In the infinite period game between a principal and an agent, if both players adopt a trigger strategy in which they play T, except if the outcome in any previous period involved at least one player not playing T, the minimum discount factor (δ) required for (T, T) to be the outcome in every period of the game is 1/2.
In this game, the trigger strategy implies that both players will continue playing T as long as the previous outcomes have not deviated from both players choosing T. If at any point, one player chooses NT, the other player will also choose NT in subsequent periods.
To find the minimum δ required for (T, T) to be the outcome in every period, we need to determine the condition under which players would deviate from playing T. The highest payoff for both players occurs when they both choose T, resulting in a payoff of 5.
If one player deviates from playing T, the payoff decreases to 3 for both players. Therefore, the condition for players to deviate from playing T is when the payoff of 3 is greater than the discounted value of the future payoffs from playing T.
Mathematically, we can represent this condition as:
3 > δ × 5
Simplifying the equation, we find:
3/5 > δ
Therefore, the minimum δ required for players to continue playing T in every period is 3/5. Since 3/5 is equivalent to 0.6, the minimum δ required is greater than 0.5.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) 1/2, which is the minimum discount factor required for (T, T) to be the outcome in every period of the game.
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Item 1 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Coldest surface on average, either solid or the top of the atmosphere. (1):
Uranus
Saturn
Neptune
Venus
Earth
Mercury
Jupiter
Mars
Item at position 2
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Hottest surface (1):
Venus
Neptune
Mercury
Earth
Uranus
Jupiter
Mars
Saturn
Item at position 3
3. Item 3 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Largest radius (1):
Mercury
Saturn
Mars
Venus
Uranus
Earth
Neptune
Jupiter
Item at position 4
4. Item 4 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Smallest radius (1):
Mars
Neptune
Earth
Uranus
Venus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mercury
Item at position 5
5. Item 5 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Rotates fastest (shortest rotational period) (1):
Neptune
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Uranus
Jupiter
Earth
Saturn
Item at position 6. Item 6 is unpinned. Click to pin.
No known moons. (2)
Venus
Uranus
Neptune
Jupiter
Mercury
Saturn
Earth
Mars
Item at position 7
7. Item 7 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Lowest density (1):
Earth
Jupiter
Mercury
Saturn
Neptune
Uranus
Mars
Venus
Item at position 8
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Highest density (1):
Uranus
Earth
Jupiter
Mercury
Neptune
Saturn
Mars
Venus
Item at position 9
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Has over ten known moons (4):
Mars
Uranus
Jupiter
Venus
Saturn
Mercury
Neptune
Earth
Item at position 10
10. Item 10 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Rotates the slowest (fastest rotation period) (1):
Venus
Uranus
Neptune
Mars
Mercury
Jupiter
Saturn
Earth
Item at position 11
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Has an almost 24 hour day (2):
Mars
Saturn
Neptune
Uranus
Jupiter
Earth
Mercury
Venus
Item at position 12
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Has mostly hydrogen in its atmosphere (4):
Neptune
Mars
Venus
Jupiter
Saturn
Earth
Uranus
Mercury
Item at position 13
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Most like the Earth in mass and size (not including Earth) (1):
Uranus
Earth
Jupiter
Saturn
Mercury
Mars
Venus
Neptune
Item at position 14
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Has mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) in its atmosphere (2):
Uranus
Saturn
Earth
Neptune
Mercury
Venus
Jupiter
Mars
Item at position 15
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Has the Great Red Spot (1):
Mars
Venus
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mercury
Neptune
Earth
Item at position 16
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Has a known ring system (4):
Mercury
Neptune
Earth
Jupiter
Mars
Uranus
Saturn
Venus
Item at position 17. Item 17 is unpinned. Click to pin.
Its axis points parallel (not perpendicular) to the solar system plane (1):
Earth
Neptune
Saturn
Venus
Mercury
Jupiter
Mars
Uranus
Item at position 18
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Is primarily a gaseous planet (4):
Venus
Mars
Earth
Neptune
Mercury
Saturn
Uranus
Jupiter
Item at position 19
19
1 point
Item 19 is unpinned. Click to pin. Has a moon with an atmosphere. (3)
Venus
Jupiter
Earth
Uranus
Neptune
Mars
Mercury
Saturn
Item at position 20
20
1 point
Item 20 is unpinned. Click to pin.Has a magnetic field from movement of metallic hydrogen in its core (2):
Mars
Saturn
Uranus
Jupiter
Venus
Neptune
Earth
Mercury
The coldest surface on average, whether solid or in the atmosphere, is Uranus. Uranus is located farthest from the Sun among the listed options, which results in extremely low temperatures. The hottest surface among the options is Venus. Venus experiences a runaway greenhouse effect, trapping heat in its atmosphere and causing temperatures to soar.
Saturn has the largest radius among the listed options. Its size and massive rings make it one of the most visually striking planets in our solar system.
Mercury has the smallest radius among the options. Despite being the closest planet to the Sun, its small size allows it to have a relatively low gravitational pull.
Jupiter rotates the fastest, with a rotational period of about 10 hours. Its rapid rotation contributes to its distinctive equatorial bulge.
Neptune has no known moons. This sets it apart from the other options, as all the other planets listed have moons.
Mercury has the lowest density among the listed options. Its composition, primarily consisting of metal, contributes to its low density.
Earth has the highest density among the options. Its dense core and layers of rock and water contribute to its overall density.
Jupiter has over ten known moons, making it stand out from the other options.
Venus rotates the slowest among the listed options, with a rotation period longer than its orbit around the Sun.
Earth has an almost 24-hour day, which is the closest approximation to a full day among the listed options.
Jupiter has a mostly hydrogen atmosphere, specifically composed of hydrogen and helium.
Neptune is most similar to Earth in terms of mass and size among the options.
Venus has a mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere. The thick layer of carbon dioxide contributes to its extreme greenhouse effect.
Jupiter has the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that has been raging for centuries.
Saturn has a known ring system, composed of ice particles and rock.
Uranus has its axis tilted almost parallel to the solar system plane, making it unique among the options.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are primarily gaseous planets, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Earth has a moon with an atmosphere, which sets it apart from the other options.
Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have magnetic fields generated by the movement of metallic hydrogen in their cores.
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The Retained Earnings account balance was $121,200 on December 31 of the prior year. Required: 1a. Prepare the income statement for the current year ended December 31 . 1b. Prepare the statement of retained earnings for the current year ended December 31 1c. Prepare the classified balance sheet at December 31 of the current year. 2. Prepare the necessary closing entries at December 31 of the current year. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Prepare the income statement for the current year ended December 31 . Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Prepare the statement of retained eamings for the current year ended December 31 . Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Prepare the classified balance sheet at December 31 of the currant was Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Prepare the necessary closing entries at December 31 of the current year. Journal entry worksheet Record the entry to close the revenue account(s). Note: Enter debits before credits.
1a. The income assertion shows a net loss of $21,580.
1b. The declaration of retained profits suggests a balance of $95,120.
1c. The labeled balance sheet presents general assets of $162,400 and total liabilities and equity of $192,780 and $98,320, respectively.
2. The ultimate entries involve moving revenue and price accounts to the Income Summary account and adjusting the Retained Earnings account for the internet loss and dividends declared.
