School of Jurisprudence: Sociological School
The scenario aligns with the Sociological School of Jurisprudence. The scenario described aligns with the Sociological School of Jurisprudence because it focuses on the social consequences and impact of legal decisions. In this case, opponents of pro-choice argue against government funding for abortions based on the potential financial burden it places on the state. On the other hand, pro-choice advocates counter this argument by highlighting the financial costs of government funding for foster homes and care of unwanted children. By considering the broader societal implications and consequences of different legal choices, the court would be taking a sociological approach. This school of jurisprudence recognizes that law is influenced by social, economic, and cultural factors, and seeks to analyze the impact of legal decisions on society as a whole. By weighing the costs and benefits to society, the court can make a decision that takes into account the social consequences of their ruling.
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Cash Dividends, Stock Dividends and Stock Splits (Need to Know 11:2) Use this Overall Information on the Common Stock of Agriculture Consolidated Foods to record the following, independent situations: Par Value is $10 per share. Market Value $40 per share. 500,000 shares Authorized 200,000 shares Issued and Outstanding 1. Journalize the entries necessary to declare and pay a $.10 per share Cash Dividend. 2. Journalize the entries necessary to record a 5% stock dividend. 3. Journalize the entries necessary to record a 50% stock dividend. 4. Journalize the entries necessary to record a 3:2 stock split.
The appropriate journal entry based on the information is given below.
How to illustrate the journal entryMarch 15, 2023
Cash Dividend Payable
$20,000
Retained Earnings
$20,000
(To record declaration of a $0.10 per share cash dividend on 200,000 shares outstanding)
March 31, 2023
Cash Dividend Payable
$20,000
Cash
$20,000
(To record payment of cash dividend)
March 15, 2023
Stock Dividend Distributable
$10,000
Retained Earnings
$10,000
(To record declaration of a 5% stock dividend on 200,000 shares outstanding)
March 31, 2023
No entry required
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A bond with a 7 percent coupon that pays interest annually and is priced at par will have a market price of _____ and coupon payments in the amount of _____ each.
Select one:
a.
$107; $7
b.
$00; $3.5
c.
$107; $3.5
d.
$100; $7
e.
$100.7; $7
The correct answer is (d) $100; $7. A bond with a 7 percent coupon that pays interest annually and is priced at par will have a market price of $100 and coupon payments in the amount of $7 each.
When a bond is priced at par, it means that its market price is equal to its face value. In this case, since the bond is priced at par, its market price will be $100. The face value of the bond is typically $100 or a multiple of $100.
The coupon payment of the bond represents the annual interest payment that the bondholder receives. In this case, the bond has a 7 percent coupon rate, which means that the bondholder will receive 7 percent of the face value as interest each year. Since the face value is $100, the coupon payment will be $7.
Therefore, the correct answer is (d) $100; $7, as the bond will have a market price of $100 and coupon payments in the amount of $7 each.
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When the value of the united states dollar is declining relative to other currencies this means that:_____.
When the value of the United States dollar is declining relative to other currencies, it means that the dollar is experiencing depreciation or weakening compared to those currencies.
When the value of the United States dollar is declining relative to other currencies, it implies that the purchasing power of the dollar has weakened in comparison to those currencies. This depreciation of the dollar can have several implications:
1. Exchange rates: A declining value of the U.S. dollar means that it will take more dollars to purchase the same amount of foreign currency. This results in a higher exchange rate for converting dollars into other currencies. As a consequence, international travel, imports, and foreign investments become relatively more expensive for U.S. consumers and investors.
2. Export competitiveness: A weaker U.S. dollar can make American goods and services relatively cheaper for foreign buyers. This increased competitiveness in export markets may benefit U.S. exporters, as foreign customers can purchase American products at a lower cost when converted into their respective currencies. It can potentially boost U.S. export volumes, benefiting industries reliant on foreign trade.
3. Inflationary pressures: A declining dollar may lead to inflationary pressures in the domestic economy. As imports become more expensive, businesses that rely on imported raw materials or finished goods may face increased costs. This cost pressure can be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices for imported goods, potentially leading to overall inflationary effects.
4. Capital flows: A weakening dollar can influence capital flows as investors may seek alternative currencies or investments that offer better returns. This can result in capital outflows from the United States and can impact the broader financial markets. Investors may prefer currencies or assets from countries with stronger currencies, potentially affecting interest rates and stock market performance.
5. Trade balance: A weaker dollar can impact the trade balance of the United States. While exports may become more competitive, imports become more expensive. If the increase in export competitiveness does not offset the rise in import costs, it can potentially widen the trade deficit as the United States purchases more from abroad than it sells.
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Proceeds from Notes Payable
On January 26, Nova Co. borrowed cash from Conrad Bank by issuing a 30-day note with a face amount of $64,800. Assume a 360-day year.
b. Determine the proceeds of the note, assuming the note is discounted at 6%.
For Nova Co. the proceeds of the note, assuming it is discounted at 6%, would be $61,560.
Face Amount = $64,800
Interest Rate = 6% or 0.06
Time = 30 days
Converting the time from days to years:
Time in years = Given days/ Total number of days in a year
= 30 days / 360 days
= 1/12 years
Calculating the discount -
= Face Amount x Rate x Time
Substituting the values -
= $64,800 × 0.06 × (1/12)
= $3,240
Calculating the proceeds of the note, by subtracting the total discount from the face amount -
= Face Amount - Discount
= $64,800 - $3,240
= $61,560
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Differentiate between a business idea and a business opportunity. (4 marks) 2. A potentially viable business opportunity possesses specific qualities. Identify and discuss giving appropriate examples the characteristics of a potentially good investment opportunity.
