An ethical standard based on natural harmony maintains that: A. the universe has an ethical order operating in it, which should be followed B. The Law of God tells us what to do C. its a matter of survival of the fittest -- so survive! D. compassion should be our chief virtue

C) Chunking.

The example illustrates the use of chunking to expand working memory capacity.

Chunking is a cognitive strategy where individual pieces of information are grouped together into larger units or "chunks" that can be processed as a single entity.

organizing information into meaningful chunks, individuals can remember and process more information within the limited capacity of working memory.

In the given scenario, Joe is able to remember the meaning of acronyms like PET, MRI, fMRI, PET, and ERP. Although he struggles to encode the spelling of each word, he can recall the meaning of each letter. This suggests that Joe has grouped the letters into meaningful chunks based on their familiar acronyms. By chunking the letters together, Joe is able to overcome the limitations of his working memory capacity and remember the meaning associated with each acronym.

Chunking is a useful strategy for expanding working memory capacity and enhancing information processing. It allows individuals to efficiently encode, store, and retrieve information by organizing it into manageable and meaningful chunks. By grouping related information together, individuals can effectively utilize their working memory resources and improve their cognitive performance.

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The term that describes behavior based on traditions, concerns for other people, and shared values is "collectivism." Collectivism is a socio-cultural orientation that emphasizes the interdependence of individuals within a group or society.

It places a strong emphasis on social harmony, cooperation, and the well-being of the collective rather than individual pursuits.

In collectivist societies, people tend to prioritize the needs and goals of the group over personal desires and interests.

They adhere to established social norms, customs, and traditions that have been passed down through generations. These traditions often shape their behavior and decision-making processes.

Furthermore, collectivist cultures value interpersonal relationships and maintaining social harmony. Concern for the well-being and opinions of others is crucial, as it fosters cooperation and collaboration.

Mutual respect, loyalty, and interdependence are central tenets of collectivist societies.

Collectivism stands in contrast to individualism, which emphasizes personal autonomy, self-reliance, and the pursuit of individual goals and desires.

While no society is entirely collectivist or individualist, various cultures exhibit different degrees of collectivism, influencing their social dynamics, values, and behaviors.

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This is an example of shaping. In this scenario, Ava's parents are using shaping to encourage her to put her books in the bookcase.

Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning where desired behaviors are reinforced in a step-by-step manner until the target behavior is achieved.

Initially, Ava is praised for putting the books together in one pile. This reinforces the behavior of gathering the books in one place. Then, she receives praise for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase, which encourages her to move the books closer to the desired location.

When she successfully places the books on top of the bookcase, she is praised again, reinforcing the behavior of getting the books closer to the final goal. Finally, when Ava puts her books in the bookcase, she receives praise, which reinforces the target behavior of putting the books in the designated place.

By using shaping, Ava's parents break down the task into manageable steps and provide positive reinforcement at each stage, gradually guiding Ava towards the desired behavior of putting her books in the bookcase. This technique helps to shape and reinforce behaviors through positive reinforcement and can be an effective way to teach new skills or habits.

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The blind spot of psychodynamics that might be at play here is gender bias.

Psychodynamics is a psychological perspective that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts influencing behavior. In this scenario, Kiki's therapist's attribution of her workplace struggles solely to personal issues demonstrates a blind spot regarding the broader systemic dynamics at play. Gender bias can lead to overlooking or downplaying the impact of gender-related challenges, such as workplace discrimination or a hostile environment, that disproportionately affect women in male-dominated industries.

By attributing Kiki's difficulties solely to personal factors, the therapist may fail to recognize and address the underlying gender dynamics, potentially hindering Kiki's progress and well-being. It is essential for therapists to be aware of their own biases and understand the systemic factors that can contribute to their clients' experiences, particularly in relation to gender.

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In a flipped classroom, students are introduced to lesson content at home. The correct option is a.

In a flipped classroom, the material for the lessons is introduced to the students at home. The traditional method of giving lectures in the classroom is "flipped," where students have access to learning resources outside of class, typically through online platforms such as recorded lectures or reading materials. As a result, students are able to independently and at their own pace become familiar with the lesson's material.

The concepts learned at home are then reinforced and applied during interactive activities, discussions and problem solving exercises that take place in the classroom. Since students have already been exposed to the material in advance the flipped classroom model aims to encourage active learning, collaboration and deeper engagement with the subject matter. This enables more engaging and application based learning opportunities in the classroom.