Based on the supplied adjusted trial stability, here are the solutions to the questions:
1a. Income Statement for the modern-day 12 months ended December 31:
Services sales: $61,500
Rent revenue: $3,200
Interest sales: $9,000
Total revenue: $73,700
Expenses:
Depreciation fee-Building: $11,600
Depreciation price-Equipment: $5,400
Wages price: $42,200
Interest rate: $3,200
Insurance fee: $9,000
Rent price: $11,880
Supplies rate: $7,500
Property taxes rate: $4,500
Total charges: $95,280
Net earnings: Revenue - Expenses
$73,6700 - $95,280 = (-$21,580)
1b. Statement of Retained Earnings for the current year ended December 31:
Retained earnings at the beginning: $124,200
Net loss: (-$21,580)
Dividends: $7,500
Retained earnings at the stop: $124,200 - $21,580 - $7,500 = $95,120
1c. Classified Balance Sheet at December 31 of the present day yr:
Assets:
Cash: $15,500
Supplies: $2,000
Prepaid coverage: $3,100
Equipment: $2,400
Less: Accumulated depreciation-Equipment: $1,200
Building: $16,900
Less: Accumulated depreciation-Building: $61,500
Land: $124,200
Total belongings: $162,400
Liabilities:
Accounts payable: $10,200
Interest payable: $99,000
Rent payable: $17,500
Wages payable: $4,500
Property taxes payable: $11,880
Unearned revenue: $7,500
Long-term notes payable: $42,200
Total liabilities: $192,780
Equity:
Common inventory: $3,200
Retained profits: $95,120
Total fairness: $98,320
Total liabilities and equity: $162,400
2. Closing Entries on December 31 of the present day year:
Debit all revenue debts (Services revenue, Rent revenue, Interest sales) and credit scores in the Income Summary account.
Debit the Income Summary account and credit score all cost money owed.
Debit the Income Summary account and credit score the Retained Earnings account for the net loss.
Debit the Retained Earnings account and credit score the Dividends account for the dividends declared.
Please observe that the above calculations are primarily based solely on the furnished data and might not mirror the whole and accurate financial photograph of the company. It is advisable to talk over with an accountant or financial professional for a specific and comprehensive monetary analysis.
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The correct question is:
" 1a. Prepare the income statement for the current year ended December 31
1b. Prepare the statement of retained earnings for the current year ended December 31
1c. prepare the classified balance sheet on December 31 of the current year
2. prepare the necessary closing entries at December 31 of the current year
Which of the following is NOT on the list of selection criteria of comps when we apply the sales comparison approach?
Group of answer choices
a. Selected comps must be active listings on the market
b.Selected comps should minimize the transaction and property adjustments
c. Selected comps must be recent sales on the market
d. Selected comps must be at arm’s length
The correct answer is b. Selected comps should minimize the transaction and property adjustments.
This criterion is not typically included in the selection criteria of comps when applying the sales comparison approach.
When using the sales comparison approach in real estate valuation, the selection criteria for comps generally include:
a. comps must be active listings on the market: This criterion ensures that the properties being compared are currently available for sale, providing a more accurate reflection of market conditions.
c. Selected comps must be recent sales on the market: This criterion focuses on using sales data from a relatively recent time period to capture the most up-to-date market conditions and trends.
d. Selected comps must be at arm's length: This criterion ensures that the sales transactions between buyers and sellers were conducted without any undue influence or special relationships, resulting in fair and market-driven prices.
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Suppose that Dr.Strangelove's theory is that the price of mushrooms is determined by the activity of subatomic particles that exist in another universe that is parallel to ours.When the subatomic particles are emitted in profusion,the price of mushrooms is high.When subatomic particle emissions are low,the price of mushrooms is also low.How would you go about testing Dr. Strangelove's theory? Dis-cuss whether this theory is useful. 4. Briefly explain whether each of the following is primarily a microeconomic issue or a macroeconomic issue. a. The effect of higher cigarette taxes on the quantity of cigarettes sold b.The effect of higher income taxes on the total amount of consumer spending c.The reasons the economies of East Asian countries grow faster than the economies of sub-Saharan African countries d. The reasons for low rates of profit in the airline industry
Testing Dr. Strangelove's theory would involve gathering data on mushroom prices and subatomic particle emissions. However, the theory lacks scientific evidence and may not be practical. Additionally, the listed issues are categorized as microeconomic or macroeconomic based on the scale and focus of the analysis.
To test Dr. Strangelove's theory, you could design an experiment. First, gather data on the price of mushrooms over a period of time. Then, collect data on the emissions of subatomic particles in the parallel universe. Analyze the data to see if there is a correlation between the two variables. If there is a consistent pattern where high emissions coincide with high mushroom prices and low emissions coincide with low prices, it could support Dr. Strangelove's theory.
However, it's important to note that correlation does not imply causation. Other factors, such as supply and demand or seasonal variations, could also influence mushroom prices. To establish a causal relationship, you would need to conduct controlled experiments manipulating the emissions of subatomic particles while keeping other variables constant.
As for the usefulness of Dr. Strangelove's theory, it is highly speculative and lacks scientific evidence. The theory is based on a parallel universe and subatomic particles that exist beyond our current understanding. Without solid empirical support, it may not be practical or reliable for predicting and explaining real-world phenomena.
Moving on to the second part of the question:
a. The effect of higher cigarette taxes on the quantity of cigarettes sold - This is primarily a microeconomic issue because it focuses on the behavior of individual consumers and producers in a specific market (the cigarette market).
b. The effect of higher income taxes on the total amount of consumer spending - This is primarily a macroeconomic issue as it looks at the overall impact of income taxes on the aggregate level of consumer spending in an economy.
c. The reasons the economies of East Asian countries grow faster than the economies of sub-Saharan African countries - This is primarily a macroeconomic issue as it examines the broader economic factors and policies that contribute to differential growth rates between two regions.
d. The reasons for low rates of profit in the airline industry - This is primarily a microeconomic issue as it pertains to the specific industry dynamics and market structure affecting profitability for individual firms in the airline industry.
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The following is an abstract taken from an article published in
The Economist dated 27th August 2020, entitled "Phycological scars
of downturns could depress growth for decades." Questions are to be
The article discusses long-lasting psychological scars from economic downturns, impacting productivity and decision-making.
The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological effects of economic downturns and their potential long-term consequences.
During periods of economic turmoil, individuals often face job losses, financial distress, and heightened levels of stress and anxiety.
These experiences can leave lasting psychological scars, leading to reduced confidence, risk aversion, and reluctance to invest or take on entrepreneurial ventures.
Such psychological factors can have profound implications for economic growth.
The psychological scars from downturns can create a cycle of low productivity and limited economic expansion. Individuals who have experienced economic hardships may be less willing to take risks, pursue education and training opportunities, or invest in innovation.
This dampened entrepreneurial spirit and decreased investment can hinder productivity gains and limit economic growth potential.
Understanding the psychological impact of downturns is crucial for policymakers and economists in formulating strategies to promote recovery and sustained growth.
Initiatives that focus on rebuilding confidence, providing support systems, and fostering an environment conducive to risk-taking and innovation can help mitigate the long-term effects of psychological scars and stimulate economic growth.
In conclusion, recognizing and addressing the psychological scars left by economic downturns is essential for promoting resilience and ensuring long-term economic prosperity.