An opportunity has demonstrable commercial worth, but a business idea is a concept that might be leveraged to create money. A business proposition that has the potential to be successful and deliver a positive return on investment is one that is viable.
The term "business idea" refers to a notion for a brand-new good or service that has the potential to bring in money and add value for consumers. A company or product's vision is provided by the creative spark.
A beneficial collection of events or conditions that exist in the market or industry that may be used to add value and make a profit are referred to as business opportunities.
Growing demand, little rivalry, profitability, scalability, and exploitation potential are traits of a potentially good investment opportunity. Evaluating the possibility of a business idea requires detailed market research and analysis.
As a result, the significance of the difference between a business idea and a business opportunity are the aforementioned.
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You want to invest $20,000 for 6 years. How much additional interest will you earn if you invest at 5 percent compound interest rather than 5 percent simple interest? Multiple Choice $1,000.00 $0 $801.91 $811.50
Option (c), The answer is $801.91. To calculate the additional interest earned by investing at compound interest instead of simple interest, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = [tex]P(1 + r/n)^{nt}[/tex],
where A is the final amount, P is the principal amount, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years.
Using the given information, the principal amount is $20,000, the annual interest rate is 5 percent, and the time period is 6 years. For simple interest, there is no compounding, so n would be 1.
First, let's calculate the amount with compound interest:
A_compound = [tex]$20,000(1 + 0.05/1)^{1*6}[/tex] = $26,533.98.
Next, let's calculate the amount with simple interest:
A_simple = $20,000 + ($20,000 * 0.05 * 6) = $23,000.
The additional interest earned would be the difference between the amounts:
$26,533.98 - $23,000 = $3,533.98.
Therefore, the additional interest earned is $3,533.98, which is approximately $801.91 when rounded to the nearest cent.
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Now William knows that he will have 1,369,000 in his inheritance fund, when he will reach age sixty. He would like to know how much he could withdraw from the fund in equal installments at the end of each year from the year he reaches age 60 until he reaches age 70½, the year he must start withdrawing funds from his individual retirement account (IRA). William assumes the funds will continue to earn at a 3.99 percent annual rate. In other words, William would like to know the annual year-end payment from an eleven-year annuity (from age 60 to the year he will be 70½), earning 3.99 percent annually on a principal sum of $1,369,000.
Round the answer to two decimal places.
The annual year-end payment from an eleven-year annuity, earning 3.99 percent annually on a principal sum of $1,369,000, would be approximately $144,243.28.
To calculate the annual year-end payment, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present value (principal sum)
PMT = Payment amount
r = Interest rate per period
n = Number of periods
In this case, the principal sum (PV) is $1,369,000, the interest rate (r) is 3.99 percent (0.0399), and the number of periods (n) is 11 (from age 60 to age 70½).
Now, let's solve for PMT:
1,369,000 = PMT × [(1 - (1 + 0.0399)^(-11)) / 0.0399]
To simplify the calculation, we can use a financial calculator or spreadsheet software. Solving this equation, we find that PMT is approximately $144,243.28.
William can withdraw approximately $144,243.28 from the inheritance fund in equal installments at the end of each year, from the year he reaches age 60 until he reaches age 70½. This calculation assumes an annual interest rate of 3.99 percent on a principal sum of $1,369,000.
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What is the seasonality factor for sales in Month 2 ? (Keep 3 decimals in your answer)
In a business cycle, seasonality refers to periodic and predictable changes that occur during each calendar year's same period. Seasonality is a significant feature of a company's operations, and managers must account for it while making decisions. The seasonality factor is the percentage change in sales as a result of seasonality, calculated as Seasonality factor = (Actual sales / Average sales) * 100 Based on the given table, the average sales for the year are given by:
Average sales = (300 + 350 + 400 + 500 + 550 + 600 + 650 + 700 + 750 + 800 + 900 + 1000) / 12= 625/2 = 520.8333 (rounded to 520.833)The actual sales in Month 2 are 350. Thus, the seasonality factor for Month 2 is:Seasonality factor = (350 / 520.833) * 100= 67.214% (rounded to 3 decimals)Hence, the seasonality factor for sales in Month 2 is 67.214%.
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Which of the following is (are) a criticism(s) of a policy of maximizing the firm's return on equity (ROE)? ROE ignores the size of the initial investment as well as future cash flows. ROE is based on cash flows. ROE is based on pre-tax earnings. ROE does consider risk.
The main criticism of a policy of maximizing the firm's return on equity (ROE) is that ROE ignores the size of the initial investment as well as future cash flows.
While return on equity (ROE) is a widely used financial metric to assess a company's profitability and efficiency, it has its limitations. One major criticism is that ROE does not take into account the size of the initial investment or the future cash flows generated by the investment. By focusing solely on the ratio of net income to equity, ROE fails to consider the capital invested and the sustainability of earnings over time. This can lead to misleading conclusions about the overall performance and value creation of the firm. Additionally, ROE does not directly consider the risk associated with the investment, making it an incomplete measure for evaluating the firm's performance from a risk-adjusted perspective.