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Helping to sustain prejudice, the ultimate attribution error is the tendency of in-group members to attribute the successes of out-group members to external factors and their failures to internal personal factors.

The ultimate attribution error is a cognitive bias that occurs when individuals explain the behavior or outcomes of individuals from different groups in a way that reinforces stereotypes and maintains prejudice.

This bias leads to an unfair and distorted perception of out-group members, attributing their accomplishments to luck or situational factors while blaming their failures on inherent flaws or personal shortcomings. The ultimate attribution error perpetuates biases and contributes to the perpetuation of prejudice and discrimination.

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The described situation where children adopt attitudes endorsed by their parents is an example of Operant Conditioning.

The described situation where children adopt attitudes endorsed by their parents is an example of Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning, a theory proposed by B.F. Skinner, is a learning process in which behaviors are altered through the use of reinforcements or punishments. When parents reinforce attitudes they approve, children are more likely to adopt those attitudes. This conditioning encourages the repetition of the 'approved' behavior, and over time, this becomes a learned response or attitude.

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The passage of the law in the Texas legislature represents the legislative stage of the policymaking process.

The passage of the law by the Texas legislature, which requires a specific action to solve a problem, occurs at the stage of the policymaking process known as "legislation." Legislation is the stage where laws are proposed, debated, and ultimately passed by the legislative body, such as a state legislature or national parliament.

In the policymaking process, the legislative stage follows the agenda setting and policy formulation stages. During agenda setting, issues are identified and brought to the attention of policymakers as potential problems requiring action. Policy formulation involves the development of proposed solutions or policy options to address the identified issues.

Once a policy proposal reaches the legislative stage, it undergoes a series of steps, including committee review, debates, amendments, and voting. In the case of the Texas law mentioned, the legislature determined that a specific action was necessary to address a problem and subsequently passed a law mandating that action. This legislative process involves the deliberation and decision-making by elected representatives to enact policies into law.

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The independent variable in an experiment is the variable that is manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome. Option a. is correct answer.

The independent variable is what the experimenter controls to determine its effects on the dependent variable.

The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that is measured and is the hypothesized effect of a particular manipulation. It is important to distinguish between these two variables in an experiment to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Generally, the researcher manipulates the independent variable to assess the changes or variations in the dependent variable. The independent variable can be anything, from the amount of light given to the plants, the frequency of soundwaves in an experiment, the dosage of medication given to a patient, or anything that can be manipulated to measure the effect of the treatment or manipulation.

The dependent variable, on the other hand, measures the effect of the manipulation or treatment, and the researcher determines the changes that occurred in the dependent variable as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.

Thus, the independent variable is a critical aspect of experimental design as it is the foundation upon which the dependent variable is measured.

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Lucie's preferences can be represented by the consumption of candy (c), fruit (f), and the dislike for consuming plastic packaging (p). Lucie has rational preferences over bundles of these goods. The specific quantities of each good she has do not affect her preferences.

Lucie's preferences are independent of the quantities of candy, fruit, and plastic packaging she possesses. Her preferences are based solely on the goods themselves. She enjoys consuming candy and fruit, as they provide satisfaction and enjoyment. However, Lucie dislikes consuming plastic packaging due to its negative effects on her well-being and the environment. Regardless of the quantities she has, Lucie's preferences for these goods remain constant. The focus is on the type of goods and their inherent qualities rather than the quantities involved.

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US legal system, which assumes that the best way to discover the truth in a legal claim is through the presentation of opposing cases to a neutral finder of fact, is rooted in the fairness, due process, adversarial system.

This approach ensures that both sides have an opportunity to present their strongest arguments, evidence, and witnesses in a court of law.

By subjecting the claims to rigorous scrutiny and allowing a neutral finder of fact, typically a judge or jury, to make an impartial decision based on the presented evidence, the legal system seeks to uphold the principles of justice, protect individual rights, and achieve a fair resolution to disputes.

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A. Opera B. Overture C. Cantata D. Oratorio

Opera is a genre that involves vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra, and incorporates acting, scenery, and costumes. It combines music, theater, and storytelling to create a complete dramatic experience. Overture refers to a short instrumental introduction to a larger musical work, such as an opera or an oratorio. It serves as a prelude or opening piece that sets the mood and introduces themes that will be developed throughout the composition. Cantata is a vocal composition that typically includes vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra. It often incorporates hymns and chorales and can cover a variety of topics, including religious and secular themes. Oratorio is a genre that features vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra, and is set to a narrative text of a religious nature. It is similar to an opera in terms of musical structure and grandeur but is typically performed without acting, scenery, or costumes. Oratorios often depict biblical stories or religious themes in a concert setting.

