polar head groups oriented towards the exterior of the bilayer. This bilayer structure forms the basis of cell membranes in living organisms.
Biological membranes contain bilayers containing mostly phospholipids.
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What two things can happen when a neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?
Two things that can happen when neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron are :-
1) fire an action potential
2) ion concentration changes across the membrane by opening or closing of channels causing depolarisation.
A postsynaptic neuron "decides" whether to fire an action potential by adding together, or integrating, all of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs it receives. The integration of postsynaptic potentials that occur in separate locations—but at about the same time—is known as spatial summation.
The presynaptic portion of many synapses is positioned on an axon, whereas the postsynaptic portion is located on a dendrite or soma.
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The postsynaptic cell becomes either more or less likely to fire an action potential.
If the postsynaptic cell is excited enough, it will continue passing the message to other cells. (sample response edge2020)
What is agranulocyte large round nucleus?
Lymphocytes is agranulocyte large round nucleus
Which cell type is an agranulocyte?
White blood cells known as agranulocytes lack recognizable granules in their cytosol. Large solitary nuclei make up the majority of lymphocytes' cells. They play a significant role in the immune system of the organism. The biggest type of white blood cell is called a monocyte.
The nucleus typically has an irregular form, ranging from oval to bean, and pale staining, finely granular chromatin. The cytoplasm is typically more granular than that of the lymphocyte, has a slight basophilic tint, and may seem vacuolated. Lymphocytes come in a variety of sizes. They have a spherical shape and a massive center that occupies the majority of the cytoplasm. No particles exist in the cytoplasm. 20–40% of all leukocytes are lymphocytes.
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“CRISPR” (pronounced “crisper”) stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. These repeats can be used to locate specific areas of genetic code so changes can be made. The technology can be used for editing genes of different types of organisms. Why is this possible?
CRISPR technology is possible because of the unique nature of the CRISPR-Cas system found in bacteria and archaea.
What is genetic?Genetics refers to the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It involves the study of how traits are passed down from one generation to the next, and how they are expressed in individuals. Genes are the units of heredity that are responsible for determining an individual's physical and biological characteristics. They are made up of DNA, the molecule that carries the genetic information in living organisms. Genetic information can be used to study evolutionary relationships between organisms, and to develop treatments and cures for genetic diseases.
Here,
This system uses RNA molecules to target specific sequences of DNA and can cut the DNA at those locations. Scientists have been able to harness this system to create a tool that can be used to make precise edits to the DNA of various organisms. The CRISPR-Cas system works by creating a specific RNA molecule that can recognize a target DNA sequence. The RNA molecule is then paired with an enzyme that can cut the DNA at that location.
By changing the RNA sequence, scientists can change the target location of the enzyme, allowing for precise editing of the DNA. This technology has many potential applications in research, medicine, and biotechnology.
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What is the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA is AAT GCT TAG GCA. So, option A is correct.
DNA contains the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These four nitrogenous bases make up DNA, and their arrangement along the DNA molecule includes the genetic information that defines an organism's features and characteristics. The order of these nitrogenous bases is known as the DNA sequence, also known as the genetic code. Codons are groups of three bases that are read to determine the amino acids that go into making proteins. The basis for genetic variation between individuals is the specific nitrogenous base sequence that each person's DNA has.
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What is the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
A) AAT GCT TAG GCA
B) AAT GCT GCA TAG
C) AAT GCA GCT TAG
D) AAT TAG GCA GCT
which reaction is not a reduction–oxidation reaction?
Answer:
Explanation:
The reaction that does not involve reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions is:
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
This is a decomposition reaction in which water (H2O) is broken down into its component elements, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). This reaction does not involve the transfer of electrons, which is a key characteristic of redox reactions.
Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in the oxidation of one species and the reduction of another. In these reactions, one reactant loses electrons (undergoes oxidation) while another reactant gains electrons (undergoes reduction).
Examples of redox reactions include the combustion of fuels, such as the burning of wood or coal, and the reactions that occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
How does gas exchange occur in plants?
Answer:
Diffusion via stomata
Explanation:
Gaseous exchange happens through it
Gaseous exchange takes place by stomata-mediated diffusion.
Stomata, or small pores, are part of leaves. Gaseous exchange takes place by stomata-mediated diffusion. Every stomata is regulated by guard cells. When the stoma between the inferior of the leaves and the atmosphere is closed and opened, gases are exchanged.
Green plants need an oxygen source and a way to get rid of carbon dioxide in order to continue photosynthesis. Plant cells require oxygen to continue respiration as well as a way to get rid of carbon dioxide (just as animal cells do). With a few unavoidable exceptions!, plants do not have organs specifically designed for gas exchange like animals do. They can survive without them for a number of reasons, including:
The needs for gas exchange are taken care of by each component of the plant. Although plants have sophisticated liquid transport systems, they are not involved in the transfer of gases.Respiration rates in roots, stems, and leaves are substantially lower than those found in animals. Large amounts of gases are only transferred during photosynthesis, and each leaf is well-adapted to meet its individual needs.Even in a large plant, the distance over which gases must disperse is not very significant. The plant's live cells are all found close to the surface. That is clear for leaves, but it also holds true for stems. Only living cells can be found in the stem, and they are arranged in thin layers immediately below the bark.To know more about Gas Exchange in Plants
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The main trait that animals have in common with plants and fungi is that they are all multicellular eukaryotes. Which of these traits distinguishes animals from plants and fungi?
Explanation:
Animals are typically motile main trait that animals have in common with plants and fungi is that they are all multicellular eukaryotes. Which of these traits distinguishes animals from plants and fungi?
Answer in full
Animals are typically motile, whereas plants and fungi are not.
Which of these examples best exhibits one of Darwin's inferences? A. Trees occupying the same area fight for physical space that allows sun access B. Over generations being taller was favorable, and so human height has increased in human poputations C. Dog breeds have different skull and snout sizes D. Ant queens produce 1000 s of offspring most of which die
Statement D best explains one of Darwin's inferences. This statement explains Darwin's second inference based on the survival nature of the species.
There are two main inferences put forward by Darwin based on his observation. The first is that hereditary features cause population members to differ from one another. The species can have more offspring, but many of them do not survive or reproduce.
In the given situation, statement D is the correct inference. Because here, about 1000 offspring are produced by the ant queen but only a few survived. Most of the offspring died because of their inability to adapt to a particular environment.
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What is the swim bladder structure of fish?
An outpocketing of the digestive tube gave rise to the swim bladder, which is housed inside the body cavity.
It serves as a hydrostatic organ, or ballast, allowing the fish to maintain its depth without rising or falling, and it carries gas (often oxygen). The fish's buoyancy comes from its swim bladder or air bladder. Only bony fish have it in their bodies. The bony fish uses this organ, which is filled with gas, to manage its buoyancy in the water and prevent sinking. Essentially, it is a tough capillary network covering a sac-like structure. A layer of connective tissue known as the tunica externa lies beneath the capillary system. The tunica interna, which is below this layer and predominantly made up of epithelial gas glands and smooth muscle fibers, is situated. The swim-bladder in fishes can be broadly classified into two groups based on whether or not there is a duct (ductus pneumaticus) between the swim-bladder and the oesophagus.
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