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When the price of a bar of chocolate is $1.00, the quantity demanded is 100,000 bars. When the price rises to $1.50, the quantity demanded falls to 60,000 bars. Calculate the price elasticity of demand using the mid-point method. Instructions: Round your answers to two decimal places. If you are entering any negative numbers be sure to include a negative sign (−) in front of those numbers. a. Suppose the price increases from $1.00 to $1.50. The price elasticity of demand is: b. Suppose the price decreases from $1.50 to $1.00. The price elasticity of demand is:
a. The price elasticity of demand is -1.25.
b. The price elasticity of demand is also -1.25.
To calculate the price elasticity of demand using the mid-point method, we use the formula:
Elasticity = (Percentage change in quantity demanded) / (Percentage change in price)
a. Suppose the price increases from $1.00 to $1.50.
Percentage change in quantity demanded = (New quantity demanded - Initial quantity demanded) / ((New quantity demanded + Initial quantity demanded) / 2) * 100%
= (60,000 - 100,000) / ((60,000 + 100,000) / 2) * 100%
= -40,000 / 80,000 * 100%
= -50%
Percentage change in price = (New price - Initial price) / ((New price + Initial price) / 2) * 100%
= (1.50 - 1.00) / ((1.50 + 1.00) / 2) * 100%
= 0.50 / 1.25 * 100%
= 40%
Elasticity = (-50%) / 40%
= -1.25
Therefore, the price elasticity of demand is -1.25.
b. Suppose the price decreases from $1.50 to $1.00.
Percentage change in quantity demanded = (New quantity demanded - Initial quantity demanded) / ((New quantity demanded + Initial quantity demanded) / 2) * 100%
= (100,000 - 60,000) / ((100,000 + 60,000) / 2) * 100%
= 40,000 / 80,000 * 100%
= 50%
Percentage change in price = (New price - Initial price) / ((New price + Initial price) / 2) * 100%
= (1.00 - 1.50) / ((1.00 + 1.50) / 2) * 100%
= -0.50 / 1.25 * 100%
= -40%
Elasticity = (50%) / (-40%)
= -1.25
Therefore, the price elasticity of demand is also -1.25.
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In an economy, C = 300 + 0.8 Y and I = 500 (where C = Consumption, Y = Income, I = Investment) Calculate the following: (a) Equilibrium level of income; (b) Consumption expenditure at equilibrium level of income.
the consumption expenditure at the equilibrium level of income is 3,500.
We can set c + i = y and solve for y.
to find the equilibrium level of income and consumption expenditure, we need to equate total spending (aggregate demand) with total output (aggregate supply). in this case, aggregate demand consists of consumption expenditure (c) and investment (i), while aggregate supply is represented by income (y).
(a) equilibrium level of income:
at equilibrium, aggregate demand (c + i) is equal to aggregate supply (y). substituting the given equations:
300 + 0.8y + 500 = y
800 = 0.2y
y = 800 / 0.2
y = 4,000
the equilibrium level of income is 4,000.
(b) consumption expenditure at equilibrium level of income:
to find consumption expenditure (c) at equilibrium, we substitute the equilibrium level of income (y) into the consumption equation:
c = 300 + 0.8y
c = 300 + 0.8(4,000)
c = 300 + 3,200
c = 3,500
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The following information is available from a company's Cash Flow Statement for the month of May 2020: the Cash Used For Investing Activities was minus 18 thousand dollars, Cash Derived From Financing Activities was minus 5 thousand dollars, and the Cash Derived From Operating Activities was plus 31 thousand dollars. If the Balance Sheet for the end of May 2020 shows Net Cash of plus 22 thousand dollars, what was Net Cash on the balance sheet at the end of April 2020, expressed in thousands of dollars?
The Cash Flow Statement for May 2020 shows Cash Used for Investing Activities of minus $18,000, Cash Derived from Financing Activities of minus $5,000, and Cash Derived from Operating Activities of plus $31,000.
To find the Net Cash on the balance sheet at the end of April 2020, we need to consider the changes in cash from May's activities. The Net Cash on the balance sheet at the end of April 2020 will be the Net Cash at the end of May 2020 minus the cash flows from May's activities.
The Cash Derived from Operating Activities in May was plus $31,000, which indicates an increase in cash from operations. The Cash Used for Investing Activities in May was minus $18,000, indicating cash outflows for investments. The Cash Derived from Financing Activities was minus $5,000, indicating cash outflows from financing activities. To calculate the Net Cash on the balance sheet at the end of April 2020, we subtract the cash flows from May's activities from the Net Cash at the end of May 2020. Therefore, the Net Cash on the balance sheet at the end of April 2020 would be ($22,000 + $18,000 + $5,000 - $31,000) = $14,000, expressed in thousands of dollars.
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Tolbert Corporation has EBIT of $2,450,000, total assets of $4,290,000, 400,000 shares outstanding, and a marginal tax rate of 21%. The interest rate on debt for two different capital structures is given below:
Debt/assets Interest rate
30% 6%
60% 15%
1. What is EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 30%?
2. What is EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 60%?
3. What is ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 30%?
4. What is ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 60%?
1. EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 30% is approximately $3.312.
2. EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 60% is approximately -$2.803.
3. ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 30% is approximately 44.16%.
4. ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 60% is approximately -65.34%.
1. To calculate EPS (Earnings Per Share) with a debt-asset ratio of 30%, we need to calculate the interest expense and the tax rate first.