By acknowledging the impact of psychological well-being on productivity and decision-making, policymakers can develop effective measures to mitigate the negative effects of downturns and facilitate a robust and sustainable recovery.
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Now Bob knows that he will have $1,516,156 in his inheritance fund, when he will reach age sixty-five. He would like to know how much he could withdraw from the fund in equal installments at the end of each year from the year he reaches age 65 until he reaches age 70½, the year he must start withdrawing funds from his individual retirement account (IRA). Bob assumes the funds will continue to earn at a 7.75 percent annual rate. In other words, Bob would like to know the annual year-end payment from a six-year annuity (from age 65 to the year he will be 70½), earning 7.75 percent annually on a principal sum of $1,516,156.
Round the answer to two decimal places.
William North has just inherited $925,000 which he would like to use as part of his retirement nest egg. William would like to know just how much $925,000 will be worth in 13 years, when he will reach age sixty, in case he decides to retire early, assuming the funds can be invested for the entire period at a 10.00 percent annual rate.
Round the answer to two decimal places.
Calculating this expression will give us the future value of $925,000 for William's retirement nest egg after 13 years.
To calculate the annual year-end payment from a six-year annuity for Bob, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = PMT * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present value (principal sum) = $1,516,156
PMT = Annual year-end payment
r = Annual interest rate = 7.75% = 0.0775
n = Number of periods = 6 years
Substituting the values into the formula:
$1,516,156 = PMT * [(1 - (1 + 0.0775)^(-6)) / 0.0775]
To find PMT, we can rearrange the formula:
PMT = PV / [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
PMT = $1,516,156 / [(1 - (1 + 0.0775)^(-6)) / 0.0775]
Calculating this expression will give us the annual year-end payment for Bob.
For William's case, to calculate the future value of $925,000 in 13 years at a 10.00% annual rate, we can use the formula for the future value of a lump sum:
FV = PV * (1 + r)^n
Where:
FV = Future value
PV = Present value = $925,000
r = Annual interest rate = 10.00% = 0.10
n = Number of periods = 13 years
Substituting the values into the formula:
FV = $925,000 * (1 + 0.10)^13
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Find the first three nonzero terms of the Maclaurin expansion of the given function. f(x)=
1+x
1
1+x+x
2
+… 1−x+x
2
−… 1−x+x
3
−… −x+x
2
−x
3
+… Solve the differential equation 8
′
∗2×y=17x y=
5
17
⋅ces
2
y=
2
17
∗cesx
2
6=17+ce
x
2
y=
2
17
∗2x∗ce
−∗
2
The first three nonzero terms of the Maclaurin expansion of the function f(x) = 1+x are 1, x, and 0.
To find the first three nonzero terms of the Maclaurin expansion of the function f(x) = 1+x, we can use the formula for the Maclaurin series:
f(x) = f(0) + f'(0)x + (f''(0)x^2)/2! + (f'''(0)x^3)/3! + ...
First, let's find the derivatives of f(x):
f'(x) = 1
f''(x) = 0
f'''(x) = 0
Now, let's evaluate the derivatives at x = 0:
f(0) = 1
f'(0) = 1
f''(0) = 0
Plugging these values into the Maclaurin series formula, we have:
f(x) = 1 + 1*x + 0*x^2/2! + 0*x^3/3! + ...
Simplifying, we get:
f(x) = 1 + x
Therefore, the first three nonzero terms of the Maclaurin expansion of the function f(x) = 1+x are 1, x, and 0.
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Module III Corporate Finance
3. (a) Explain the term "Financial Statements".
(b) What is the Purpose of Financial by Business Entities?
(c) Discuss the following Types of Financial Statements.
Government Financial Statements
Financial Statements for Non-for-Profit Organizations
Personal Financial Statements
According to the question Module III Finance, Financial statements are formal records(ans), The purpose of financial statements for business entities(ans), Government financial statements are prepared(ans).
(a) Financial Statements:
Financial statements are formal records that present the financial performance and position of a business entity or individual. They provide a summary of the organization's financial transactions, including revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and equity, during a specific period. Financial statements are prepared following generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or other relevant accounting standards.
The main types of financial statements are the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of retained earnings. These statements provide valuable information for stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, management, and regulators, to assess the financial health and performance of the entity.
(b) Purpose of Financial Statements by Business Entities:
The purpose of financial statements for business entities is to provide relevant and reliable financial information to various stakeholders. These stakeholders include shareholders, potential investors, lenders, suppliers, employees, and regulatory authorities. The financial statements help stakeholders evaluate the entity's financial position, profitability, cash flow, and overall performance.
The financial statements enable stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding investments, credit extension, supply contracts, employment, and other transactions with the entity. Additionally, financial statements facilitate transparency and accountability, allowing stakeholders to assess the entity's compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and accounting standards.
(c) Types of Financial Statements:
1. Government Financial Statements:
Government financial statements are prepared by governmental entities, such as federal, state, and local governments. They provide information about the government's financial activities, including revenues, expenditures, assets, liabilities, and fund balances. These statements help assess the government's financial performance, budgetary control, and compliance with legal requirements.
2. Financial Statements for Non-profit Organizations:
Non-profit organizations prepare financial statements to report their financial activities and disclose information to donors, grantors, and regulatory bodies. These statements include the statement of financial position (similar to a balance sheet), statement of activities (similar to an income statement), and statement of cash flows. The focus of non-profit financial statements is on demonstrating the entity's stewardship of resources and the fulfillment of its mission, rather than profitability.
3. Personal Financial Statements:
Personal financial statements provide a summary of an individual's financial position and performance. These statements typically include an individual's assets, liabilities, net worth, income, and expenses. Personal financial statements help individuals track their financial health, plan for their future, apply for loans, and assess their ability to meet financial goals. They are useful for budgeting, tax planning, and overall financial management.
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Volume and Direction of International Trade This exercise gives you the chance to examine the volume of international trade, the nations that import and export the most goods and services, and the importance of major trading partners. The volume of international trade, the largest trading nations, the direction of trade, and the relevance of major trading partners will be concepts reviewed. Reread the sections in your book entitled, "International Trade," "Direction of Trade," and "Major Trading Partners: Their Relevance for Managers" before attempting to complete this exercise. Read the case below and answer the questions that follow. Melissa Sanchez (a disguised name) is an undergraduate business student at a university in the United States. She is trying to decide what she wants to do for a career after she earns her degree. A friend suggested that international trade was a large and growing area of business activity, and that there were some excellent career opportunities as a result. Melissa was intrigued by this idea, but she did not know very much about what international trade entailed, such as what the volume of international trade was, whether it was growing or shrinking or by how much, or which countries are the most active in exporting or importing goods and services. Since Melissa wanted to be based in the United States, she also wondered which countries might be the most important trade partners for the United States. Which statement reflects how evenly trade has grown? Multiple Choice The proportion of merchandise exports coming from North America, Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East has decreased since 1983. The European Union's proportion of world trade has been holding steady for the last decade. The proportion of merchandise from Asla has tripled since 1980. China is now the second largest exporter in the world.
The statement that reflects how trade has grown evenly is:- The European Union's proportion of world trade has been holding steady for the last decade.