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The housing provider is responsible for paying for the accommodations of handicapped persons in common areas of a building. Option A is the correct answer.

As a housing provider, you have an obligation to your renters. Despite linguistic variations, the acceptable state of the property is frequently stated in lease contracts as "safe and habitable". Option A is the correct answer.

More precisely, the housing provider is required to give renters a hygienic rental that complies with safety requirements, is free of mold, water or gas leaks, and other dangerous items. When they signed the lease, they had expectations of you in addition to the fact that you expected them to pay the rent every month. Another issue that worries tenants is safety. You have an obligation to give your tenants a safe environment to live as a housing provider.

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The complete question is, "Who is responsible for paying for the accommodations of handicapped persons in common areas of a building?

A. The housing provider

B. The building owner

C. The owner or tenant of the unit themselves

D. All residents"

In the Solomon Asch conformity study, participants were told that they were taking part in a study on visual perception and judgment. The cover story was that they would be participating in a "vision test" or a "perceptual judgment task." This cover story was designed to hide the true nature of the study, which focused on social conformity and the participants' willingness to conform to a group's incorrect judgment.

In reality, the study involved a group of confederates (actors) and a single participant. The participants were shown a series of lines and were asked to match the length of a standard line with one of three comparison lines. However, the actual purpose of the study was to examine how participants would react when the confederates deliberately provided incorrect answers.

During the experiment, the confederates would all give the same incorrect answer, while the real participant would typically be seated last or second-to-last in the row. The researchers were interested in whether the participant would conform to the group's incorrect judgment or maintain their own independent judgment.

The study aimed to explore the extent to which individuals would conform to social pressure and give incorrect answers, even when their own judgment clearly indicated otherwise. The results of the study revealed significant levels of conformity, with a substantial number of participants conforming to the incorrect judgments of the group.

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Creativity is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems. The right answer is c.

The capacity to develop, create, or uncover fresh concepts, ideas, or possibilities. People who are very creative frequently have a deep understanding of a subject, devote years to it, consider creative solutions, consult other experts for guidance, and take chances.

Although creativity is sometimes connected to the arts, it is also a crucial aspect of intellect that motivates people across many fields to make new discoveries. Every aspect of life may benefit from creativity, from how you decorate your home to a novel theory on how a cell functions.

The correct answer is option c.

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The question seems incomplete. The complete question is:

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems is called:

spontaneity.

congruency •

creativity

elasticity .

One of the most useful distinctions drawn by these researchers is between active role and avoidance strategies.

The advantages of evasion incorporate diminished pressure, saved time or decreased chances, while with convenience, reestablished amicability, decrease of misfortune and improved connections are the likely gains.

Then again, the expenses of aversion incorporate hatred, possible postponements and diminished correspondence. The best short-term strategy for avoiding conflict and the best long-term strategy for avoiding suffering is avoidance.

As we seek after our qualities, impediments will definitely emerge that might cause us to feel awkward.

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The Federal Communications Commission regulates broadcast media. They regulate broadcast media in the US. The correct answer is D. Federal Communications Commission.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing and regulating broadcast media in the United States.

The FCC is an independent agency of the U.S. government and is tasked with regulating various aspects of the communication industry, including television, radio, wire, satellite, and cable.

The FCC's responsibilities include issuing licenses to broadcasters, setting technical standards, enforcing regulations related to the content, ensuring fair competition, and protecting the public interest.

The FCC has the authority to enforce rules on issues such as obscenity, indecency, political advertising, equal time provisions, and ownership restrictions.

The Department of Commerce (a) focuses on promoting economic growth and supporting businesses. Voice of America (b) is a U.S. government-funded international broadcaster.

The Public Broadcast System (d) is a non-profit public broadcaster in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (e) is a law enforcement agency responsible for investigating federal crimes. Thus, option D is correct.

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In this example, the late fees represent a negative consequence or a punishment for Don and Melissa's behavior of forgetting to pay their bills on time.

The late fees serve as a financial penalty imposed by the service providers for the delay in payment beyond the due date.