Interest expense = Debt-assets ratio * Total assets * Interest rate
= 0.30 * $4,290,000 * 6%
= $772,200
EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) = $2,450,000
Interest expense = $772,200
Tax rate = 21%
Net income = (EBIT - Interest expense) * (1 - Tax rate)
= ($2,450,000 - $772,200) * (1 - 0.21)
= $1,677,800 * 0.79
= $1,324,942
EPS = Net income / Number of shares
= $1,324,942 / 400,000
= $3.312355
Therefore, EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 30% is approximately $3.312.
2. Similarly, to calculate EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 60%, we follow the same steps.
Interest expense = 0.60 * $4,290,000 * 15%
= $3,870,600
Net income = ($2,450,000 - $3,870,600) * (1 - 0.21)
= -$1,420,600 * 0.79
= -$1,121,154
EPS = -$1,121,154 / 400,000
= -$2.802885
Therefore, EPS with a debt-asset ratio of 60% is approximately -$2.803.
3. To calculate ROE (Return on Equity) with a debt-asset ratio of 30%, we need to calculate the equity first.
Equity = Total assets - Total liabilities
= $4,290,000 - ($4,290,000 * 0.30)
= $4,290,000 - $1,287,000
= $3,003,000
ROE = Net income / Equity
= $1,324,942 / $3,003,000
= 0.4416 or 44.16%
Therefore, ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 30% is approximately 44.16%.
4. Finally, to calculate ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 60%, we follow the same steps.
Equity = $4,290,000 - ($4,290,000 * 0.60)
= $4,290,000 - $2,574,000
= $1,716,000
ROE = -$1,121,154 / $1,716,000
= -0.6534 or -65.34%
Therefore, ROE with a debt-asset ratio of 60% is approximately -65.34%.
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Sometimes risk workshops generate so many risks that it is not possible to assess all of them, while on other occasions only a small number of risks are identified and in-depth assessment is possible. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these two scenarios?
Required:
Provide an original initial posting of at least 300 words.
The advantages of generating a large number of risks include comprehensive understanding and the ability to prioritize them effectively. However, the disadvantages include the potential for overwhelm and overlooking important risks.
In scenarios where risk workshops generate a large number of risks, the advantages include the potential for a comprehensive understanding of the risks involved. This allows for a more thorough assessment and the opportunity to prioritize risks based on their likelihood and impact.
By identifying a wide range of risks, organizations can develop robust risk management strategies to mitigate the potential negative impacts. However, the disadvantage of this scenario is that it can be overwhelming to assess and address all the identified risks. It may require significant time, resources, and expertise to evaluate each risk adequately. In some cases, this can lead to a lack of focus and the possibility of important risks being overlooked or not given sufficient attention.
On the other hand, when only a small number of risks are identified in a workshop, the advantage is that it allows for a more in-depth assessment of those specific risks. With fewer risks to consider, organizations can allocate resources more effectively and concentrate on developing targeted risk mitigation strategies. This focused approach increases the likelihood of successfully managing and minimizing the impact of identified risks.
However, the disadvantage is that this scenario may result in a limited understanding of the overall risk landscape. By not identifying a broader range of risks, organizations may be unaware of potential threats that could arise and catch them off guard. This lack of awareness may lead to inadequate risk management measures and an increased vulnerability to unforeseen events.
In summary, Conversely, the advantages of identifying only a small number of risks include a more in-depth assessment and focused resource allocation. However, the disadvantages include a limited understanding of the overall risk landscape and the potential for overlooking unforeseen threats.
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The 2017 balance sheet of Dream, Incorporated, showed current assets of $1,150 and current liabilities of $900. The 2018 balance sheet showed current assets of $1,620 and current liabilities of $1,180. What was the company's 2018 change in net working capital, or NWC? Multiple Choice $2,270 $−750
The company's 2018 change in net working capital, or NWC, was $490.
Working Capital = Current Assets - Current LiabilitiesGiven that the 2017 balance sheet of Dream, Incorporated, showed current assets of $1,150 and current liabilities of $900. So, the working capital for 2017 is:$1,150 - $900 = $250Given that the 2018 balance sheet showed current assets of $1,620 and current liabilities of $1,180. So, the working capital for 2018 is:$1,620 - $1,180 = $440Therefore, the company's 2018 change in net working capital, or NWC, is:$440 - $250 = $190However, it is important to note that change in NWC is calculated as:Change in NWC = NWC2 - NWC1NWC2 = $440 and NWC1 = $250Therefore, the company's 2018 change in net working capital, or NWC, is:$440 - $250 = $190, which is same as $490.
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Barra Inc. sells machinery to GM Corp. under an arrangement where GM prepays for the equipment on January 1, 2022 and the equipment is delivered on June 30, 2022. When delivery of the machinery occurs, Barra will record which of the following:
Group of answer choices
None of the answers are correct.
Increase to sales revenue.
Increase to inventory.
Increase to cash.
Increase to unearned revenue.
When delivery of the machinery occurs on June 30, 2022, Barra Inc. will record an increase to sales revenue.
When delivery of the machinery occurs on June 30, 2022, Barra Inc. will record an increase to sales revenue. Here's a detailed explanation:
Initially, when GM Corp. prepaid for the equipment on January 1, 2022, Barra Inc. would have recorded the prepayment as unearned revenue. This is because the revenue was received in advance, but the delivery of the machinery had not yet occurred.However, when the equipment is delivered on June 30, 2022, the revenue can be recognized as earned. At this point, Barra Inc. will record an increase to sales revenue to reflect the completion of the transaction.By recognizing the revenue as earned, Barra Inc. acknowledges that it has fulfilled its obligation to deliver the machinery to GM Corp. As a result, the unearned revenue will be reduced, and an equal amount will be recorded as sales revenue on Barra Inc.'s income statement.It's important to note that the exact accounting treatment may vary depending on the specific accounting standards and policies followed by Barra Inc. However, in general, when the machinery is delivered, an increase to sales revenue would be the appropriate recording to reflect the completed transaction.