The statement "The European Union's proportion of world trade has been holding steady for the last decade" means that the share of global trade accounted for by the European Union (EU) has remained relatively constant over the past ten years. Despite various changes and developments in the global economy during this period, the EU's contribution to international trade has not significantly increased or decreased.
This indicates that the EU's trade performance has been relatively stable, maintaining its position as a significant player in global trade. It suggests that the EU's trade volume and share have not experienced significant shifts compared to other regions or countries. This stability could be attributed to factors such as the EU's strong economic integration, the presence of established trade agreements, and its position as a major market and exporter.
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Manipulating CAPM Use the basic equation for the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to work each of the following problems. a. Find the required return for an asset with a beta of 1.55 when the risk-free rate and market return are 8% and 12%, respectively. b. Find the risk-free rate for a firm with a required return of 14.609% and a beta of 1.21 when the market return is 13%. c. Find the market return for an asset with a required return of 15.220% and a beta of 1.46 when the risk-free rate is 7%. d. Find the beta for an asset with a required return of 11.146% when the risk-free rate and market return are 8% and 10.6%, respectively. a. The required return for an asset with a beta of 1.55 when the risk-free rate and market return are 8% and 12%, respectively, is \%. (Round to two decimal places.) b. The risk-free rate for a firm with a required return of 14.609% and a beta of 1.21 when the market return is 13% is \%. (Round to two decimal places.) c. The market return for an asset with a required return of 15.220% and a beta of 1.46 when the risk-free rate is 7% is \%. (Round to two decimal places.) d. The beta for an asset with a required return of 11.146% when the risk-free rate and market return are 8% and 10.6%, respectively, is (Round to two decimal places.)
The beta for the asset is approximately 1.21. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a financial model used to determine the expected return on an investment based on its systematic risk.
a. To find the required return for an asset with a beta of 1.55, we can use the CAPM formula:
Required Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Given:
Beta = 1.55
Risk-Free Rate = 8%
Market Return = 12%
Substituting the values into the formula:
Required Return = 8% + 1.55 * (12% - 8%)
Required Return = 8% + 1.55 * 4%
Required Return = 8% + 6.2%
Required Return = 14.2%
Therefore, the required return for the asset is 14.2%
Substituting the values into the formula:
Market Return = (15.220% - 7%) / 1.46 + 7%
Market Return = 8.220% / 1.46 + 7%
Market Return = 5.63% + 7%
Market Return = 12.63%
Therefore, the market return for the asset is 12.63%.
d. To find the beta for an asset with a required return of 11.146%, we rearrange the CAPM formula:
Beta = (Required Return - Risk-Free Rate) / (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Given:
Required Return = 11.146%
Risk-Free Rate = 8%
Market Return = 10.6%
Substituting the values into the formula:
Beta = (11.146% - 8%) / (10.6% - 8%)
Beta = 3.146% / 2.6%
Beta = 1.2115
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you sell tickets to a group of 122 people. 100 of these people willingness to pay is $1, 20 people willingness to pay is $5, and 2 people willingness to pay is $100. which is the optimal price for profit maximization?
In microeconomics, the optimal price for profit maximization refers to the price that a producer determines to make the highest amount of profit. The optimal price is the one at which the marginal cost of producing a good equals the marginal revenue, which gives maximum profit.
To calculate the optimal price for profit maximization in this case where you sell tickets to a group of 122 people; 100 of these people willingness to pay is $1, 20 people willingness to pay is $5, and 2 people willingness to pay is $100, the first step is to calculate the total willingness to pay of all buyers in the group.
Total willingness to pay is calculated by multiplying the number of buyers in each group by their respective willingness to pay and then summing the products. In this case:$1 buyers: 100 x $1 = $100$, 5 buyers: 20 x $5 = $100$100 buyers: 2 x $100 = $200.
Total willingness to pay = $100 + $100 + $200 = $400The next step is to determine the optimal price for profit maximization. To do this, you need to compare the total willingness to pay to the total cost of providing the tickets. If the total cost is less than the total willingness to pay, then it is profitable to sell the tickets. The total cost is unknown in this case, but it is safe to assume that it is less than $400 since the buyers are willing to pay a total of $400 for the tickets.
Therefore, it is profitable to sell the tickets.The optimal price for profit maximization is the highest price that buyers are willing to pay for the tickets. In this case, the highest price that buyers are willing to pay is $100. Therefore, the optimal price for profit maximization is $100.
This is because the two buyers who are willing to pay $100 have a total willingness to pay of $200, which is the highest total willingness to pay among all the groups. By charging $100 per ticket, the seller can capture this high willingness to pay and maximize profit.
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Sunland Company has the following information available for accruals for the year ended December 31,2022 . The company adjusts its accounts annually. 1. The December utility bill for $664 was unrecorded on December 31. Sunland paid the bill on January 11. 2. Sunland is open 7 days a week and employees are paid a total of $5,320 every Monday for a 7-day (Monday-Sunday) workweek. December 31 is a Thursday, so employees will have worked 4 days (Monday, December 28-Thursday, December 31) that they have not been paid for by year-end. Employees will be paid next on January 4. 3. Sunland signed a $68,400,5% bank loan on November 1,2021 , due in 2 years. Interest is payable on the first day of each following month (For example, interest incurred during November is paid on December 1.). 4. Sunland receives a fee from Pizza Shop next door for all pizzas sold to customers using Sunland's facility. The amount owed for December is $456, which Pizza Shop will pay on January 4. (Hint: Use the Service Revenue account.) 5. Sunland rented some of its unused warehouse space to a client for $9,120 a month, payable the first day of the following month. It received the rent for the month of December on January 2. to tne nearest aollar. IT a transaction results in a aecrease in Assets, Llabilities or stocknoiders' tquity, prace a negative sign (or parentneses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced.) ne nearest aollar. IT a transaction results in a decrease in Assets, Llabilities or stocknolaers' tquity, piace a negative sign ront of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced.) to the nearest aollar. IT a transaction resuits in a aecrease in Assets, Llabilities or stocknoiders' Equity, piace a negativ in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced.) Div Interest Expense Supplies Expense i Rent Revenue i Salaries \& Wages ExDense
This year, people paid a record $664 for energy. The net income will go down by $664, which will cause accounts payable to go up. From Monday, December 28 to Thursday, December 31, people who work at the end of the year don't get paid. $5,320 for four days.The loan interest for December. $2,280 interest. December pizzas cost Pizza Shop $456. AR rises $456.Sunland has to get the rent for December on January 2. AR grows $9,120.
Based on the facts given, here is what Sunland Company needs to do for the year ending December 31, 2022:
1. Utility cost: The $664 utility bill for December that wasn't written down should be written down as a cost in the current year because it was paid during that time. This will cut net income by $664 and add $664 to liabilities (Accounts Payable).
2. Salaries and Wages Expense: Since workers will have worked four days (Monday, December 28 through Thursday, December 31) that they have not been paid for by the end of the year, an accrual is needed. For those 4 days, the total amount that will be accrued is $5,320. This will add $5,320 to both costs (Salaries and Wages Expense) and liabilities (Accrued Salaries and Wages Payable).
3. Interest Cost: The interest on the bank loan for December, which is $2,280 ($68,400 x 5% / 12), needs to be added up because it will be paid on January 1. This will add $2,280 to costs (Interest Expense) and debts (Interest Payable).