By experiencing the negative consequences of incurring late fees, Don and Melissa have been motivated to change their behavior. They now dedicate more time to doing their banking, ensuring that they pay their bills on time to avoid these fees. The late fees act as a deterrent, prompting them to be more responsible with their bill payments and to prioritize meeting deadlines.

In behavioral terms, the late fees can be seen as a form of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement refers to the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus (in this case, the late fees) in response to a desired behavior (paying bills on time). The avoidance of late fees becomes a motivating factor for Don and Melissa to modify their behavior and improve their financial management.

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The ambiguous nature of the probable cause doctrine increases the risk of Section 1983 lawsuits in the area of law enforcement and police practices.

Section 1983 of the United States Code allows individuals to file lawsuits against state or local government officials, including law enforcement officers, for violations of their constitutional rights. The probable cause doctrine is a legal standard used to determine whether a law enforcement officer had sufficient justification to conduct a search, make an arrest, or take other actions that may infringe upon an individual's rights.

The probable cause doctrine's ambiguity refers to the lack of clear and universally agreed-upon criteria for establishing probable cause in specific situations. This ambiguity increases the risk of Section 1983 lawsuits in the area of law enforcement and police practices because it allows for different interpretations and potential disputes over whether an officer had valid grounds for their actions.

When the probable cause doctrine is unclear or subject to varying interpretations, it creates a higher risk of law enforcement officers making errors in judgment or acting outside the bounds of the Constitution. This can lead to situations where individuals' constitutional rights are violated, prompting them to file Section 1983 lawsuits to seek redress for the harm caused. The ambiguous nature of the probable cause doctrine can result in legal challenges, increased litigation, and potential liability for law enforcement agencies and officers in cases involving alleged violations of individuals' rights.

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In the House of Representatives, virtually all the time allotted by the Rules Committee for debate on a given bill is controlled by the majority party.

The majority party, which holds the most seats in the House, has the authority to set the rules and parameters for the legislative process, including the allocation of debate time.

The Rules Committee, typically composed of members from the majority party, determines the time limits for discussions and amendments on a bill before it reaches the House floor.

This control over debate time allows the majority party to manage the legislative agenda, prioritize certain bills, and shape the outcome of the legislative process.

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The name of the discipline that uses colors to treat individuals suffering from certain disorders is chromotherapy.

Chromotherapy, also known as color therapy, is an alternative therapeutic method that uses different colors of light to treat various illnesses and improve overall health. Chromotherapy is based on the principle that different colors have different wavelengths, and those wavelengths can affect the body and mind in different ways.

There are seven colors in chromotherapy, each with its own unique benefits. They are:

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The framers of the Constitution avoided the ratification dilemma created by the Articles of Confederation by drafting a new document that created a stronger federal government. The Constitution was drafted to address the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation.

The Articles of Confederation created a weak national government that could not adequately address the needs of the newly formed nation. The Constitution, on the other hand, created a stronger federal government that had the power to tax, regulate commerce, and provide for the common defense.

The framers of the Constitution also ensured that the new document would be ratified by requiring the approval of nine of the thirteen states. This ensured that the Constitution would not be imposed on the states without their consent.

In conclusion, the framers of the Constitution avoided the ratification dilemma created by the Articles of Confederation by creating a new document that addressed the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation and created a stronger federal government.

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David McClelland, a Harvard psychologist, stressed that individuals vary in their need for achievement.

According to his theory, human motivation is based on three essential needs, namely achievement, power, and affiliation. These needs are affected by an individual's social background and cultural background, which means that people's behavior can be explained based on their particular cultural background.

Achievement need refers to the desire to succeed and to be challenged. People with a high need for achievement are motivated by a sense of accomplishment, and they like to set challenging goals for themselves. They are persistent in their efforts to attain their objectives, and they derive a sense of satisfaction from their successes. On the other hand, people with a low need for achievement tend to be motivated by fear of failure. They avoid taking risks, and they may not set high goals for themselves, which limits their potential for success.

In conclusion, David McClelland's theory suggests that human motivation is influenced by the three fundamental needs of achievement, power, and affiliation.

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Institutions of higher learning and most government organizations are examples of Rule-based organizations, option C.

Rule-based organizations are entities where guidelines, procedures, and regulations that define the practices and protocols employees must adhere to are established and implemented. A rule-based culture may provide consistency, fairness, and predictability to a company, and it can be suitable for organizations where legal or ethical compliance is critical or regulatory issues play an important role. Decentralized organizations refer to organizations that disperse decision-making power to individuals or teams that work in different departments, locations, or geographic areas.