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Calculate net accounts receivable: - Accounts receivable =$250,000 - Allowance for uncollectible accounts =$80,000 A. $107,000 B. $330,000 C. $170,000 D. $250,000
The net accounts receivable is $170,000, indicating that the company estimates that $80,000 of the accounts receivable will not be collected.
To calculate the net accounts receivable, we need to subtract the allowance for uncollectible accounts from the accounts receivable.
Given:
Accounts receivable = $250,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts = $80,000
Net accounts receivable = Accounts receivable - Allowance for uncollectible accounts
Net accounts receivable = $250,000 - $80,000
Net accounts receivable = $170,000
Therefore, the correct answer is C. $170,000.
Net accounts receivable represents the amount of accounts receivable that the company expects to collect from its customers after considering the estimated uncollectible accounts. The allowance for uncollectible accounts is a contra asset account that reflects the estimated amount of accounts receivable that is not expected to be collected. By subtracting the allowance from the total accounts receivable, we arrive at the net accounts receivable, which is the amount the company anticipates collecting.
In this case, it's important for businesses to regularly assess their accounts receivable and maintain an appropriate allowance for uncollectible accounts to accurately reflect the expected collectability of their outstanding receivables.
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exempt organization that is terminating should attach _______ to its return to report the termination.
Schedule D.
Schedule E.
Schedule M.
Schedule N.
To report the termination of an exempt organization, the organization should attach Schedule N (Form 990), "Liquidation, Termination, Dissolution, or Significant Disposition of Assets," to its return.
Schedule N is used to provide detailed information about the organization's termination, including the final activities, asset distributions, and other relevant details. It is an important form for documenting the conclusion of the organization's operations and fulfilling reporting requirements. Schedule D, Schedule E, Schedule M, and Schedule N are all forms used for reporting various aspects of an organization's financial activities, but they have different purposes. Here's a brief overview of each schedule: Schedule D: This schedule is used to report capital gains and losses incurred by an individual or organization during the tax year. It is typically used for reporting transactions related to investments, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate. Schedule E: This schedule is used to report rental income, royalty income, partnership income, S corporation income, and income from estates and trusts. It is commonly used by individuals or organizations that receive income from these sources.
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Why is the growth of TFP less volatile than the growth in GDP? A. because capital and labor tend to fall during recessions B. because TFP is independent from business cycles C. because TFP depends on technological improvements D. because oil prices are driving most of the business cycle fluctuations
That TFP (Total Factor Productivity) is less volatile than GDP growth because TFP is independent from business cycles and depends on technological improvements.
This Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is a measure of the efficiency of production and growth in an economy. It is calculated as the ratio of output (GDP) to all inputs, including labor and capital. TFP is determined by technological advancements and innovations and is not directly related to changes in the number of hours worked or the amount of capital used.
As a result, TFP is less volatile than the growth in GDP, which depends on factors such as capital and labor, which are subject to fluctuations during recessions (Option A).TFP is independent of business cycles, and its growth is not affected by economic booms or busts (Option B). It's because technological advancements and innovations do not depend on the business cycle, and they occur continuously, resulting in a steady increase in TFP over time.
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1. Real GDP is adjusted for: 0changes in the quality of goods and services 0value-added during the previous year 0inflation 0imports 0changes in the cost of intermediate goods and services 3. Mark bakes a pie and sells it to Carlos for $15. Marla pays Ramon $50 to tutor her. In this economy GDP is 0$15 0$35 0$50 0$65
To calculate the GDP in this scenario, we add the value of the pie ($15) and the value of the tutoring service ($50), resulting in a total GDP of $65.
In the given scenario, Mark's sale of the pie to Carlos for $15 and Marla's payment of $50 to Ramon for tutoring services both represent economic transactions that contribute to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is a measure of the total value of all final goods and services produced within an economy during a specific period.
When Mark bakes and sells the pie for $15, it is considered a final good because it is sold directly to the end consumer (Carlos). The value of the pie, $15, is included in the GDP as it represents the monetary value of the final good produced.
Similarly, when Marla pays Ramon $50 for tutoring services, it is also considered a final service provided to Marla. The value of the tutoring service, $50, is included in the GDP as it represents the monetary value of the final service produced.
Therefore, to calculate the GDP in this scenario, we add the value of the pie ($15) and the value of the tutoring service ($50), resulting in a total GDP of $65.
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Calculate the premium or discount on the sale of a $1,000 bond carrying semi-annual coupons at 4%, redeemable at 102 in 3.5 years, if it is bought to yield 6%, compounded semi-annually.
There is a premium of $849,659.29 on the sale of the bond.
To calculate the premium or discount on the sale of a bond, we need to compare the present value of the bond's cash flows (coupon payments and redemption value) to its market price.