4. Service Revenue: Pizza Shop owes a $456 fee for pies that were sold in December. This fee needs to be added up. This will bring in an extra $456 in income (Service Revenue) and assets (Accounts Receivable).
5. Rent Income: Since Sunland got the rent for December on January 2, it needs to count the rent income it made in December. This will add $9,120 to income (Rent Income) and assets (Accounts Receivable).
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Alysha has just won a lottery. She will receive a payment of $3,000 at the end of each year for 9 years. As an alternative, she can choose an immediate payment of $25,000. Which alternative should she pick if the interest rate is 5 percent? Alysha should pick Payment at the end of each year Immediate payment eTextbook and Media What would the interest rate have to be for Alysha to be indifferent about the two alternatives? (Round answer to 4 decimal places, e.g. 25.2341\%. Do not round your intermediate calculations.)
Alysha would be indifferent between the two alternatives if the interest rate is approximately 4.38%.
To determine which alternative Alysha should pick, we need to compare the present value of the payment at the end of each year for 9 years to the immediate payment.
Using the formula for the present value of an annuity, we can calculate the present value of the payment at the end of each year:
PV = Payment * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present Value
Payment = Annual payment amount
r = Interest rate
n = Number of years
Payment = $3,000
n = 9
r = 0.05 (5% in decimal form)
Calculating the present value of the payment at the end of each year:
PV = $3,000 * [(1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-9)) / 0.05] ≈ $22,418.07
Now we can compare the present value to the immediate payment:
Immediate payment = $25,000
Since the present value ($22,418.07) is less than the immediate payment ($25,000), Alysha should choose the immediate payment.
To find the interest rate at which Alysha would be indifferent between the two alternatives, we can rearrange the formula for present value and solve for the interest rate:
r = [1 - (Payment * n) / Present Value]^(1 / n) - 1
Using the given values:
Present Value = $22,418.07
Payment = $3,000
n = 9
Calculating the interest rate:
r = [1 - ($3,000 * 9) / $22,418.07]^(1 / 9) - 1 ≈ 0.0438
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Required information Confirmation Procedures for Debt Read the case and answer the questions that follow Debt transactions and accounts are often few in number but material in dollar amount. Also, lenders are eager to confirm balances, thereby assisting auditors in verifying amounts owed. As such, confirmations provide an easy tool for obtaining excellent evidence on material balances. CONCEPT REVIEW. Confirmations, while not required for debt, are an efficient and effective way for auditors to obtain a high level of third party evidence on material amounts and balances. 1 Confirmations should be drafted on client 2. Confirmations should include a request that the bank confirm borrowings 3 Auditors need to determine whether debt have been met. transactions are examined for all large debt agreements. 5 A copy of debt agreements is typically housed in the file < Prev of 6 Next
Confirmations, drafted on client letterhead, should include a request for the bank to confirm borrowings, enabling auditors to obtain reliable evidence on material debt balances and assess compliance with debt covenants.
Debt Confirmation Procedures-
Confirmations should be drafted on client letterhead:
When sending out debt confirmations, the auditor should use the client's official letterhead to maintain a professional appearance and ensure the authenticity of the request.
Confirmations should include a request to confirm borrowings:
The confirmation sent to the lender should explicitly request confirmation of the client's outstanding borrowings, including the principal amount, interest rate, and any other relevant details. This helps the auditor obtain specific and accurate information about the client's debt balances.
Auditors need to determine whether debt covenants have been met:
As part of the debt confirmation process, auditors should inquire whether the client has complied with any debt covenants or terms outlined in the debt agreements. This information is crucial in assessing the client's ability to meet its financial obligations.
Debt transactions are examined for all large debt agreements:
Auditors should focus their confirmation procedures on large debt agreements, as these are more likely to have a significant impact on the financial statements. Smaller debt balances may be sampled or tested using alternative procedures, depending on the auditor's risk assessment.
A copy of debt agreements is typically housed in the file: As part of the audit documentation, a copy of the client's debt agreements should be included in the audit file.
This allows the auditor to refer to the terms and conditions of the debt agreements when performing confirmation procedures and assessing compliance with debt covenants.
Please note that the information provided is a general overview of debt confirmation procedures.
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1. Which of the following steps is required when performing a LCM test?
A. Debiting inventory when the NRV is lower than historical cost.
B. Computing the net realizable value of the inventory.
C. Estimating the replacement value of the inventory.
D. Calculating the sales markup of the inventory.
2. When can we NOT use the ending inventory estimate from the gross profit method?
A. When performing a quick check of reporting inventory as an auditor.
B. When reporting inventory lost in a fire to an insurance company.
C. When reporting inventory on the annual financial statements.
D. We can use the gross profit method for all of these situations.
The step required when performing a LCM test is computing the net realizable value of the inventory.
Net realizable value (NRV) of inventory is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, minus the estimated costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Therefore, the computation of NRV is a required step in performing a lower of cost or market (LCM) test.
When the replacement cost of inventory is less than the historical cost, LCM test allows companies to write down the carrying value of the inventory to market value. If the market value exceeds the book value, no adjustment is necessary. Hence, estimating the replacement value of the inventory may not be a required step in performing a LCM test.
The sales markup of inventory is not required for LCM test. The calculation of sales markup is used to derive the cost of goods sold (COGS) in the conventional retail inventory method. On the other hand, the LCM test compares the carrying value of inventory on the balance sheet to the market value.
Gross profit method calculates the estimated ending inventory based on the markup percentage multiplied by the cost of goods sold. However, the gross profit method does not consider physical quantities of inventory on hand. Therefore, the method cannot be used when reporting inventory lost in a fire to an insurance company or reporting inventory on the annual financial statements. The gross profit method is often used for quick checks of reporting inventory as an auditor.
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"A nroject is expected to last 10 Weeks. 5 weeks in, the project has an Carned Value of sa0co and Planned Value of 33000 . flased on this performance, what is the 5 setedule forecast of the project? 15 wesks 10 weeks 5 weveks 20 weeks
Based on the schedule performance and the SPI value of 0.4, the projected or forecasted duration for the project is 25 weeks.
To calculate the schedule forecast of the project, we can use the concept of Schedule Performance Index (SPI). The SPI is calculated as the ratio of Earned Value (EV) to Planned Value (PV).
SPI = EV / PV
Given that the Earned Value (EV) is 40% (sa0co) of the Planned Value (PV), we can substitute these values into the SPI formula:
SPI = 40% / 100% = 0.4
The Schedule Performance Index (SPI) represents the efficiency of the project's progress compared to the planned schedule. A value less than 1 indicates that the project is behind schedule.
To forecast the remaining duration of the project, we can use the formula:
Remaining Duration = Total Duration / SPI
In this case, the total duration of the project is 10 weeks. Therefore, we can calculate the remaining duration for the given SPI value:
Remaining Duration = 10 weeks / 0.4 = 25 weeks
So, based on the schedule performance and the SPI value of 0.4, the projected or forecasted duration for the project is 25 weeks.
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Stephen must be disabled 60 days before he will receive any benefits from his disability policy. this 60-day period is the:______.
The 60-day period before Stephen can receive any benefits from his disability policy is known as the elimination period or waiting period.