Flat organizations, on the other hand, have a more democratic and inclusive management style that allows employees to have a more significant role in the decision-making process. Organic cultures refer to organizations that are adaptable and flexible, which allows them to adapt and respond to changes in the business environment and market conditions. Lastly, goal-based cultures are focused on achieving specific objectives, which can help a company align its resources, employees, and operations toward a common objective.

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The reigns of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great exemplify Lord Acton's maxim that power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Both rulers demonstrated the negative effects of unchecked authority and the potential for abuse when individuals possess absolute power.

Lord Acton's famous quote emphasizes the corrupting influence of power, especially when it is absolute. The reigns of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great provide historical examples that align with this maxim. Ivan the Terrible, who ruled as the first Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584, is often remembered for his tyrannical and brutal actions. He centralized power, suppressed dissent, and initiated a reign of terror, including the infamous Oprichnina, a state-sponsored terror organization. Ivan's unchecked authority allowed him to carry out ruthless actions without sufficient checks and balances, leading to widespread suffering and loss of life.

Peter the Great, who reigned as Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725, is celebrated for his modernization efforts and transforming Russia into a major European power. However, his pursuit of absolute authority led to a centralized autocracy that undermined individual liberties. Peter implemented reforms through forceful measures, including harsh punishments and the suppression of opposition. While his reforms had long-term benefits for Russia, they also demonstrated the negative consequences of unchecked power.

In both cases, the rulers' possession of significant authority and influence led to a corruption of their character and actions. Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great exemplify how even great men can become bad when their power goes unchecked and absolute authority corrupts their judgment and moral compass.

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Strategic plans determine the specific short-term actions to be taken, internally and externally, by whom and when.

Internally, assign responsibilities to individuals or teams based on their expertise and resources.  Externally, collaborate with relevant stakeholders, such as partners or consultants, to leverage their expertise.

Establish timelines and deadlines for each action to ensure progress. Regular communication and monitoring will help track progress and address any challenges.  Remember, the actions, responsible parties, and timelines will depend on the specific context and goals of the situation.

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From the following, it should not be included "Drawing a system map helps the researcher understand how the system operates the way it does, not why the system behaves the way it does."

A system map displays the elements and boundaries of a system as well as the elements of the surrounding environment at a certain time. Although a system map is just a list of components, some individuals find it simpler to understand when it is presented graphically.

Interconnections, interactions, causal links, and size should all be taken into consideration while outlining a system.

Therefore, the correct option is "D".

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Learned skills that are well-practiced habits, such as playing the piano, walking, and dancing, are controlled by the cerebellum.

The cerebellum is a part of the brain located at the back and bottom of the skull. It is primarily responsible for coordinating and regulating motor movements, balance, posture, and muscle tone.

The cerebellum receives sensory information from various parts of the body, such as the muscles, joints, and inner ear, and integrates this information to fine-tune motor control. Through practice and repetition, the cerebellum learns and automates complex movements, transforming them into efficient and coordinated actions.

While other brain regions, such as the motor cortex, also play a role in motor control, the cerebellum's involvement is particularly crucial for the precise timing, sequencing, and coordination of movements involved in learned skills that become habitual.

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The theory is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). It states that a large discrepancy between the speaker's idea and the audience's opinion reduces the likelihood of persuasion.

The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) is a theory of persuasion that explains how individuals process and respond to persuasive messages. According to the ELM, there are two routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route.

The central route involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the message content, focusing on logical arguments and evidence. The peripheral route, on the other hand, relies on superficial cues such as the speaker's attractiveness or credibility.

The ELM suggests that the degree of discrepancy between the message and the audience's existing beliefs or opinions plays a crucial role in determining which route individuals will take and the likelihood of persuasion.

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False.

Ticket-splitting, or the proportion of citizens who voted for presidential and House candidates of opposite parties, has not decreased since the 1980s.

Ticket-splitting, or the practice of voting for candidates from different parties in the same election, has not decreased since the 1980s. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that ticket-splitting has remained relatively stable or even increased in some cases.

While party loyalty has generally become stronger over time, there are still significant numbers of voters who choose to vote for presidential and House candidates of opposite parties. This can be attributed to a variety of factors, including individual preferences, candidate appeal, and local dynamics.

Therefore, it is incorrect to claim that ticket-splitting has decreased since the 1980s.

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