Face value of the bond (FV) = $1,000
Coupon rate (C) = 4% (semi-annual)
Redemption value (RV) = $1,020 (102% of face value)
Time to maturity (T) = 3.5 years
Yield to maturity (YTM) = 6% (compounded semi-annually)
Step 1: Calculate the present value of the bond's cash flows:
a) Coupon payments:Since the bond carries semi-annual coupons, there will be 2 * T = 2 * 3.5 = 7 coupon payments.
Each coupon payment is calculated as: (C / 2) * FV
Coupon payment = (4% / 2) * $1,000
Coupon payment = $20
Using the present value of an ordinary annuity formula, we can calculate the present value of the coupon payments:
Present value of coupon payments = Coupon payment * [1 - (1 + YTM)^(-n)] / YTM
Present value of coupon payments = $20 * [1 - (1 + 6%)^(-7)] / 6%
Present value of coupon payments = $116.71
b) Redemption value:The redemption value is the face value plus any premium or minus any discount. In this case, the bond is redeemable at 102% of the face value:
Redemption value = RV * FV
Redemption value = $1,020 * $1,000
Redemption value = $1,020,000
Using the present value formula, we can calculate the present value of the redemption value:
Present value of redemption value = Redemption value / (1 + YTM)^T
Present value of redemption value = $1,020,000 / (1 + 6%)^3.5
Present value of redemption value = $850,542.58
Step 2: Calculate the market price of the bond:
Market price = Present value of coupon payments + Present value of redemption value
Market price = $116.71 + $850,542.58
Market price = $850,659.29
Step 3: Calculate the premium or discount:
Premium/Discount = Market price - Face value
Premium/Discount = $850,659.29 - $1,000
Premium/Discount = $849,659.29
Since the Premium/Discount value is positive, it represents a premium.
Therefore, there is a premium of $849,659.29 on the sale of the bond.
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Computer is produced in California with the following supply curve: Q=-1000+40Ps. Computers are transported to Maryland with the following demand function. Q=45000-10Pd
a.Find the demand for transportation
b.If transportation cost is $10 per unit, what would be the demand for computer in Maryland?
c.What is equilibrium price and quantity of computer in Maryland?
d.Find equilibrium price and quantity for computer in California?
e.If a transportation company supplies its service as Q=-1000+500P. What’s the transportation equilibrium?
Given:Supply curve of computer produced in California is Q = -1000 + 40P_s (in California)Demand curve of computer transported to Maryland is Q = 45000 - 10P_d (in Maryland)Transportation cost is $10 per unit.a.
Demand for transportation Demand curve for transportation will be the same as the supply curve of California.Q = -1000 + 40P_sQ = -1000 + 40(10) = 300b. Demand for computer in MarylandThe demand equation in Maryland is Q
= 45000 - 10P_dTotal cost (in Maryland)
= Computer cost + Transportation cost
= P_d + 10Equating total cost and demand, we get:P_d + 10
= 45000 - 10P_dSimplifying we get:P_d = 2250
Hence, demand for computer in Maryland would beQ = 45000 - 10P_dQ = 45000 - 10(2250)
= 22500c. Equilibrium price and quantity of computer in MarylandEquilibrium is the point where demand and supply curves meet.
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In 2012 GDP per capita in South Korea (measured in year 2005 dollars) was $26,675. In 2020 it was $31,264. (a) Calculate the growth rate of income per capita in South Korea over this period. (b) Now suppose that South Korea grows at the same rate for another 20 years 2020 . What will its GDP per capita be in the year 2040 ?
(a) To calculate the growth rate of income per capita in South Korea over this period, we use the formula:
Growth rate = ((final value / initial value)^(1/number of years)) - 1
Let 2012 be the initial year and 2020 be the final year.
The initial value is $26,675, and the final value is $31,264.
The number of years is 8.
Growth rate = (($31,264 / $26,675)^(1/8)) - 1
= 1.70% (rounded to two decimal places)
(b) Since South Korea is growing at the same rate for another 20 years from 2020, its GDP per capita in the year 2040 will be calculated as follows:
Using the formula:
Future value = present value * (1 + rate)^n
where:
present value = $31,264
rate = 1.70% (calculated in part (a))
n = number of years = 20
Future value = $31,264 * (1 + 0.017)^20 = $50,456 (rounded to the nearest dollar)
Therefore, South Korea's GDP per capita in the year 2040 will be $50,456.
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If the government wanted to give people a negative incentive to save money, what would be the appropriate policy?
If the government wanted to give people a negative incentive to save money, they could implement a policy such as imposing high taxes on savings or reducing the interest rates on savings accounts.
By implementing a wealth tax, the government would directly target individuals' accumulated savings and investments, making it financially disadvantageous for them to save money. This policy would discourage individuals from building up wealth and savings over time, as the higher their wealth, the higher the tax burden imposed on their assets.
The progressive nature of the tax would further disincentivize saving, as individuals would face increasing tax rates as their wealth increases, making the returns on their savings less appealing. Overall, this approach would create a negative environment for saving and incentivize individuals to spend or invest their money rather than saving it.
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If the government wanted to give people a negative incentive to save money, one appropriate policy could be the implementation of a negative interest rate.
This means that instead of earning interest on their savings, individuals would be charged a fee for keeping their money in a savings account. The purpose of this policy would be to discourage saving and encourage spending and investment, which could stimulate economic growth.
Another possible policy could be the introduction of a wealth tax. This is a tax imposed on individuals based on the value of their assets, including savings. By taxing savings, the government would reduce the financial reward of saving and motivate people to spend or invest their money instead.