It is a specified timeframe during which the policyholder should be disabled before becoming eligible for benefits. The reason for the removal period is to make certain that the incapacity isn't brief or quick-term and to prevent claims for minor, brief situations.
During the elimination period, the policyholder is chargeable for covering their own costs without receiving blessings from the disability coverage. Once the removal duration is glad, usually by means of being disabled for the entire duration, the policyholder will become eligible for blessings based on the terms and situations of their policy.
The duration of the elimination period can range relying on the precise disability coverage policy. It is critical for people to apprehend and plan for the elimination length while thinking about disability coverage to make sure they have the important financial assets all through that ready length.
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At what interest rate payable quarterly will payments of ₱15,000 at the beginning of each 3 months for 8 years, discharged a debt of ₱1,000,000 due immediately.
The interest rate payable quarterly to discharge the debt is approximately 1.9862%.
To find the interest rate payable quarterly, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
FV = P * ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r
Where:
FV is the future value of the annuity (₱1,000,000)
P is the periodic payment (₱15,000)
r is the interest rate per period (quarter)
n is the number of periods (8 years * 4 quarters per year = 32 quarters)
Plugging in the given values, we have:
₱1,000,000 = ₱15,000 * ((1 + r)^32 - 1) / r
To solve for r, we can use numerical methods or financial calculators. Solving the equation, we find that r is approximately 1.9862% per quarter.
Therefore, the interest rate payable quarterly to discharge the debt is approximately 1.9862%.
Note: The answer has been provided in less than 150 words to meet the specified requirement.
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You wish to buy a $21,000 car. The dealer offers you a 4-year loan with a 10.8 percent APR. What are the monthly payments? (Do no: round intermediate colculations and round your final answer to 2 decimol ploces.) How would the payment differ if you paid interest only? (Do not round intermediate calculations ond round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) What is the future value of a $520 annuity payment over six years if interest rates are 10 percent? (Do not round intermediote calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)
Monthly payments are $540.25. If you pay interest only, your payments will be $225. Future value of the $520 annuity payment is $4,648.27.
Principal amount = $21,000 Interest rate = 10.8% APR, compounded monthly Time period = 4 years Monthly Payment Calculation Formula for the monthly payment calculation is, Monthly payment = Principal amount × [r(1 + r)n] / [(1 + r)n – 1].Principal amount = $21,000, r = Rate of interest per month = 10.8%/12 = 0.9% (As interest is compounded monthly)Time period = 4 years = 4 × 12 = 48 months. Putting these values in the formula, Monthly payment = 21,000 × [0.009(1 + 0.009)48] / [(1 + 0.009)48 – 1]= $540.25 , the monthly payments will be $540.25.Interest Only Calculation The formula for the interest-only calculation is, Interest-only payment = Principal amount × Rate of interest per year / 12. Principal amount = $21,000 Rate of interest per year = 10.8%So,Interest-only payment = 21,000 × 10.8% / 12= $225.
Future Value Calculation :The formula for the future value of an annuity payment is, Future value = Annuity payment × [((1 + r)n – 1) / r], Annuity payment = $520, Interest rate = 10%,Time period = 6 years Putting these values in the formula, Future value = 520 × [((1 + 0.1)6 – 1) / 0.1]= $4,648.27 , the future value of the $520 annuity payment over six years if interest rates are 10 percent is $4,648.27.
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In 2009, ACT reading scores had a mean of 20.1. Suppose the population standard deviation is 2.5 and the distribution of ACT scores is approximately normal. a. What percentage of people scored between 18 and 22 ? b. What percentage of people scored 22 or higher? c. What would be the score of a person who is at the 90 th percentile? d. What would be the score of a person who is at the 15 th percentile?
As per the question a. Around 68% scored between 18 and 22 , b. About 22.31% scored 22 or higher , c. The 90th percentile score is approximately 23.2 , d. The 15th percentile score is approximately 17.4.
To calculate this, we need to use the properties of a normal distribution and the Z-score formula. The Z-score measures the number of standard deviations a particular data point is from the mean.
a. To find the percentage of people who scored between 18 and 22, we calculate the Z-scores for these two values.
Z1 = (18 - 20.1) / 2.5 = -0.84
Z2 = (22 - 20.1) / 2.5 = 0.76
Using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we find that the area under the curve between -0.84 and 0.76 is approximately 0.6827, or 68.27%. This represents the percentage of people who scored between 18 and 22.
b. To find the percentage of people who scored 22 or higher, we need to calculate the area to the right of the Z-score of 22.
Z = (22 - 20.1) / 2.5 = 0.76
Using the standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we find that the area to the right of 0.76 is approximately 0.2231, or 22.31%. This represents the percentage of people who scored 22 or higher.
c. To determine the score of a person at the 90th percentile, we need to find the Z-score that corresponds to that percentile.
Using the standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we find that the Z-score corresponding to the 90th percentile is approximately 1.28.
Now we can solve for the score (x) using the Z-score formula:
1.28 = (x - 20.1) / 2.5
Solving for x, we get:
x = 1.28 * 2.5 + 20.1 ≈ 23.2
Therefore, a person at the 90th percentile would have a score of approximately 23.2.
d. To determine the score of a person at the 15th percentile, we need to find the Z-score that corresponds to that percentile.
Using the standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we find that the Z-score corresponding to the 15th percentile is approximately -1.04.
Using the Z-score formula:
-1.04 = (x - 20.1) / 2.5
Solving for x, we get:
x = -1.04 * 2.5 + 20.1 ≈ 17.4
Therefore, a person at the 15th percentile would have a score of approximately 17.4.
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Discuss how the bond premium could be disposed
The bond premium refers to the amount paid for a bond that exceeds its face value. When a bond is issued with a premium, it means that the bond's coupon rate is higher than the prevailing market interest rate.
There are several ways in which the bond premium can be disposed of:
1. Amortization: The bond premium can be amortized over the life of the bond. This means that the excess amount paid is gradually reduced over time by adjusting the interest income earned on the bond.
2. Accretion: If the bond premium is not amortized, it can be accreted. Accretion involves adjusting the carrying value of the bond to its face value over time. The accreted amount is treated as interest income.
3. Call or redemption: Another way to dispose of the bond premium is to call or redeem the bond before its maturity date. This allows the issuer to repay the bondholders at a premium price, effectively eliminating the premium.
4. Sale on the secondary market: The bond premium can also be disposed of by selling the bond on the secondary market. Investors may be willing to pay a premium for a bond with a higher coupon rate.
It's important to note that the specific method of disposing the bond premium may depend on the terms and conditions outlined in the bond agreement.
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This sector from the Mexican Financial System includes: - Exchange Houses - Credit Unions - Factoring and Leasing Companies - Savings and Loans Companies - Sofoles - Sofipos Insurance and Surety Derivatives Banking Stock Market Non-Banking with complementary services Retirement Savings
The sector from the Mexican Financial System described above is the Non-Banking Financial Sector.
It encompasses various financial institutions and entities that provide financial services and products, but are not traditional banks. The components of this sector include:
Exchange Houses: Institutions that facilitate the exchange of foreign currencies.
Credit Unions: Cooperative financial institutions that provide banking services to their members.
Factoring and Leasing Companies: Companies that offer financing options through factoring (purchasing accounts receivable) and leasing (providing assets on lease).
Savings and Loans Companies: Institutions that accept deposits and provide loans to individuals and businesses.
Sofoles: Non-bank financial intermediaries that focus on providing credit to the housing sector.
Sofipos: Non-bank financial institutions that provide financing to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Insurance and Surety: Companies that offer insurance and surety services to individuals and businesses.
Derivatives: Financial instruments whose value is derived from an underlying asset or benchmark.
Stock Market: The marketplace where stocks and other securities are bought and sold.
These entities contribute to the overall financial system by providing a wide range of financial services and products, catering to different needs and preferences of individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole.
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Pearl Inc. had the balance sheet shown below at December 31, 2016. During 2017, the following occurred. 1. Pearl Inc. sold part of its investment portfolio for $22,100. This transaction resulted in a loss of $4,200 for the firm. The company classifies its investments as available-for-sale. 2. A tract of land was purchased for $28,800 cash. 3. Long-term notes payable in the amount of $32,100 were retired before maturity by paying $32,100 cash. 4. An additional $45,100 in common stock was issued at par. 5. Dividends of $22,100 were declared and paid to stockholders. 6. Net income for 2017 was $24,800 after allowing for depreciation of $11,100. 7. Land was purchased through the issuance of $64,800 in bonds payable. 8. At December 31, 2017, Cash was $54,100, Accounts Receivable was $65,600, and Accounts Payable remained at $64,800. Prepare a statement of cash flows for 2017. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a-sign e.g. −15,000 or in parenthes e.g. (15,000). Cash Flows from Investing Activities Sale of Investments 22,100 Purchase of Land Net Cash Used by Investing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Issuance of Common Stock ∨ 45,100 Retirement of Notes Payable ∨ −32,100 Payment of Cash Dividends ∨ −22,100 Net Cash Used by Financing Activities Net Increase in Cash v 19,300 Cash at Beginning of Year 34,800 Land purchased through issuance of bonds Prepare an unclassified balance sheet as it would appear at December 31,2017 . (List Assets in order of liquidity.) PEARLINC. Balance Sheet December 31,2017 Assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity $
Stockholders' equity: Common stock 106,800Retained earnings 54,100, Total stockholders' equity 160,900, Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $293,400
Cash flows from Operating Activities: Net income for 2017 $24,800Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation $11,100Changes in current assets and liabilities: Increase in accounts receivable $(5,800)No change in accounts payable Increase in accrued expenses payable $2,900.Cash provided by operating activities $33,000Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Sale of Investments $22,100Purchase of land $(28,800)Net Cash Used by Investing Activities $(6,700)Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Issuance of Common Stock $45,100Retirement of Notes Payable $(32,100)Payment of Cash Dividends $(22,100)Net Cash Used by Financing Activities $(9,100)Net Increase in Cash $17,200Cash at Beginning of Year $34,800Cash at End of Year $52,000Unclassified Balance Sheet December 31, 2017Assets Current assets: Cash $52,000Accounts receivable 65,600Total current assets $117,600Land 28,800Total assets $146,400Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $64,800Accrued expenses payable 2,900Total current liabilities $67,700Long-term bonds payable 64,800Total liabilities $132,500. Stockholders' equity: Common stock 106,800Retained earnings 54,100, Total stockholders' equity 160,900Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $293,400.
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Semicond is a small electronics company that manufactures tape recorders and radios. The per-unit labor costs, raw materials, and selling price of each product are given in Table 1. On December 1, 1997, Semicond has available raw material that is sufficient to manufacture 100 tape recorders and 100 radios. On the same date, the company’s balance sheet is as shown in Table , and Semicond’s current ratio is 20,000/10,000 = 2. Tape Recorder Radio Selling Price $100 $90 Labor Cost $50 $35 Raw Material Cost $30 $40 Assets Liabilities Cash $10,000 Accounts Receivable $3,000 Inventory outstanding* $7,000 Bank Loan $10,000 Semicond must determine how many tape recorders and radios should be produced during December. Demand is large enough to ensure that all goods produced will be sold. All sales on credit, however, and payment for goods produced in December will not be received until February 1, 1998. During December, Semicond will collect $2000 in accounts receivable, and Semicond must payoff $1000 of the outstanding loan and a monthly rent of $1000. On January 1, 1998, Semicond will receive a shipment of raw material worth $2000, which will be paid for on February 1, 1998. Semicond’s management has decided that the cash balance on January 1, 1998 must be at least $4000. Also, Semicond’s bank requires that the current ratio (assets/liabilities) at the beginning of January be at least 2. In order to maximize the contribution to profit from December production, (revenues to be received) – (variable production costs), what should Semicond produce during December? a) Formulate the linear programming model for the problem.
The given problem belongs to the category of linear programming problems and is categorized under the production scheduling problem.
In this problem, Semicond, a small electronics company is manufacturing tape recorders and radios. The per-unit labor costs, raw materials, and selling price of each product are given in Table 1.Table 1:Selling Price Labor Cost Raw Material CostTape Recorder $100 $50 $30Radio $90 $35 $40 On December 1, 1997, Semicond has available raw material that is sufficient to manufacture 100 tape recorders and 100 radios.
Semicond must determine how many tape recorders and radios should be produced during December, in order to maximize the contribution to profit from December production, i.e., (revenues to be received) – (variable production costs).
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Consider a game with players 1, 2, 3, and 4, having 10, 20, 30, and 40 shares of stock respectively, in a corporation. Decisions require approval by a majority (more than 50%) of the shares. This is a weighted majority game with weights w1 = 10;w2 = 20;w3 = 30 and w4 = 40 and with quota q = 50. Find the Shapley values of the players. Are the ratios of the Shapley values the same as that of the shares? Explain.
The ratios of the Shapley values may differ from the ratios of the shares. The Shapley values provide a more fair distribution based on the players' contributions to the coalition.
To find the Shapley values of the players, we need to calculate the average contribution of each player across all possible permutations of the players. Here's how you can find the Shapley values for each player:
1. Start with Player 1. Calculate the average contribution of Player 1 by considering all possible permutations of the players. In this case, there are 4 players, so there are 4! = 24 possible permutations. Calculate the total number of shares for each permutation where Player 1 joins the coalition. Divide this total by 24 to get the average contribution. Repeat this step for Players 2, 3, and 4.
2. The Shapley value for each player is the sum of their average contributions across all permutations. For example, if Player 1's average contribution is 15, Player 2's is 30, Player 3's is 45, and Player 4's is 60, then the Shapley values would be [15, 30, 45, 60] for Players 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively.
The ratios of the Shapley values may or may not be the same as the ratios of the shares. In this case, the shares are not equal, with Player 4 having the highest share. However, the Shapley values take into account the contribution of each player in all possible coalitions, considering the order in which players join.
Therefore, the ratios of the Shapley values may differ from the ratios of the shares. The Shapley values provide a more fair distribution based on the players' contributions to the coalition.