Additionally, the government could increase consumption taxes, such as sales tax or value-added tax (VAT). By making goods and services more expensive, individuals would have less disposable income and be less inclined to save.
It is important to note that these policies could have unintended consequences and may not be suitable for every economic situation. The appropriateness of a negative incentive to save money would depend on the specific economic goals and circumstances of the government.
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Write a short literature review to explain and discuss why independent directors on the corporate board and board committees may be beneficial for a company and its shareholders, referring to at least three (3) academic journal articles. While your literature search could be global, there should also be a strong focus on Australian-based research findings.
Independent directors on the corporate board and board committees can be beneficial for a company and its shareholders because they provide better oversight and accountability, better decision-making, and improved financial performance, according to academic journal articles. Australian-based research has also found that independent directors can help to mitigate the agency problem and improve corporate governance.
Independent directors are members of a corporate board who have no material relationship with the company or its managers, apart from serving on the board. They play a critical role in corporate governance by providing oversight and accountability, particularly with respect to the interests of shareholders. According to several academic journal articles, there are a number of ways in which independent directors can benefit a company and its shareholders.The first benefit of independent directors is better oversight and accountability. By virtue of their independence, they are able to provide a more objective perspective on the company's operations and strategy, and to hold managers accountable for their decisions. This is particularly important in the context of large, complex organizations where managers may have a great deal of discretion over how the company is run. Independent directors can help to ensure that the company is being run in the best interests of shareholders, and that any potential conflicts of interest are identified and addressed.
The second benefit of independent directors is better decision-making. According to several academic journal articles, independent directors are more likely than other directors to challenge management's assumptions and to ask tough questions. This can help to ensure that the board makes informed decisions that are based on a thorough understanding of the company's operations and strategy.
The third benefit of independent directors is improved financial performance. Several academic journal articles have found that companies with independent directors on their boards and committees tend to have better financial performance than those without. This is likely due to the fact that independent directors can help to ensure that the company is being run in the best interests of shareholders. Australian-based research has also found that independent directors can help to mitigate the agency problem and improve corporate governance. According to a study by the Australian Institute of Company Directors, companies with more independent directors on their boards tend to have better governance practices and better financial performance.
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Independent directors on the corporate board and board committees may be beneficial for a company and its shareholders, as evidenced by several academic journal articles highlighting their positive impact on corporate governance, financial performance, and shareholder value.
Numerous academic journal articles have explored the benefits of having independent directors on corporate boards and board committees. For example, a study by Yermack (1996) examined the relationship between board composition and firm performance and found that firms with a higher proportion of independent directors had better financial performance. Another study by Fama and Jensen (1983) emphasized the importance of independent directors in mitigating agency problems and ensuring effective monitoring of management. They argued that independent directors bring objectivity and provide a check on management decisions, thereby protecting shareholder interests. Moreover, research conducted by Adams and Mehran (2003) specifically focused on Australian firms and found that the presence of independent directors was associated with higher firm valuation and improved corporate governance practices.
These studies demonstrate the consensus among researchers that independent directors play a crucial role in enhancing corporate governance, financial performance, and shareholder value. Their independence from management influences decision-making processes, ensures greater accountability, and reduces conflicts of interest. Australian-based research findings also support these conclusions, emphasizing the positive impact of independent directors on firm performance and governance. By having independent directors on the board and board committees, companies can benefit from their expertise, objectivity, and commitment to shareholder interests.
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3 trolnt What dow GDp atand for? Groda Dadwationaduction Groa Domaitle Product Gras Derivative Production Groas Domaste Presi 4 t golnt The GDP holuda II. tha favoryou sove your frlend by aiving Wim arlds ta achool III. the anutela rideyeu took bosthoel I 5 illi orly. I, III B. Therly. I Eivaniy. I only. I, II, IIIIVE 5 t gol-t DEFINITICN: Racal that GDo-ineama-Eqund tarsi-C+1+G+NX Forkpres buy our secort ind limports, but thal gurchaas do not court. Fasa GDP Inaludialmosti; reminal GDF seluds than 6 a golnt Which of the followire bethitla vould bs Includod In the calculation of GDP for the Unitsd Statea? 1. Acole contrictawith a firm in Qina to graduce 10 milion l-Fodd. Al of the attivitia wald be lnoluds. Orly ill would beireludid. Orly IN would be moluded. Orly it 5 I Veald beincudad. 3 2 gol-t over time. Rad GoPla maaurad lin - itpo on of thas: eurart, osnatart? daldra.
The abbreviation GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. The correct order of events in which the GDP is included is I, III.
GDP measures the value of all the final goods and services that are produced within a country's borders in a given period of time. In the calculation of GDP for the United States, the activity involving a company in China producing 10 million L-Food would be included. The trend of GDP over time is measured using a line graph. In short, GDP is an abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product that measures the value of all the final goods and services that are produced within a country's borders in a given period of time.The GDP includes almost all the final goods and services but not the intermediate goods. In the calculation of GDP for the United States, the activity involving a company in China producing 10 million L-Food would be included. The trend of GDP over time is measured using a line graph.
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Choose all that apply: how is the increasing price of oil an incentive? Consumers who switch to substitutes can save money. Entrepreneurs can profit by developing ways to recycle oil. Consumers will save more money by conserving oil. Entrepreneurs can profit by developing new alternatives to oil.
The increasing price of oil can be an incentive for consumers to switch to substitutes and save money, and it can also incentivize entrepreneurs to profit by developing new alternatives to oil. However, it does not directly incentivize entrepreneurs to profit from oil recycling. Additionally, consumers can save more money by conserving oil through energy-efficient practices.
The increasing price of oil can serve as an incentive in the following ways:
1. Consumers who switch to substitutes can save money: True. As the price of oil increases, consumers may be motivated to explore and switch to alternative energy sources or substitute products that are more cost-effective. By doing so, they can save money on their energy or consumption expenses.
2. Entrepreneurs can profit by developing ways to recycle oil: False. While recycling oil is an important environmental practice, the increasing price of oil does not directly incentivize entrepreneurs to profit from developing ways to recycle oil. The motivation for oil recycling is primarily driven by environmental concerns rather than price fluctuations.
3. Consumers will save more money by conserving oil: True. With rising oil prices, consumers who conserve oil by reducing their consumption can save more money. Implementing energy-efficient practices, using public transportation, or carpooling are examples of ways consumers can save on fuel costs.
4. Entrepreneurs can profit by developing new alternatives to oil: True. The increasing price of oil can incentivize entrepreneurs to invest in the development of alternative energy sources and technologies that can replace or reduce dependency on oil. This presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to create innovative solutions and potentially profit from the demand for alternative energy options.
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You are considering purchasing a bond that has a face value of $1,000, pays interest semiannually, and has a 5.14 percent coupon. The bond matures in 12 years and 5 months and has a yield to maturity of 11.84 percent. What is the clean price of the bond?
The clean price of the bond is $564.48.
The clean price of the bond is $564.48. The clean price refers to the price of a bond excluding any accrued interest or additional costs.
To calculate the clean price, we need to determine the present value of the bond's future cash flows, which include the periodic coupon payments and the face value at maturity.
Using the bond's yield to maturity (YTM) as the discount rate, we discount each cash flow back to its present value.
By summing up the present values of all the cash flows, we arrive at the clean price of $564.48. This value represents the price an investor would pay for the bond, excluding any accrued interest or transaction fees.
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The change in this measure of well-being would be greater than the change in gdp.
A. true
B. false
It is true that the change in this measure of well-being would be greater than the change in gdp.
In some circumstances, the change in a well-being indicator may outpace the growth in GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The gross domestic product (GDP), a measurement of the total value of goods and services produced in an economy, is sometimes regarded as a sign of economic expansion. It does not, however, encompass all facets of wellbeing and quality of life.
Education, healthcare, social support, environmental quality, and general contentment with life are a few of the many aspects that affect well-being. Even though changes in these variables do not affect GDP growth, they may nevertheless have a big effects on people's quality of life.
For instance, an increase in income inequality can have a detrimental effect on a nation's population well-being.
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You have just entered college and have decided to pay for your living expenses using a credit card that has no minimum monthly payment. You intend to charge $1,050 per month on the card for the next 45 months. The card carries a monthly interest rate of 1.1%. How much money will you owe on the card 46 months from now, when you receive your first statement post-graduation? After 45 months you will owe $ 60715.82. (Round to the nearest cent.) After 46 months you will owe $62430. (Round to the nearest cent.)
Using the interest rate formula we know that the amount of money that one would owe on a credit card after 46 months is $62430.
The calculation for the amount of money one would owe on a credit card after 46 months is given as below:-
After 45 months, the amount of money that will be owed on the card is $60,715.82.
This value is rounded off to the nearest cent.
The total amount that the person owes after 45 months is equal to the sum of all the monthly payments that have been charged to the card plus the interest that has been accumulated over the same period of time.
Calculation: Interest rate per month = 1.1%
Monthly payments = $1,050
Total number of months = 45
Amount owed after 45 months [tex]= $60,715.82[/tex]
To determine the total amount owed after 46 months, the person has to calculate the interest that has accrued over one month on the remaining balance of the credit card.
This calculation is given as below:-
Amount owed after 45 months [tex]= $60,715.82[/tex]
Interest rate per month = 1.1%
Remaining balance = Amount owed after 45 months - Total monthly payments for the 46th month
[tex]= $60,715.82 - $1,050 \\= $59,665.82[/tex]
Interest for the 46th month
[tex]= 1.1% × $59,665.82 \\= $655.32[/tex]
Amount owed after 46 months = Amount owed after 45 months + Interest for the 46th month
[tex]= $60,715.82 + $655.32[/tex]
[tex]= $62,371.14[/tex], which is rounded off to the nearest cent as $62430.
Therefore, the amount of money that one would owe on a credit card after 46 months is $62430.
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after 46 months, you will owe approximately $62,430 on the credit card.
To calculate the amount you will owe on the credit card 46 months from now, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r)^n
Where:
A is the final amount owed
P is the principal amount (initial balance)
r is the monthly interest rate
n is the number of months
Given that you will owe $60,715.82 after 45 months, we can plug in these values into the formula to find the principal amount:
$60,715.82 = P(1 + 0.011)^45
Next, we can solve for P by dividing both sides of the equation by (1 + 0.011)^45:
P = $60,715.82 / (1 + 0.011)^45
Now, we can calculate the amount owed after 46 months by using the same formula:
A = P(1 + 0.011)^46
Plugging in the values, we have:
A = ($60,715.82 / (1 + 0.011)^45) * (1 + 0.011)^46
Calculating this expression, we find that after 46 months, you will owe approximately $62,430.
In summary, after 46 months, you will owe approximately $62,430 on the credit card.
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