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FOFT Co. uses a perpetual inventory system and the net method for recording purchases on account. On May 2, the company purchased $152,400 of inventory on terms of 2/10,n/30. On May 5 , FOFT Co. returned $7,600 of the goods and paid 60% of the remaining balance. On May 15 the company paid the remaining balance. What should be included in the journal entry on May 5 ? Debit to Cash of $85,142 Credit to Inventory of $7,448 Debit to Accounts Payable of $91,440 Credit to Purchase Returns of $7,600
The option closest to the correct journal entry is: Debit to Accounts Payable of $91,440 and Credit to Purchase Returns of $7,600
The journal entry on May 5 for FOFT Co. should include the return of goods and the partial payment. Here's the breakdown of the entry:
Return of goods:
Debit: Purchase Returns - $7,600
Credit: Accounts Payable - $7,600
Partial payment:
Debit: Accounts Payable - $91,440 (60% of $152,400)
Credit: Cash - $91,440 (60% of $152,400)
The correct journal entry on May 5 would be:
Debit: Purchase Returns - $7,600
Debit: Accounts Payable - $91,440
Credit: Cash - $91,440
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Find the maturity value of a loan of $2,800.00 after two years. the loan carries a simple interest rate of 7.2% per year
The loan's maturity value would be $3,203.20 after two years.
The following calculation is used to get the maturity value of a loan with simple interest:
Principal + (Principal * Interest Rate * Time) = Maturity Value
Due to this:
$2,800.00 is the principal (P).
Interest Rate (R) equals 7.2% annually.
T = 2 years, or time.
When these numbers are enteres into the formula, The following is obtained:
Maturity Value = $2,800.00 + ($2,800.00 * 0.072 * 2)
Maturity Value = $2,800.00 + ($2,800.00 * 0.144)
Maturity Value = $2,800.00 + $403.20
Maturity Value = $3,203.20
Therefore, the maturity value of the loan after two years would be $3,203.20.
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Flounder Company sells 8% bonds having a maturity value of $2,620,000 for $2,421,360. The bonds are dated January 1 , 2020, and mature January 1, 2025. Interest is payable annually on January 1. (a) Determine the effective-interest rate. (Round answer to 0 decimal places, e.g. 18\%.) The effective-interest rate %
The effective-interest rate for the Flounder Company's 8% bonds is approximately 2%, calculated based on the selling price and face value of the bonds.
To determine the effective-interest rate, we need to calculate the interest expense and interest payment over the life of the bond.
Given information:
Face value (maturity value) of the bond: $2,620,000
Selling price of the bond: $2,421,360
Bond maturity date: January 1, 2025
First, let's calculate the interest expense per year. The interest expense is the difference between the face value and the selling price of the bond:
Interest Expense = Face Value - Selling Price
Interest Expense = $2,620,000 - $2,421,360
Interest Expense = $198,640
Next, we need to calculate the interest payment per year. The interest payment is the annual interest rate multiplied by the face value of the bond:
Interest Payment = Annual Interest Rate * Face Value
To find the annual interest rate, we need to use the formula for present value of an ordinary annuity:
Present Value = Annual Interest Payment * Present Value Interest Factor
Since the interest is payable annually on January 1, the number of periods is 5 (2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024).
Present Value Interest Factor can be found using the present value of an ordinary annuity formula:
Present Value Interest Factor = (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
Where r is the annual interest rate and n is the number of periods.
Now, let's calculate the annual interest payment:
Interest Payment = $198,640 / Present Value Interest Factor
We find that the Present Value Interest Factor for 5 periods at the effective interest rate of approximately 10.13% is approximately 3.7908.
Therefore,
Interest Payment = $198,640 / 3.7908
Interest Payment ≈ $52,382.18
To calculate the effective-interest rate, we divide the interest payment by the face value of the bond and express it as a percentage:
Effective-Interest Rate = (Interest Payment / Face Value) * 100
Effective-Interest Rate = ($52,382.18 / $2,620,000) * 100
Effective-Interest Rate ≈ 2.0008%
Rounded to 0 decimal places, the effective-interest rate is approximately 2%.
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1.) If you are exposed to a 50/50 chance of gaining or losing $1,000 and
insurance that removes the risk costs $500, at what level of wealth will you
be indifferent relative to taking that gamble or paying the insurance? That
is, what is your certainty equivalent wealth? Assume your utility function
is U(W) = −W^−1
This means that according to your utility function, there is no finite level of wealth at which you would be indifferent between taking the gamble and paying for insurance.
To find the level of wealth at which you would be indifferent between taking the gamble and paying for insurance, we need to calculate the certainty equivalent wealth. The certainty equivalent wealth represents the amount of money that you would consider equal to the expected value of the gamble, taking into account your utility function.
Let's start by calculating the expected value of the gamble. The gamble has a 50% chance of gaining $1,000 and a 50% chance of losing $1,000.
Expected value = (Probability of gaining * Amount gained) + (Probability of losing * Amount lost)
Expected value = (0.5 * $1,000) + (0.5 * -$1,000)
Expected value = $500 - $500
Expected value = $0
Since the expected value is $0, this means that on average, you neither gain nor lose any money from the gamble.
Next, let's calculate the certainty equivalent wealth using the utility function U(W) = -W(-1). The utility function gives us a measure of the satisfaction or happiness associated with a certain level of wealth.
To calculate the certainty equivalent wealth, we need to find the level of wealth W at which the utility from that wealth is equal to the utility from the expected value of the gamble.
Utility from the expected value = U(Expected value) = -Expected value(-1) = -0(-1) = -∞
Since the utility from the expected value is -∞, we cannot compare it directly to the utility from a specific level of wealth. However, we can find the certainty equivalent wealth by finding the level of wealth W at which the utility from W is equal to the utility from the expected value.
U(W) = -W(-1)
U(W) = -Expected value(-1)
Setting these two equal, we have:
-W(-1) = -0(-1)
Simplifying, we get:
W(-1) = 0(-1)
Since any nonzero number raised to the power of -1 is equal to its reciprocal, we have:
W(-1) = ∞
Taking the reciprocal of both sides, we get:
1/W = 1/∞
Since 1/∞ is equal to 0, we have:
1/W = 0
Solving for W, we find:
W = 1/0
However, 1 divided by 0 is undefined. This means that according to your utility function, there is no finite level of wealth at which you would be indifferent between taking the gamble and paying for insurance..
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Which item regarding an Emphasis of Matter paragraph is true?
a.The auditor will use the E of M to restrict distribution of the audit report.
b.The auditor will use the E of M when the client has corrected an error in the previous financial statements.
c.An E of M will be used when a material error exists in the current financial statements.
d.The E of M paragraph is usually located immediately before the opinion paragraph.
e.The E of M paragraph would be used to discuss a client's change in the method to estimate bad debts.
An emphasis of matter (EOM) paragraph is found in the auditor's report and is utilized when the auditor has to draw attention to a problem in the financial statements, that is essential to comprehend in order to comprehend the financial statements. Option (e) is the correct answer.
An emphasis of matter paragraph (EOM) is used to focus on a critical aspect of the financial statements. It's usually utilized when the financial statements are correct, but there's a specific area or issue that needs more attention. This is commonly found in the auditor's report and is used when the auditor has to draw attention to a problem in the financial statements that is essential to comprehend to comprehend the financial statements. If the auditor is dissatisfied with the information presented in the financial statements and is unable to obtain satisfactory information to make necessary modifications, the auditor will be unable to offer an unqualified opinion. An EOM paragraph should be used in this case. The EOM paragraph would be used to discuss a client's change in the method to estimate bad debts.
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